PET-bottled Water Research Articles

Non-intentionally added substances in PET bottled mineral water during the shelf-life

A rapid and simple HS-SPME–GC–MS method was developed and applied to investigate the effect of the storage time on the release of not intentionally added substances (NIAS) in PET bottled mineral water. The method, validated in terms of linearity, precision, detection, and quantification limits, resulted highly reproducible with limits of detection ranging between 0.05 and 0.17 µg/L. Saturated and 2-unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon, terpenes, and phthalates were identified and quantified, most of them for the first time in PET bottled mineral water. The levels of the identified NIAS showed statistically significant increases during the shelf-life. Decanal and nonanal were the most abundant compounds identified with levels increasing from 1.42 to 5.07 µg/L and from 0.61 to 1.25 µg/L, respectively. Considering the identified substances, a migration not only from packaging materials but also from the closure caps and adhesive used for sticking the bottle labels may be plausible. Due to the growing popularity of bottled water consumption, the determination of NIAS in mineral water is becoming a top priority. In this context, the method, here developed, could be of great importance not only to assure the safety of bottled mineral water but also to guarantee the sensory quality during the shelf-life.

Monitoring phthalates leaching into polyethylene terephthalate sterilized bottled water by ionizing radiation

Water from a single natural spring filled in PET has been used to examine the sterilization effect of Gamma and E-Beam irradiation on the chemical and microbial quality of water through 6 months of storage under real consumer conditions. Two strategies were adapted in this work; the first was the sterilization of PET empty bottles at 20 kGy dose which were then filled by UV sterilized water. The second was the sterilization of the PET bottled water at the recommended microbial decontamination dose of 5 kGy. Dibutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, and dimethyl phthalate concentrations increased significantly during storage under sunlight exposure in comparison with a dark laboratory storage. Nitrite was only presented in PET bottled water that was sterilized by Gamma irradiation and stored in the dark. 5 kGy dose could be considered good for microbial sterilization of PET bottled water and has less impact on leaching of phthalates compounds than 20 kGy dose. Moreover, it could be an emergent method for water decontamination at an industrial level and consequently improve the public health.

Long‐time Performance of Bottles Made of PET Blended with Various Concentrations of Oxygen Scavenger Additive Stored at Different Temperatures

Blending of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with oxygen scavenger additives is a way to reduce ingress of oxygen into PET bottles made of these blends. The objective is to reduce oxidation of packaged beverages and oils. However, few studies were performed about the long‐time influence of temperature on PET bottles with oxygen scavenger additives. Such knowledge is relevant for the development of accelerated tests. In this study, the influence of temperature on oxygen permeation of PET bottles with the oxygen scavenger additives MXD6 or Oxyclear® was examined. PET bottles made of blends of PET with 2, 5 and 8 wt.−% MXD6, respectively, or with 2 wt.−% Oxyclear® were filled with deoxygenated water. The bottles were stored at 5, 23, 38 and 55 °C up to 5 years. Oxygen partial pressure of the water in the bottles was measured regularly. As expected, oxygen partial pressure increased earlier at higher temperature because of faster exhaustion of the oxygen scavenger. Oxygen partial pressure of water in PET bottles with 8 wt.−% MXD6 was below 10 mbar even after 5 years storage time at 5 and 23 °C. Oxygen absorption capacity of activated MXD6 was at least 76 mg/g. This study shows that PET bottles with oxygen scavengers are able to reduce the oxygen ingress for several years, even at elevated temperatures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Endocrine disruptor phthalates in bottled water: daily exposure and health risk assessment in pregnant and lactating women.

Over the last decade, the consumption of water bottled in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has considerably increased, raising concerns over water quality and packaged materials. This study aims to investigate the levels of the anti-androgenic phthalates including bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), in bottled water and its corresponding health risks in pregnant and lactating women. The phthalate levels were measured in six different brands of bottled water exposed to temperatures ranging between -18 and 40°C and sunlight for 45days. The phthalate was quantified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, the non-carcinogenic effects were assessed using hazard quotient (HQ) approach, and cumulative health risk assessment was performed on the basis of hazard index (HI) calculation. In order to assess the carcinogenic risk due to the possible carcinogen DEHP (group 2B), the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was used. DEHP and DBP contaminants were detected at different storage conditions in all of the bottled water samples during the storage time. BBP was only detected at high temperature (≥25°C) and outdoor conditions. The maximum concentrations of all phthalates were observed when water samples were kept at 40°C. In contrast, storage at freezing conditions had no significant effect on the concentration level of all phthalates. The estimated intake by women was between 0.0021μg/kg/day for BBP and 0.07μg/kg/day for DEHP. The highest HQ for phthalate intake via bottled water consumption was much lower than 1 (HQ<0.004), which implies that adverse effects are very unlikely to occur. The execution of a cumulative risk assessment for combined phthalate exposure demonstrated that the HIs for anti-androgenic effect were lower than 1 in all of the conditions. Furthermore, ELCR for DEHP based on the highest detected level was found to be less than 10(-6), which is considered acceptable. Our results prove that the levels of phthalates in bottled water are not a health concern for pregnant and lactating women. Consequently, PET-bottled water is not a major contributor to phthalate intake for most individuals.

저탄소 생수제품의 탄소배출량 감축효과 분석

The global efforts to respond to climate change by reducing greenhouse gas were accelerated, as negative effects of climate change have been visualized and its direct damages to economy have been realized. Korea's Carbon Footprint Labeling get a lot of attention as one of the effective methods to contribute to national GHG reduction goal, and for enterprises to show customers how much effort the company put into global warming prevention. Consumers' interest on low-carbon products has been increasing. This study uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method to calculate the amount of carbon emission of PET-bottled water, which reduced carbon emissions by using high efficiency manufacturing techniques. LCA Method is based on guidelines of Carbon Footprint Labeling, Korea government, and pre-manufacturing, manufacturing, and disposal steps are included while use step of the product is excluded from this method. In order to understand the effects of eco-design on carbon emissions, the PET-bottled water’s carbon emissions are compared before and after the change of manufacturing techniques. The result shows the improvement from 94.0 gCO2-eq/EA to 86.7 gCO2-eq/EA, and this means carbon emissions has been reduced by 8.4%, which is equivalent to 272tons of GHG emissions a year.

Diffusion behaviour of the acetaldehyde scavenger 2-aminobenzamide in polyethylene terephthalate for beverage bottles

ABSTRACTPolyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are widely used as packaging material for natural mineral water. However, trace levels of acetaldehyde can migrate into natural mineral water during the shelf life and might influence the taste of the PET bottled water. 2-Aminobenzamide is widely used during PET bottle production as a scavenging agent for acetaldehyde. The aim of this study was the determination of the migration kinetics of 2-aminobenzamide into natural mineral water as well as into 20% ethanol. From the migration kinetics, the diffusion coefficients of 2-aminobenzamide in PET at 23 and 40°C were determined to be 4.2 × 10−16 and 4.2 × 10−15 cm2 s–1, respectively. The diffusion coefficient for 20% ethanol at 40°C was determined to be 7.7 × 10−15 cm2 s–1, which indicates that 20% ethanol is causing swelling of the PET polymer. From a comparison of migration values between 23 and 40°C, acceleration factors of 9.7 when using water as contact medium and 18.1 for 20% ethanol as simulant can be derived for definition of appropriate accelerated test conditions at 40°C. The European Union regulatory acceleration test based on 80 kJ mol–1 as conservative activation energy overestimates the experimentally determined acceleration rates by a factor of 1.6 and 3.1, respectively.

A margin of exposure approach to assessment of non-cancerous risk of diethyl phthalate based on human exposure from bottled water consumption.

Phthalates may be present in food due to their widespread presence as environmental contaminants or due to migration from food contact materials. Exposure to phthalates is considered to be potentially harmful to human health as well. Therefore, determining the main source of exposure is an important issue. So, the purpose of this study was (1) to measure the release of diethyl phthalate (DEP) in bottled water consumed in common storage conditions specially low temperature and freezing conditions; (2) to evaluate the intake of DEP from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottled water and health risk assessment; and (3) to assess the contribution of the bottled water to the DEP intake against the tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. DEP migration was investigated in six brands of PET-bottled water under different storage conditions room temperature, refrigerator temperature, freezing conditions (40 °C ,0 °C and -18 °C) and outdoor] at various time intervals by magnetic solid extraction (MSPE) using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Eventually, a health risk assessment was conducted and the margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated. The results indicate that contact time with packaging and storage temperatures caused DEP to be released into water from PET bottles. But, when comprising the DEP concentration with initial level, the results demonstrated that the release of phthalates were not substantial in all storage conditions especially at low temperatures (<25 °C) and freezing conditions. The daily intake of DEP from bottled water was much lower than the reference value. However, the lowest MOE was estimated for high water consumers (preschooler > children > lactating women > teenagers > adults > pregnant women), but in all target groups, the MOE was much higher than 1000, thus, low risk is implied. Consequently, PET-bottled water is not a major source of human exposure to DEP and from this perspective is safe for consumption.

Concentrations of phthalates in bottled water under common storage conditions: Do they pose a health risk to children?

Of recent concern is the migration of phthalates from plastic products such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles into the water contain. These concerns should be addressed, especially considering the steady growth of the consumption of bottled water and the toxicological effects of phthalates. In this regard, special attention should be paid to children's consumption because of their particular susceptibility to the effects of phthalates.The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of phthalates, including dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), in bottled water and to estimate the health risk of endocrine disrupting chemicals due to water intake in children for the first time.Migration of phthalates was investigated in PET-bottled water under various storage conditions using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. A phthalate exposure assessment was performed to characterize their risk to the children's health via a calculated hazard quotient (HQ).It seems that increase in the temperature and the duration of storage affect phthalate migration, but the level of DEHP in bottled water was always very low and does not exceed 26.83% of the U.S. EPA maximum concentration limit (MCL). In particular, phthalate migration was not substantial at low temperatures (<25°C) and freezing conditions and the most abundant phthalate (DEHP) was not more than 10.6% MCL.The estimated child intake ranged from 0.01μg/kg/day for BBP to 0.24μg/kg/day for DEHP. Estimated phthalate intakes are generally in the safe range and exposure decreased with increasing age. Toxicological risk assessment of the maximum concentrations measured revealed a maximum HQ of 0.012 in the worst condition. Furthermore, a negligible carcinogenic risk of 6.5×10−7 for DEHP was observed. Consequently, risk evaluation showed that bottled water is safe for consumption by children.

UV dosimetry for solar water disinfection (SODIS) carried out in different plastic bottles and bags

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a well-established inexpensive means of water disinfection in developing countries, but lacks an indicator to illustrate its end-point. A study of the solar UV dosage required for SODIS, in order to achieve a bacteria concentration below the detection limit for: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Clostridium perfringens, in water in PET bottles, PE and PE/EVA bags showed disinfection to be most efficient in PE bags, with a solar UV (290–385nm) dose of 389kJm−2 required. In parallel to the disinfection experiments, a range of polyoxometalate, semiconductor photocatalysis and photodegradable dye-based solar UV dosimeter indicators were tested under the same solar UV irradiation conditions. All three types of dosimeter produced indicators that largely and significantly change colour upon exposure to 389kJm−2 solar UV; further indicators are reported which change colour at higher doses and hence would be suitable for the less efficient SODIS containers tested. All indicators tested were robust, easy to use and inexpensive so as not to add significantly to the attractive low cost of SODIS. Furthermore, whilst semiconductor photocatalyst and photodegradable dye based indicators are disposable, one-use systems, the polyoxometalate based indicators recover colour in the dark overnight, allowing them to be reused, and hence further decreasing the cost of using indicators during the implementation of the SODIS method.

Effect of sunlight exposure on the release of intentionally and/or non-intentionally added substances from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into water: Chemical analysis and in vitro toxicity

The effect of sunlight exposure on chemical migration into PET-bottled waters was investigated. Bottled waters were exposed to natural sunlight for 2, 6 and 10days. Migration was dependent on the type of water. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and Sb migration increased with sunlight exposure in ultrapure water. In carbonated waters, carbon dioxide promoted migration and only formaldehyde increased slightly due to sunlight. Since no aldehydes were detected in non-carbonated waters, we conclude that sunlight exposure has no effect. Concerning Sb, its migration levels were higher in carbonated waters. No unpredictable NIAS were identified in PET-bottled water extracts. Cyto-genotoxicity (Ames and micronucleus assays) and potential endocrine disruption effects (transcriptional-reporter gene assays) were checked in bottled water extracts using bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium) and human cell lines (HepG2 and MDA-MB453-kb2). PET-bottled water extracts did not induce any toxic effects (cyto-genotoxicity, estrogenic or anti-androgenic activity) in vitro at relevant consumer-exposure levels.

국내유통 먹는샘물 중의 안티몬 함량 및 용기 이행 특성

The knowledge on the migration of antimony (Sb) from PET bottles into the water is of greate concern. Antimony in all bottled water marketed in korea and in raw water was analyzed. The detection rate of antimony in total bottled water was 88 % and 100% in PET (Polyethylene terephthalate, PET), 55% in PC (Polycarbonate, PC) bottled water. 55% of raw water contained antimony. The average concentration of Sb in PET bottled water was <TEX>$0.39{\mu}g/L$</TEX>, higher than PC bottles (<TEX>$0.20{\mu}g/L$</TEX>) and the raw water (<TEX>$0.22{\mu}g/L$</TEX>). The migration of Sb into water that is stored in different conditions (room temperature, <TEX>$45^{\circ}C$</TEX>, and direct sunlight exposure) was investigated for 180 days. The migration tendency increased with the storage time and temperature. PET bottles showed a sharp increase of Sb concentration at <TEX>$45^{\circ}C$</TEX>, but there was no differences between the room temperature and sunlight exposure. The Sb migration in all simulated solution(deionized water, 4% acetic acid, and 20% ethanol) also increased with storage time and temperature. The Sb migration values ranged from 0.35 to <TEX>$0.49{\mu}g/L$</TEX> in all simulated solution, which was far below the permissible korean migration level of <TEX>$40{\mu}g/L$</TEX>. There was a tendency that the number of re-use of a bottle and the amount of leaching were in inverse proportion.

Is Drinking Water a Major Route of Human Exposure to Alkylphenol and Bisphenol Contaminants in France?

The main objective of this study was to evaluate potential exposure of a significant part of the French population to alkylphenol and bisphenol contaminants due to water consumption. The occurrence of 11 alkylphenols and bisphenols was studied in raw water and treated water samples from public water systems. One sampling campaign was performed from October 2011 to May 2012. Sampling was equally distributed across 100 French departments. In total, 291 raw water samples and 291 treated water samples were analyzed in this study, representing approximately 20% of the national water supply flow. The occurrence of the target compounds was also determined for 29 brands of bottled water (polyethylene terephthalate [PET] bottles, polycarbonate [PC] reusable containers, and aluminum cans [ACs]) and in 5 drinking water networks where epoxy resin has been used as coating for pipes. In raw water samples, the highest individual concentration was 1,430ng/L for bisphenol A (BPA). Of the investigated compounds, nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol 1-carboxylic acid (NP1EC), BPA, and nonylphenol 2-ethoxylate (NP2EO) predominated (detected in 18.6, 18.6, 14.4, and 10% of samples, respectively). Geographical variability was observed with departments crossed by major rivers or with high population densities being more affected by contamination. In treated water samples, the highest individual concentration was 505ng/L for NP. Compared with raw water, target compounds were found in lower amounts in treated water. This difference suggests a relative effectiveness of certain water treatments for the elimination of these pollutants; however, there is also their possible transformation by reaction with chlorine. No target compounds were found in drinking water pipes coated with epoxy resin, in PET bottled water, or in water from ACs. However, levels of BPA in PC bottled water ranged from 70 to 4,210ng/L with greater level observed in newly manufactured bottles. 4-Tert-butylphenol was only detected in recently manufactured bottles. The values observed for the monitored compounds indicate that drinking water is most likely not the main source of exposure.

Effect of temperature on the release of intentionally and non-intentionally added substances from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into water: Chemical analysis and potential toxicity

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of temperature on the release of PET-bottle constituents into water and to assess the potential health hazard using in vitro bioassays with bacteria and human cell lines. Aldehydes, trace metals and other compounds found in plastic packaging were analysed in PET-bottled water stored at different temperatures: 40, 50, and 60°C. In this study, temperature and the presence of CO2 increased the release of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and antimony (Sb). In parallel, genotoxicity assays (Ames and micronucleus assays) and transcriptional-reporter gene assays for estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity were performed on bottled water extracts at relevant consumer exposure levels. As expected, and in accordance with the chemical formulations specified for PET bottles, neither phthalates nor UV stabilisers were present in the water extracts. However, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, a degradation compound of phenolic antioxidants, was detected. In addition, an intermediary monomer, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate, was found but only in PET-bottled waters. None of the compounds are on the positive list of EU Regulation No. 10/2011. However, the PET-bottled water extracts did not induce any cytotoxic, genotoxic or endocrine-disruption activity in the bioassays after exposure.

Microbiological quality of packaged water sold in Accra, Ghana

Consumers perceive packaged drinking water, usually distributed as bottled or in polyethylene packages (sachets), as healthier and safer alternatives to tap water. The objective of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of different types of packaged drinking water available in Accra, Ghana. Sixty samples of sachet water and ten of (PET) bottled water were randomly purchased from various locations in Accra. Bacteriological and parasitological analyses of the packaged (sachet and bottled) and tap water (as control) were done according to standard procedures.Fifty-two out of 60 sachet water samples (86.7%) had HPC levels well above the internationally recommended limits. For the bottled water, nine out of the ten (90%) were within the recommended limits for HPC. Two out of the five (40%) tap water samples (control samples) had HPC above the recommended limits of 500 cfu/mL. While none of the bottled water samples showed the presence of protozoa, two out of the five tap water and 31 out of the 60 sachet water samples had a wide range of protozoa including rotifers. The findings clearly indicate that while PET bottled water sold in Accra may be generally safe, the same cannot be said for the sachet water; since the study found its microbiological quality not significantly different from tap water.

BTES and aldehydes analysis in PET-bottled water in Lebanon

The aim of this study was to determine benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene (BTES), formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde in Lebanese polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-bottled water. Aldehydes were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet–visible detection (HPLC/UV-vis) after 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatisation and solid phase extraction (SPE) concentration, whereas headspace trap gas chromatograph–flame ionisation detector (GC/FID) was used for BTES determination. Both methods were validated according to the NF XP 90-210 and showed good linearity ranging from 3 (limit of quantification [LOQ]) to 15 µg L−1 for BTES and from 20 (LOQ) to 900 µg L−1 for aldehydes. No quantified contamination with BTES, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde was determined in all analysed fresh Lebanese PET-bottled waters. Formaldehyde was quantified in 3 of the 15 samples at concentrations lower than the maximum contaminant level set by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organisation. The samples' exposure to sunlight during 5 months increases the migration of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Similar migration increase was observed when the samples were incubated at 40°C during 10 days.

LCA of waste prevention activities: A case study for drinking water in Italy

The strategic relevance of waste prevention has considerably increased worldwide during recent years, such that the current European legislation requires the preparation of national waste prevention programmes in which reduction objectives and measures are identified. In such a context, it is possible to recognise how, in order to correctly evaluate the environmental consequences of a prevention activity, a life cycle perspective should be employed. This allows us to go beyond the simple reduction of the generated waste which, alone, does not automatically imply achieving better overall environmental performance, especially when this reduction is not pursued through the simple reduction of consumption. In this study, the energetic and environmental performance of two waste prevention activities considered particularly meaningful for the Italian context were evaluated using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The two activities were the utilisation of public network water (two scenarios) and of refillable bottled water (two scenarios) for drinking purposes, instead of one-way bottled water (three scenarios). The energy demand and specific potential impacts of the four waste prevention scenarios and of the three baseline scenarios were compared with the aim of evaluating whether, and under what conditions, the analysed prevention activities are actually associated with overall energetic and environmental benefits. In typical conditions, the use of public network water directly from the tap results in the best scenario, while if water is withdrawn from public fountains, its further transportation by private car can involve significant impacts. The use of refillable PET bottled water seems the preferable scenario for packaged water consumption, if refillable bottles are transported to local distributors along the same (or a lower) distance as one-way bottles to retailers. The use of refillable glass bottled water is preferable to one-way bottled water only if a distance beneath 150 km separates bottling plants from local distributors and retailers (except for eutrophication indicator which is always slightly worse). To reduce waste generation and to achieve meaningful potential savings of natural resources, energy and greenhouse gas emissions, a reduction in one-way bottled water consumption in Italy is recommended in favour of the use of public network water and of the establishment of short distance-PET bottles based refilling systems. The development of closed loop recycling of one-way PET bottles, and especially the reduction of the distance along which one-way bottled water is transported, are also important.

The real water consumption behind drinking water: The case of Italy

The real amount of drinking water available per capita is a topic of great interest for human health and the economic and political management of resources. The global market of bottled drinking water, for instance, has shown exponential growth in the last twenty years, mainly due to reductions in production costs and investment in promotion.This paper aims to evaluate how much freshwater is actually consumed when water is drunk in Italy, which can be considered a mature bottled-water market. A Water Footprint (WF) calculation was used to compare the alternatives: bottled and tap water. Six Italian brands of water sold in PET bottles were inventoried, analysed and compared with the public tap water of the city of Siena, as representative of the Italian context.Results showed that more than 3 L of water were needed to provide consumers with 1.50 L of drinking water. In particular, a volume of 1.50 L of PET-bottled water required an extra virtual volume of 1.93 L of water while an extra 2.13 L was necessary to supply the same volume of tap water. These values had very different composition and origin. The WF of tap water was mainly due to losses of water during pipeline distribution and usage, while WF of bottled water was greatly influenced by the production of plastic materials. When the contribution of cooling water was added to the calculation, the WF of bottled water rose from 3.43 to 6.92 L. Different strategies to reduce total water footprint are discussed.

Towards lower carbon footprint patterns of consumption: The case of drinking water in Italy

Abstract The effects that individual consumption behaviours have on climate change are explored, focusing on products that satisfy the same need but with different carbon footprints. Two types of drinking water, produced, distributed and consumed in Italy, were compared as a case study: tap water and PET-bottled natural mineral water. The first is the one supplied to the municipality of Siena, while the second is a set of 6 different Italian bottled water brands. The results showed that drinking 1.5 L of tap water instead of PET-bottled water saves 0.34 kg CO 2 eq. Thus, a PET-bottled water consumer (2 L per day) who changes to tap water may prevent 163.50 kg CO 2 eq of greenhouse gas emissions per year. In monetary terms, this translates into a tradable annual verified emission reduction (VER) between US$ 0.20 and 7.67 per drinker. Analysing a mature bottled water market, such as the Italian one, may provide insights into the growing global bottled-water market and its effects on climate change. The environmental and economic benefits of changing drinking water habits are also discussed.

Off-flavour Defects of Packed Waters and Soft Drinks

Greases and lubricants, organic cleaning agents and other material which are used for the maintenance of technological equipment belong to the important potential sources of off-flavours in packed water because of higher risk of misuse or fault of the staff. A simple, efficient and sensitive method of SPME/GC/MS together with descriptive sensory analysis have been used to analyse the sensory defect. The real case study of the consumer complaint to the PET bottled spring water was solved, the defective products exhibited the organic, petroleum, hydrocarbon taint, the complaints were about twenty bottles of one batch. Aroma profiles of all maintenance agents used in the plant were analysed, and compared with that of the suspect sample. As the most probable cause the incorrect use of anticorrosion and lubricating agent in the form of the bottle blowing machine was identified.

Compatibility and stability tests of risperidone with soft-drinks by isothermal titration microcalorimetry

Isothermal titration microcalorimetry has been applied to investigate the compatibility testing of risperidone oral solution with soft-drinks and the interaction with tea tannin such as (–)-epigallocatechin, (–)-epicatechin, theaflavin and their gallates. In aqueous solution, risperidone was exothermically bound to tea tannin with binding affinity (103–104 M–1), small enthalpy and entropy changes reflecting van der Waal’s interaction to form an insoluble complex at 1:1 molar ratio. The heat effect of risperidone titrated into soft-drinks containing tannin was exothermic and proportional to the quantity of the complex. While, no significant heat effect was found for risperidone titrated into a pet-bottled water and an infusion of parched barley without tea tannin. These results were agreed with stability testing of risperidone in some soft-drinks by HPLC method.