Diesel Water Research Articles

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF POLYMER-POLYMER MIXTURES AS DRAG REDUCING AGENTS ON OIL-WATER FLOWS

The synergistic effect of natural and synthetic polymers as drag reducing agents in water phase during horizontal oil-water flows was studied in 12 mm internal diameter (ID) unplasticised polyvinylchloride (uPVC) pipe. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM; trade name as magnafloc 1011 or Separan), polyethylene oxide (PEO; trade name as Polyox WSR 310), Aloe Vera mucilage (AVM; as Aloe barbadensis miller), mixture of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and Aloe Vera mucilage and polyethylene oxide and Aloe Vera mucilage (HPAM-AVM and PEO-AVM) were used. Mixture Reynolds number of 62923, master solution of 2000 ppm and 20000 ppm, and total concentration (TC) of 30 ppm and 400 ppm were investigated using diesel oil (ρ = 832 kg/m3, µ = 1.66 cP) and water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3, µ = 0.89 cP) as test fluids. The results show that the drag reduction (DR) of 65.39 and 69.23%, and 69.23 and 70.77% were obtained for HPAM-AVM and PEO-AVM mixtures respectively, at mixing ratios of 3:1 and 1:19, for 25% oil input fraction and water phase Reynolds number (Rew) of 47192. These values were found to be higher than the DR obtained by individual polymer alone at the same conditions. Drag reduction decreased with increase in the oil input fraction due to the decrease in the water phase Reynolds number. The result implies drag reduction efficiency can be enhanced by combining natural and synthetic polymers.

Adoption of renewable energy technologies (RETs) using a mixed-method approach

Purpose This paper aims to propose that the socio-technical perspective is under-represented when appraising the adoption potential of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in late-industrialising countries and that this results in under-adoption. It also aims to identify a methodological approach that allows the socio-technical perspective to be integrated into management decision-making, alongside the more typical economic appraisal methodology. Design/methodology/approach A case study and novel mixed-methodology approach is used, which applies the diffusion of innovations framework, innovation system (IS) framework and system dynamics modelling (SDM) alongside traditional economic modelling and appraisal techniques. This approach is used to assess the adoption potential of solar photovoltaic (PV) and diesel water pumping systems in the wildlife conservation sector and surrounding rural communities in Kenya. The case study approach tests the merits of the mixed-methodology approach. Findings The life-cycle costs of solar PV water pumping systems are lower in nearly all financing and utilisation scenarios; offer additional social, technical and environmental benefits; and the conditions exist for greater adoption. The use of an integrated diffusion of innovations and IS framework generates significant qualitative data that can support management decision-making. The use of SDM techniques aid conceptualisation of the community economic, water and institutional systems into which water pumps may be diffused and provide a starting point for formal SDM simulation. The results suggest that these techniques capture the socio-technical perspective well and, when used alongside traditional project appraisal approaches, produce more complete information with which to support management decision-making. Originality/value This mixed-methodology approach could be used by practitioners to increase the diffusion and adoption of RETs in more complex contexts in late-industrialising countries. The emergent theory built through the case-study approach should be tested further to assess the merits of applying these techniques to support RET management decision-making in other contexts and more broadly.

Properties and Phase Behavior of Water-in-Diesel Microemulsion Fuels Stabilized by Nonionic Surfactants in Combination with Aliphatic Alcohol

We investigate the properties and phase behavior of the water–diesel fuel–Neonol AF 9-6/2-ethylhexanol system, which is regarded as a promising microemulsion fuel. A pseudoternary diagram of the system has been obtained. In the diesel fuel/water (DF/W) ratio ranging from 98:2 to 50:50 and the emulsifier concentration of 8–40 vol %, a region of microemulsions has been distinguished, generating particular interest as an alternative fuel. In the region under study, a reverse micellar phase L2 has existed predominantly. Fish-cut diagrams have been obtained for the DF/W ratios in the emulsifier concentration–temperature coordinates. An increase in the water fraction in microemulsions significantly has narrowed the range of their stability. The critical changes of microemulsion properties have been identified using the fish-cut diagrams. We have established the empirical relationship among the phase inversion temperature, the emulsifier concentration in the phase inversion point, and the water fraction in micro...

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of water diesel emulsified fuel for diesel engine: A review

For certain years, various researchers are exploring certain alternative fuel which enhances performance and combustion attributes of the engine along with the reduction of harmful emissions particularly nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. The utilization of water diesel emulsified fuel for diesel engines proves to be an emerging technology in this regard. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to review the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of diesel engine with the utilization of emulsified fuel without any sort of modifications in the engine. Different researchers revealed their findings regarding the utilization of water diesel emulsified fuel for diesel engines. Most of the findings favour the use of emulsified fuel as an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines. The performance features of diesel engine with emulsified fuel shows marginal difference as compared to that of neat diesel as a fuel. The NOx and PM emissions decreases simultaneously and thus emulsified fuel proves to be an effective solution for NOx and PM emissions trade off relationship. The combustion features are also improved with the use of water diesel emulsified fuel as compared to that of neat diesel as a fuel. Overall, it can be concluded that water diesel emulsified fuel proves to be a significant alternative fuel as environment attributes are improved along with combustion and performance features for diesel engine without any modifications in the engine.

Effects of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on the performance and emission features at different injection timings using water diesel emulsified fuel

In this work the investigations were conducted to examine the effects of silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticle on water diesel emulsified fuel (WDEF) for diesel engine at various injection timings. The base fuel used was D94W5S1 (Diesel 94%, water 5%, and SPAN-80 1%) in which SiO2 nanoparticles were added in the varying dosages of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. The test fuels of WDEF-SiO2 were prepared with the magnetic stirrer and ultrasonication technique and experiments were conducted with the constant speed of 1500 RPM, compression ratio 18 and 23°bTDC injection timing. From the experiments, the test fuel with 50 ppm dosing D94W5S1-Si50 was found to be optimal as it results in a reduction of 52.52%, 29.32%, 69.69%, and 64.28% for NOX, smoke opacity, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions respectively as compared to neat diesel at full load condition. Further, the optimal fuel was tested for different injection timing of 19°bTDC, 21°bTDC, 23°bTDC, and 25°bTDC. The results revealed that with the advancement of injection timing to 25°bTDC, brake thermal efficiency increases by 2.61%, brake specific fuel consumption diminishes by 3.7%. Except NOX emissions, which rises by 6.63%, other emissions of smoke opacity, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide reduces by 7.41%, 10%, and 50% respectively as compared to 23°bTDC. Finally, it can be concluded that WDEF incorporated with optimal dosing of silicon dioxide nanoparticle at advanced injection timing remarkably reduces the emissions and enhances the performance features.

Simultaneous reduction of emissions as well as fuel consumption in CI engine using water and nanoparticles in Diesel - Biodiesel blend

ABSTRACT Stringent emission norms along with the drastic change in climate lead the direction of research in enhancing the engine combustion to decrease the consumption of fuel and also emissions. Blending fuel with additives leads to improve fuel activity, which helps to overcome these challenges. In present work, the combined effect water and aluminum oxide nanoparticles as a fuel blend was considered. The blended fuel tested on a single cylinder, four-stroke diesel engines. The (compression ignition) CI engine was tested for its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The results showed that B10W8N100 showed better brake thermal efficiency than B10W8 and B10, i.e., 7.6% and 10.72% increase, respectively. Carbon monoxide (CO) was decreased by 13.5% and 24.4% compared to B10W8 and B10, respectively. The catalytic effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles leads to improved combustion. The addition of nanoparticles in the fuel decreased the Nitric oxide (NO) emissions. It was less compared to conventional fuel by 50%.

Effects of process parameters on performance and emissions of a water-emulsified diesel-fueled compression ignition engine

ABSTRACT Out of various strategies to extenuate the diesel engine emissions, use of water-blended diesel fuel in emulsified form is found to be a prominent option. The studies carried out by various researchers give quite inconsistent results for optimum water concentration, surfactant concentration, and HLB value. An effort has been made in this paper to analyze this inconsistency of water concentration and surfactant for engine emissions and performance along with the effect of compression ratio. The work has been carried out on a non-road, constant rpm, VCR (variable compression ratio) diesel engine. Different emulsions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% water-in-diesel with 3% emulsifier concentration were tested on the diesel-optimized engine at CR 21. The results showed that emulsion of 15% water-in-diesel is optimal on the basis of emissions and performance. Further, the selected 15% emulsion is tested with 4% emulsifier concentration. It improved the stability of emulsion and performance of the engine with slight adverse effects on the NOx emissions. Then, emulsion with 4% surfactant and 15% water is tested to determine optimum compression ratio for emulsified fuels. CR 20 is found in optimum. Remarkably 9.28% improvement in BTE is observed reaching up to 23.89% as compared to 21.86% with bare diesel. 25.1% reduction in NOx and more than 50% reduction in smoke is observed. Overall, it is concluded that the water-blended diesel emulsion could serve as a fuel-efficient cleaner combustion technology and needs to be standardized. Abbreviations HLB: Hydrophile–Lipophile Balance; Cv: Calorific Value; W/D: Water in Diesel; PM: Particulate matter; RPM: Rotation per minute; HC: Hydrocarbon; CR: Compression Ratio; EGT: Exhaust Gas Temperature; BTE: Brake Thermal Efficiency; NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen; BSFC: Brake specific fuel consumption

Use of Emulsified Fuels for Emission Abatement in a Diesel Engine

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emissions from diesel engines pose serious environmental threats. Modifications in fuel properties, combustion and after-treatment methods are gateways to emission abatement. Emulsified fuels are promising option towards NOx control. In the present experimental exploration, a single cylinder diesel engine was tested for its performance and emission characteristics using emulsified fuel with different quantities of water in diesel. Engines fueled with Bio-diesel fuels generally emit more NOx due to inherent Oxygen in their structure. Therefore, emulsified bio-diesel fuel, developed from chicken slaughter waste, was also tested. The amount of water added was in the range of 0.5% - 2% by volume. Since NOx emissions are significant at higher loads investigations were primarily done at 75% of rated load of the engine. The results obtained demonstrated the capability of emulsified fuels in reducing NOx emissions. Up to 16% reduction in NO emissions were obtained, compared to diesel fuel, when 1% water in diesel emulsion was employed. Emulsified Bio-diesel and its blends with 1% water also showed significant reduction in NO emissions. Brake thermal efficiency in all the above cases were also better than baseline diesel engine performance.

Thermal stability control of the water-in-diesel microemulsion fuel produced by using a nonionic surfactant combined with aliphatic alcohols

One of the central challenges in producing water-in-diesel microemulsion fuels is to attain their thermal stability (to separate phases) for possible utilization and storage in various environmental and operating conditions. Thus, it should be possible to control the stability of the microemulsion systems at different temperatures. The present study discusses how to control the thermal stability of the microemulsion fuels in a temperature range from −21 °С to +73 °С. The effects of various alcohols, the concentration of ammonium acetate, and the surfactant/co-surfactant and diesel/water ratios are examined. Various C5-C9 alcohols can be used as co-surfactants to stabilize the microemulsions. An increase in the co-surfactant content and the usage of ammonium acetate brines as dispersed phase shifts the ranges of the thermal stability of the water-in-diesel microemulsion fuel towards lower temperatures. A decrease of the water fraction in the microemulsion fuel by 30% contributes to more than two-fold widening of the temperature band of stability. The optimum composition of the microemulsion fuel with the temperature bandwidth of thermal stability of about 86 °С is formulated. The thermal stability of the water–diesel–Neonol AF 9-6–2-ethylhexanol microemulsion system are compared with the known counterparts.

Performance of a diesel engine with water emulsified diesel prepared with optimized process parameters

ABSTRACT An attempt has been made to produce stable water–diesel emulsion with optimal formulation and process parameters and to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using this stable water–diesel emulsion. A total of 54 samples were prepared with varying water/diesel ratio, surfactant amount and stirring speed and water separation was recorded after 24 and 48 hr of emulsification. The recorded data were used in artificial neural network (ANN)-particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to find the optimal parameters to produce water–diesel emulsion for engine testing. The predicted optimal parameters were found as 20% water to diesel ratio, 0.9% surfactant and 2200 rpm of stirrer for a water separation of 14.33% in one day with a variation of 6.54% against the actual value of water separation. Water–diesel emulsion fuel exhibited similar fuel properties as base fuel. The peak cylinder gas pressure, peak pressure rise rate and peak heat release rate for water–diesel were found higher as compared to diesel at medium to full engine loads. The improved air-fuel mixing in water–diesel emulsion enhanced brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of engine. The absorption of heat by water droplets present in water–diesel emulsion led to reduced exhaust gas temperature (EGT). With water–diesel emulsion fuel, the mean carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions reduced by 8.80, 39.60, and 26.11%, respectively as compared to diesel.

Performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using diesel nanoemulsions as alternative fuels

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of water-in-diesel fuel nanoemulsions on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine at different engine loads. Emulsified diesel fuel was prepared by mixing diesel fuel with surfactant in the percentage of 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt% of the emulsion total weight. Emulsified diesel oils with varying content of water and surfactant concentrations were prepared via the batch method technique. Different concentrations of water as 5, 6 and 7 wt% was gradually added. Effect of water content and surfactant concentration on engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions were investigated. From the obtained results, specific fuel consumptions for water diesel emulsions were reduced by 8% compared to pure diesel fuel at 4 wt% surfactant concentration, 7 wt% water content and engine load of 1 kW. Furthermore, the lowest HC, CO and NOx emissions value of 66, 48 and 32%, respectively were obtained in case of using 6 wt% of surfactant concentration, 7% water content and engine load of 1 kW. The prepared emulsified diesel fuel achieved a higher engine performance and lower exhaust emissions compared to neat diesel fuel.

Preparation, investigation and characterization of microemulsion used in cleaning waste liquid and drilling cuttings

ABSTRACTIn order to cleaning the drilling cutting and treating the waste liquid which were produced in oil and gas field, several kinds of microemulsion with potential applications in the cleaning system for waste liquid were prepared by using diesel oil, water, n-hexyl alcohol, and mixture surfactant. The stability and formation mechanism of optimal microemulsion were characterized by using dynamic light scattering and fluorescence probe technique. Furthermore, the effects of salinity, temperature and pH on the properties of microemulsion were investigated by setting different gradients. The cleaning efficiency was evaluated by contact angle experiment. It can be proposed that the microemulsion is suitable for cleaning the waste liquid.

An integrated carbon footprint accounting and sustainability index for palm oil mills

Palm oil industry has received criticism from various parties on the issue of sustainability and the greenhouse gases. Carbon footprint accounting are widely used as a metric of climate change impacts and the main focus of many sustainability policies among companies and authorities. However, carbon footprint accounting has limitation to represent sustainability as a whole and may resulting inaccurate selection of further mitigation. This paper evaluates sustainability and greenhouse gases simultaneously using an integrated palm oil mill carbon footprint accounting (POMCFA) and palm oil mill sustainability index (POMSI) method. The integration was performed via the adoption of data synchronization of the carbon footprint accounting and sustainability assessment. The analysis shows that highest carbon dioxide equivalent emission was contributed by palm oil mill effluent followed by diesel consumption and water consumption. In terms of sustainability scoring, the results show that the environmental aspect achieved the lowest scores compared to other aspects (social and economy). Weaknesses identified include diesel consumption, palm oil mill effluent and boiler emission. The assessment analysed in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent and sustainability scoring demonstrates its potential to provide comprehensive mitigation selection purposes.

Potential of microfinanced solar water pumping systems for irrigation in rural areas of Burkina Faso

BackgroundThe population in Burkina Faso is rapidly adopting irrigation to adapt to negative impacts of climate change like prolonged drought, rainfall variability and desertification. The solar water pumping systems (SWPS) could be an attractive option in view of climate change impacts, increasing diesel costs and grid electricity scarcity that the country suffers. However, due to high initial cost SWPS, population mainly uses diesel water pumps (DWPs). The main objective of this study is to assess the potential of microfinanced SWPS for irrigation in rural areas of Burkina Faso.MethodsBased on ground data collection and profitability analysis, this study investigates the best SWPS market segments for irrigation in rural areas of Burkina Faso. The case study of the village of Korsimoro was considered. Especially, the study is focused on the onion crop as it is the most cultivated crop in the area of study.ResultsIt was found that there are three main SWPS market segments in the area of study: market segment 1 which is that of farmers individually owning and using a DWP with rated power between 1.5 and 3 kW, market segment 2 which is composed of farmers individually owning a DWP of rated power ranging from 4 to 7.5 kW and market segment 3 which is that of farmers paying for pumping services offered by a pump owner in market segment 2. The study revealed that replacing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water storage tank by DWPs to be used on cloudy days is profitable for all the market segments. The study showed also that at 9.5% interest charged on agricultural equipment, only SWPS for the market segments 2 and 3 can be fully financed through microloan without risk of long payback period.ConclusionsThe results imply that more attention should be given to SWPS in the context of rural areas of Burkina Faso to enhance the productive use of energy and also mitigate the impacts of climate change on the environment. In addition, the study provides detailed information to farmers about how they can make more profitable their activities.

Sustainability of water in diesel emulsion fuel: An assessment of its corrosion behaviour towards copper

Despite studies have demonstrated the possibilities of using water in diesel emulsion fuel to reduce the harmful exhaust emission, limited studies are available at present on the effect of emulsified diesel towards metal corrosion. This study therefore aims to investigate the corrosion behaviour of copper exposed to emulsified diesel. Copper immersion tests in diesel, biodiesel and emulsified diesel were carried out for 1200 h at 25 °C. Similar immersion test in emulsified diesel was also carried out for 240 h, 480 h, 720 h, 960 h and 1200 h at 25 °C. Two emulsifiers such as Span 80 and Tween 80 were used to prepare emulsion consisting of 5 vol% of water in diesel. Among the performed analysis were mass loss, surface morphology, elemental composition, surface topography, surface roughness, microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, emulsion characterization, density, viscosity, water content and total acid number. 11.7 times and 4.7 times higher corrosion rate occurred to the copper coupon exposed to emulsified diesel as compared to diesel and biodiesel, respectively. 68% reduction in corrosion rate occurred for the copper exposed to emulsified diesel between 240 h and 1200 h of immersion duration. Up to 3.6 μm and 1.7 μm in pit depth and width, respectively, formed on the copper surface exposed to emulsified diesel for 1200 h at 25 °C. The increased acidity of emulsified diesel by 4.5 times as compared to diesel due to the addition of emulsifiers to form stable water in diesel emulsion is suggested to have caused the increased corrosion rate. Neutralization and/or use of less acidic emulsifier are recommended to reduce the corrosive effect of emulsified diesel. More works on this area are required to establish the compatibility present between emulsified diesel and fuel delivery metals.

A high-efficiency utilization of coke-oven plant coke ash for the preparation of coke ash emulsion slurry

Coke ash (CA) from the dust collection station of coking plants has a high carbon content and can be used as a fuel feedstock for secondary uses, avoiding environmental pollution. In this study, CA was blended with diesel oil and water to prepare a coke emulsion slurry (CES) synfuel in the presence of primary alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and polycarboxylate dispersant (PC) for gasification or combustion, as an efficient method for the utilization of CA. The effects of the particle size distribution of CA, oil to water ratio (O:W) and temperature on the slurryability of CES were investigated, and properties, such as rheology, thixotropy and stability, of CES were examined. The results showed that with a decrease of CA particle size, its slurryability is greatly improved. The apparent viscosity of CES increased when the oil content and the CA content (ω) increased. The maximum value of ω in the CES declined incrementally in oil proportion, ranging from ω = 74 wt% for the coke-water-slurry (CWS) to ω = 62 wt% at CES with O:W = 1:3. Furthermore, the higher the temperature was, the lower the apparent viscosity of the slurry. CES and CWS both exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid behaviour. Its pseudoplasticity and thixotropy also increased as the ω of CES rose. The oil content and ω had a great influence on the stability of CES. The dispersion behaviour and stabilization mechanism were revealed by the contact angle, zeta potential measurements and optical microscope image. Overall, this study provided a direct and efficient utilization method for CA.

Effects of various biodiesel blends on LHR engine

Purpose This paper aims to compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of E20 biodiesel with diesel-water emulsion and eucalyptus water emulsion. Design/methodology/approach This research expounds the trans-esterification process apparently. Various biodiesel blends were made to go through the trans-esterification process to make it suitable for feeding them into the low heat rejection (LHR) engine. E20 biodiesel – 20% of eucalyptus oil by volume with diesel was chosen to carry out the research as it was found to be the best blend with diesel. The volume of water content in diesel water emulsions was varied by 5, 10 and 15% in DWM1 (Diesel Water Mixture1), DWM2 (Diesel Water Mixture2) and DWM3 (Diesel Water Mixture3), respectively. Similarly, the volume of water content in eucalyptus water emulsions was varied with emulsification ratio of E20 biodiesel. Partially stabilized zirconia was coated over top surface of the piston and valve facing of the LHR engine. Findings From the researches carried out, DWM3 (Diesel Water Mixture3) was found to be superior when compared with other diesel-water emulsions in LHR engine. The overall efficiency was found to be higher for EWM3 than other biofuels tested the in LHR engine. Originality/value This investigational experiment can be further extended to multi-cylinder engine and to improve the cetane number, Di ethyl ester (DEE) fuel additives can be added.

Effect of Emulsified Diesel Fuel on Performance and Emissions Characteristics

Diesel fuel has been known as the most effective fuel but it is known as a fuel which produces harmful emissions. Later, emulsified diesel fuel was introduced as a better solution but there is no sufficient research data concerning combustion of emulsified fuel. The present work carried out a simulation of non-surfactant emulsified diesel fuel where composition of water in emulsion varied from 0% to 20% to determine the ratio of water to diesel which is more effective in reducing the exhaust emissions especially NOx. For this simulation,5% of water in diesel without surfactant was able to reduce NOx up to 35%. It was shown that as the percentage of water increases, the power from that fuel combustion reduces.

Design and Simulation of Photo-voltaic Water Pumping System for Irrigation

In locations where electricity is not available, other means are necessary to pump water for different applications. Using a diesel pump to deliver water causes economic and environmental problems. The higher price of diesel increases operation costs of diesel water pumping system thereby reducing the incomes. In addition, the use of a diesel pump emits a considerable amount of CO₂ which cause global warming. A possible solution to these problems is using renewable energy source like solar power, which is environmentally friend and available for free. This paper presents the design and simulation of a photovoltaic water pumping system for irrigation of a potato farm located at a place named Gerenbo in south-west Ethiopia. The system was designed by considering the site’s topography and local meteorological data. The PV system designing was made in such a way that, capable of irrigating a hectare area potato farm with daily water requirement of 7m³ and total dynamic head of 21m. To run simulations, different tools have been used. Those include CROPWAT, MatLab, and HOMER. Furthermore, after seizing all components and sub-systems, the entire system (from solar radiation to water production) was simulated by using PVsyst. The economic and environmental aspects of PV water pumping systems have been studied. Based on the projected system lifetime production, the equivalent cost of water for PVWPs and DWPs is $0.1187/m³ and $0.3526/m³ respectively. Replacement of diesel-powered water pumping system results in an annual reduction of CO₂ emissions by 1500kg.

An Analysis of Diesel Water Emulsion in the Direct Injected Diesel Engine

An Analysis of Diesel Water Emulsion in the Direct Injected Diesel Engine