Water Impurities Research Articles

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A COMPACT MULTI – OPERATED MANHOLE CLEANING MACHINE

Water drainage systems undergoing rapid flooding pose a serious threat to public safety, traffic and present a variety of operational problems. The serious repercussions of the current design of manholes put an operator’s life at great risk i.e., during the overflow and displacement of manhole covers, during cleaning and maintenance of manholes. Manholes provide a variety of dangers for those who work within them. Impurities in drainage water viz., excreta, empty bottles, polythene bags, papers, etc. result in aggravation and blockage of the sewer system. Toxic gases resulting from the waste accumulated may build up in areas of the sewer, rising to levels that constitute severe risks to those breathing them. There have also been considerably fewer and slower advancements in the development of machines for the dedicated purpose of manhole cleaning. The machines that are currently in use serve the purpose but come with the restraints of high capital and expenditures. Another drawback being that these machines are bulky in size which becomes difficult in handling and transportation. Our project is aimed at eradicating manual human scavenging of the waste accumulated inside the manholes[1]. We are aiming at cleaning the manholes efficiently and economically using our machine. Through this project, we aim to eliminate the practice of humans entering the manhole physically to clean and collect the waste. We are concentrating on using a TWIST mechanism to open and close the buckets. The machines that are in use now require skilled laborers while our machine can be easily operated. We are intending to target rural areas where it becomes difficult in investing in the present automated machines which are expensive.

Effect of Central Dialysis Fluid Delivery System (CDDS) on IL6 & CRP Levels in Prevalent Haemodialysis Patients

Abstract Background Dialysis is a chronic inflammatory state due to both decreased renal clearance and increased production of procytokines, moreover extracorporeal factors, such as impurities in dialysis water,etc. The central dialysis fluid delivery system (CDDS) is a cost-effective, laborsaving, time-tested system with good microbial safety, which has been used for 45 years in many countries & this study, studies the effect of (CDDS) on IL6 & hs-CRP levels in prevalent hemodialysis patients. Aim of the Work To compare the effect of central dialysis fluid delivery system (CDDS) versus single-patient dialysis fluid delivery system (SPDDS) in purification of water that used in dialysate and its effect on inflammatory markers (hs-CRP & IL-6) levels in prevalent hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methods A Case control study that was conducted on 100 patients of end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis in a university-affiliated hospital. Patients were classified into two groups, each included 50 patients; group (1) receiving regular dialysis by central dialysis fluid delivery system (CDDS), while group (2) receiving regular dialysis by single patient dialysis fluid delivery system (SPDDS) . Patients underwent full clinical assessment including thorough history taking, clinical examination, routine investigation, IL-6 and hsCRP testing to all patients. Results One hundred prevalent hemodialysis patients were included in this study. In this study, the levels of IL-6 and hs-CRP were found to be significantly higher in group 2 (SPDS) as compared to group 1 (CDDS). Conclusion In conclusion, central dialysis fluid delivery system (CDDS) seems to have a better effect on systemic inflammation (IL-6 and hsCRP) as compared with single-patient dialysis fluid delivery system (SPDDS). There is a statistically negative correlation between serum IL-6 and hsCRP levels with dry weight, Hemoglobin level, serum creatinine level & serum albumin level for group (1) (CDDS). However, there is a statistically positive correlation between serum IL-6 and hsCRP levels with Total Leuckocytic Count (TLC), serum ferritin level, serum potassium level, weight gain and duration of dialysis for group (2) (SPDS).

Design and fabrication of drainage cleaning equipment

Water could also be variety one necessity of humans and each one residing beings. There is a number of water on the earth but it sincerely is not suitable for human use. Clean water is extra important and is used for a couple of purposes. The impurities observed in water can purpose dangerous diseases. Impurities in drainage water are often like empty bottles, polythene bags, papers etc. House drains empty themselves into the foremost drains which run beneath the foremost streets and beneath many lanes. Solid topics which is perhaps created thru human or animal activities, and which is perhaps disposed of due to the reality they’ll be dangerous or useless are mentioned as sturdy waste. Most of the sturdy wastes, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, or even used motors and virtual gadgets aren’t biodegradable, this suggests that they’re not getting lessened through inorganic or herbal processes. Thus, after they collect they purpose a hazard to people. Decaying wastes moreover enchantment to have circle of relatives pests and convey about metropolis areas becoming unhealthy, dirty and unsightly places to be dwelling in. Moreover, it moreover motives damage to terrestrial organisms on the equal time as moreover reducing the uses of the land for specific extra useful purposes. Therefore, this problem goals immediately remedial measures. These impurities observed in drainage water can purpose blockage or the system.

Origin of the Early to Middle Triassic polyhalite minerals in the Sichuan Basin, SW China: New evidence from calcium and sulphur isotopes and microfabrics

Polyhalite is a special potash fertilizer resource, which is widely distributed in the Triassic evaporite strata in the Sichuan Basin, but its genetic mechanism has always been controversial. This contribution presents new petrological, geochemistry, electron probe analyses, and Ca-S isotope systematics on Triassic polyhalite minerals for the first time from the Sichuan Basin aiming to better understand their origin. We present petrological observations of long columnar and granular polyhalites co-existing with halites (rock salt) and anhydrites that are not metasomatic in origin. Metasomatic polyhalites have also been studied, which have a fibrous and radial habit interwoven with anhydrite. The primary (sedimentary) polyhalite is solely formed from the evaporation of seawater, and the formation of metasomatic polyhalite involved impure meteoric water. The Ca and S isotopic values show that the sulphur and calcium in diamond-drillholes ZK001 and ZK601 are derived from seawater, whereas the sulphur and calcium in Well YS01 are derived from meteoric water. The sulphur and calcium in Well ZK02 are derived weathered terrigenous gypsum. This study demonstrates that the combined sulphur (δ34S) and calcium (δ44/40Ca) isotopes can be used to reveal the genesis of polyhalite.

Detection of the Impurities in Bottled Mineral Water Based on Computer Vision System

Bottled mineral water is an indispensable drink in our daily life. It’s important for us to guarantee quality of the products. In this study, a computer vision based detection system is established to detect the impurities in bottled mineral water. With the help of high speed industrial camera, the images of RGB model images could be obtained in real-time. The recorded images are transformed into HSI color format to reduce the effect of environmental brightness on the industrial assembly line. The corresponding threshold of the hue and saturation for bottled mineral water are set, according to which the image segmentation is carried out. After Gaussian filtering, the image decomposition and edge detection are applied to the images. The impurities in the bottled mineral water could be determined, marked by red dots. Based on the detection results, unqualified products will be removed from the industrial assembly line. By using this system, the accuracy and efficiency could be improved for the detection of impurities in bottled mineral water.

Mathematical modeling of the process of functioning of objects and technical means of ensuring airfield control

In the process of performing a complex of works on refueling of civil aviation aircraft, one of the key issues is to ensure flight safety by controlling the quality of aviation fuel directly during refueling operations. Currently, to ensure the purity of the refueled jet fuel, water separators with filter elements of a normalized degree of purification are installed on the aircraft refueling facilities, the operation of which in the working area provides normalized indicators of cleaning jet fuel from water and mechanical impurities. As practice shows, in the process of refueling aircraft, for various objective and subjective reasons, sometimes there are stochastic situations in which quality indicators go beyond the limits established by regulatory documentation and are not deterministic, and the subsequent state of such a system is described by values that characterize an extremely low level of jet fuel purification with negative consequences for flight safety. This paper presents a mathematical description of the functioning of water separator filters in the working area, where standardized indicators of the quality of aviation fuel are provided during the refueling of aircraft. The article deals with the issue of blocking the refueling of aircraft in the event of the appearance of non-normalized technical documentation indicators of the quality of aviation fuel, which arise due to a number of different factors that lead to negative cause-and-effect relationships for flight safety. Based on the mathematical description, an approach to creating a system for protecting and blocking the refueling process under the working name "Barrier" is proposed. Of the greatest interest for the study are typical water separator filters installed on refueling vehicles as terminal technical devices for fuel purification during refueling of aircraft.

Urea recovery from stabilized urine using a novel ethanol evaporation and recrystallization process

Urea is a raw material in the production of various chemicals and is a key nitrogen-based fertilizer. The conventional process to manufacture synthetic urea operates at high temperatures and pressures and is therefore energy intensive. The aim of this work was to investigate the feasibility of recovering and purifying urea crystals from human urine using a novel ethanol evaporation and recrystallization process that exploits the solubility differences of urea and impurities in water and ethanol. This approach could provide an alternative method to produce urea that operates at atmospheric pressure and low temperatures (< 30°C).Synthetic and real human urine was treated with Ca(OH)2 to prevent urea hydrolysis and then dried to recover the solids. These solids were dissolved in a predetermined amount of ethanol and the urea present was recrystallized. A complex synthetic urine solution (with various organics and inorganics) had a urea solubility of 56.7 g L−1 at 22°C. It was determined that the solubility of urea in ethanol increased when more organics were present in the solution. Urea was recovered from inorganic synthetic urine (SI), organic synthetic urine (SO) and real human urine (RU) with yields of 88%, 77% and 67%, respectively. The purity of urea increased from 41%, 41% and 43% to 91%, 76% and 76% for SI, SO and RU using the ethanol evaporation and recrystallization process.

Insights from Adsorption and Electron Modification Studies of Polyoxometalates on Surfaces for Molecular Memory Applications.

This Account highlights recent experimental and theoretical work focusing on the development of polyoxometalates (POMs) as possible active switching units in what may be called "molecule-based memory cells". Herein, we critically discuss how multiply charged vanadium-containing POMs, which exhibit stable metal-oxo bonds and are characterized by the excellent ability to change their redox states without significant structural distortions of the central polyoxoanion core, can be immobilized best and how they may work optimally at appropriate surfaces. Furthermore, we critically discuss important issues and challenges on the long way toward POM-based nanoelectronics. This Account is divided into four sections shedding light on POM interplay in solution and on surfaces, ion soft-landing of mass-selected POMs on surfaces, electronic modification of POMs on surfaces, and computational modeling of POMs on surfaces. The sections showcase the complex nature of far-reaching POM interactions with the chemical surroundings in solution and the properties of POMs in the macroscopic environment of electrode surfaces. Section 2 describes complex relationships of POMs with their counter-cations, solvent molecules, and water impurities, which have been shown to exhibit a direct impact on the resulting surface morphology, where a concentration-dependent formation of micellar structures can be potentially observed. Section 3 gives insights into the ion soft-landing deposition of mass-selected POMs on electrode surfaces, which emerges as an appealing method because the simultaneous deposition of agglomeration-stimulating counter-cations can be avoided. Section 4 provides details of electronic properties of POMs and their modification by external electronic stimuli toward the development of multiple-state resistive (memristive) switches. Section 5 sheds light on issues of the determination of the electronic structure properties of POMs across their interfaces, which is difficult to address by experiment. The studies summarized in these four sections have employed various X-ray-scattering, microscopy, spectroscopy, and computational techniques for imaging of POM interfaces in solution and on surfaces to determine the adsorption type, agglomeration tendency, distribution, and oxidation state of deposited molecules. The presented research findings and conceptual ideas may assist experimentalists and theoreticians to advance the exploration of POM electrical conductivity as a function of metal redox and spin states and to pave the way for a realization of ("brain-inspired") POM-based memory devices, memristive POM-surface device engineering, and energy efficient nonvolatile data storage and processing technologies.

High frequency ultrasonication enhances iron-catalyzed sulphate inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

The ability of high frequency ultrasonication to improve sulphate radical-based water disinfection was investigated in the laboratory. Low doses of potassium persulfate and zero-valent iron inactivated Escherichia coli (5.74 log) and Staphylococcus aureus (4.82 log) within 40 min when supported by 600 kHz ultrasound applied at 3.09 W/mL. That was far better than the removal with potassium persulfate and iron alone, since neither PS nor Fe0 showed any killing effect on bacterial cells. Ultrasound at 3.09 W/mL was twice as effective as ultrasound at 6.81 W/mL with both bacteria. Nonlinear double Weibull and modified Hom models fitted the data well, showing an initial lag in the rate. SO4•ˉ made a greater contribution to the inactivation than •OH, but both induced cell lesioning, leakage and intracellular oxidation. The delivery effect mediated by 600 kHz ultrasound may promote the intracellular oxidation toward bacteria inactivation. Avoiding consumption by other competing impurities in water, further development should focus on the improvement of the utilization of SO4•ˉ generated for more efficient delivery for intracellular oxidation in water disinfection applications.

A facile approach to synthesize ZnO-decorated titanium carbide nanoarchitectures to boost up the photodegradation performance

The current era of nanotechnology has provided numerous impressive opportunities to purify ever-increasing water impurities. Of them, photodegradation of industrial dyes is one of the best strategies to solve this problem effectively using cost-effective photocatalysts. MXene has been considered as an efficient photocatalytic material however, its transport properties suffer due to the re-stacking of its flakes. Moreover, a very low bandgap of MXene causes electron/hole recombination which is a major drawback of a photocatalyst. Herein, we explored 2D/2D composite nanoarchitectures to stop this re-stacking in MXene by applying Zinc oxide nanoflakes (ZnO NFKs) with Ti3C2Tx (MXene) to solve this outstanding issue. The as-synthesized composite nanoarchitectures not only degraded the 99.9% Methylene Blue (MB) dye within 40 min but also demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity. We hope the work presented here will be a great help for the young researchers exploring the hybrid 2D-2D composite nanoarchitectures for various applications.

IMPLEMENTATION OF REAL TIME WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY-PI

Drinking water is basic need of the human being. Even though the earth surface is covered by 79% with water, the drinking water is about 3% of it. Out of this 3 % only 0.4 percent is available in the form of the rivers. In India, around 50% people are getting the water of good quality for drinking purpose. The water quality monitoring system is needed for avoiding the hazards to human health due to use of impure water. The major sources of the pure water are badly affected due to the poor Industrial waste management. Due to addition of waste in the water is can’t be used for drinking purpose. Authors have proposed the water quality management monitoring system using Raspberry-pi. The results of the monitoring system are presented in this paper in detail.

Gerakan sadar lingkungan melalui sosialisasi dan pelatihan pengelolaan limbah cair rumah tangga dukuh jongso

Community activities during the pandemic due to the stay at home policy resulted in an increase in the remaining results of activities. As a result, untreated household wastewater will have a negative impact on the surrounding waters and can become a source of disease for the community. The main purpose of this service is to educate and provide skills to the community to treat household wastewater in Jongso Hamlet, Wotan Village. The main material used for wastewater treatment is alum. This is because alum is a coagulant that can bind impurities in water. This service activity is carried out by socializing through online audio-visual media, namely Youtube, while the training is carried out directly at the stage of processing household liquid waste to the Dukuh Jongso community, and activity evaluation indicators are based on participant responses to socialization and training. The results of the implementation showed that the participants were enthusiastic in the socialization and training. This activity is also effective in educating the public, especially about public awareness of the surrounding environment. It is hoped that the community will continue to be committed to improving their knowledge and skills in protecting the surrounding environment. The community care movement for the surrounding environment is expected to continue to be applied independently and disseminated to other communities.

Analysis of low-frequency dielectric loss of XLPE cable insulation based on extended Debye model

Dielectric response technology is an effective method on state detection of dielectric materials. However, when the technology is employed to evaluate the aging extent of the cable, the interpretation of the microscopic mechanism, which leads to changes in the dielectric loss factor spectrum, is lacking in the research. It also does not refine the frequency range with strong polarization loss caused by defects, such as water trees and impurities. In this paper, the loss characteristics of XLPE cable insulation at low frequencies were studied. First, the frequency domain parameters were obtained by the time–frequency domain dielectric conversion principle through the polarization current measurement. Second, the polarization loss and conductivity loss based on the extended Debye model were effectively distinguished. Finally, the frequency domain dielectric spectrum of polarization loss caused by water treeing defects was extracted and discussed. The research results show that in the low frequency range, the conductivity loss and polarization loss of the XLPE cable increase as the aging degree of the cable deepens. Among them, the contribution of polarization loss to the overall loss is gradually increasing. At the same time, the polarization loss (tan δp3) caused by defects, such as water trees and impurities, inside the cable insulation has an obvious effect in the ultra-low frequency band. As the degree of aging increases, the extreme value of tan δp3 increases, and it moves to higher frequencies.

Assessment of dielectric strength and partial discharges patterns in nanocomposites insulation of single-core power cables

Nanoparticles succeeded to enhance the dielectric properties of industrial insulation but the presence of voids inside the power cable insulation still leads to formation high electrical stress inside power cable insulation material and collapse. In this paper, the dielectric strength of new design nanocomposites has been deduced as experimental work done to clarify the benefit of filling nanoparticles with different patterns inside dielectrics. Also, it has been studied the effect of electrical stress distribution in presence of air, water and copper impurities with different shapes (cylinder, sphere and ellipse) inside insulation of single core. In simulation model, it has been used finite element method (FEM) for estimating the electrostatic field distribution in power cable insulation. It has been applied new strategies of nanotechnology techniques for designing innovative polyvinyl chloride insulation materials by using nanocomposites and multi-nanocomposites. Finally, this research succeeded to remedy different partial discharges (PD) patterns according to using certain types and concentrations of nanoparticles.

Mechanistic Insight into the Decomposition of Eco-Friendly Dielectric Gas Heptafluoro-iso-butyronitrile in the Presence of Water Impurity

Decomposition of heptafluoro-iso-butyronitrile (C3F7CN), a novel eco-friendly dielectric gas for high voltage electrical applications, is investigated theoretically in the presence of water vapor using various computational methods including DFT, CBS-Q, G4, CCSD(T)-F12 and RRKM theory. Hydrolysis of C3F7CN proceeds dominantly via the stepwise addition/isomerization or elimination mechanisms to form amide or HF. The reaction pathways are bifurcated into cis and trans conformations. Activation barriers are strongly dependent on the number of water molecules in hydrolysis due to catalytic effect. The intermediate imidic acid prefers to produce formamido imine via recombination or secondary reaction with C3F7CN. Hydrolysis of CF3 and CF3CFCN undergoes via the direct H-abstraction mechanism to form OH radicals enhancing hydrolysis of C3F7CN. Kinetic calculations predict that imidic acid is the major decomposition product below 500 K while amide is generated exclusively above 1000 K with a small fraction of HF. The present work not only provides a theoretical basis for the increasing risk of dielectric failure of C3F7CN with the increment of the high humidity levels, but also identifies the potential characteristic decomposition products to develop failure diagnostic techniques.

Separation of natural gas liquids and water from gas condensate

Unlike dry gas reservoirs, condensate gas reservoirs contain a considerable amount of natural gas liquids which should be extracted to maximize energy usage. This paper uses Bryan ProMax to set up the processing units for the recovery of natural gas liquids and removal of water. The parameters for the simulation were a gas composition which assumes a sweet gas content. The outcome of the simulation includes reduction of water content below 7 lbm/MMscf, recovery of methane and recovery of propane and isobutane only. The glycol dehydration unit minimized water impurity, while cooling with Joule–Thomson valve and heat exchangers help in methane recovery and separation from natural gas liquids. The results show that natural gas liquid recovery which depends on gas composition can be recovered by controlling the conditions of several units, namely heat exchangers, flash vessels, cold separators, fractionators, stabilizers with their reboilers and condensers.

Methods for rapid identifi cation of metals, alloys and impurity composition of industrial water in production conditions

The identification of metals and alloys, and dissolved impurities in water is aimed at ensuring the activity of the metallurgical complex and then machine-building production. Accelerated methods designed for quick identification significantly determine the increase in safety and competitiveness of metallurgical and engineering products. Therefore, in order to identify grades of metals and alloys, and chemical pollutants of industrial water and ensure its safety in production, the possibility of using X-ray express analyzer and atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma to monitor and identify them composition was confirmed. It has been experimentally shown that with the help of X-ray express analyzer and atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma, it is possible to identify several dozen elements simultaneously with high accuracy and reproducibility. This will ensure the stability and controllability of both the production process and the monitoring and control of samples by chemical composition.

Influence of stacking sequence and hybridization on the mechanical and tribological properties of glass and jute fiber composites

Pipe lines made of fiber based composite materials was not widely used as accepted mode for carrying potable water or drain water. In mining environment, water is not just a pure water but full of particles and impurities and will be mixture of slurry. This investigation focus on the development of fiber based hybrid composite materials and to study the effect of hybridization on mechanical and tribological properties. The hybridization was achieved by the combination of natural and synthetic fibers. Jute fiber and Glass fiber are respectively chosen for the above mentioned purpose. The objective is to evaluate the properties of these hybrids under same experimental conditions. The tribological studies were done by conducting erosion wear tests using pot erosion tester. Pot erosion testers are the best mode of simulating the erosion taking place in the pipe lines. It is indigenously developed one. Various mechanical tests like tensile, impact, flexural and hardness were conducted on the developed composites. Erosion tests were also conducted on the samples performing well in the Mechanical testing. Erosion tests were done by varying the particle size, concentration, exposure time and the surface impact velocity. Glass fiber panel and Hybrid 1 panel performed well in the tensile test, however in the flexural test, the Hybrid 2 showed a better strength.

Review on Desalination of Water using Different Solar Still Techniques

Solar still (SS) technology is one of the economic technologies for the conversion of saline or impure water to pure form. It is proven technique for the removal of hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, fluoride etc. Solar still can become very useful and eco-friendly process in rural and remote areas suffering from acute water crisis due to contamination of ground water and other manmade problems. In this work, we have studied different methods of desalination of water using solar still. The work discusses modifications in solar still, heat absorbing factors, reflectors, use of solar panel, trays, solar collector, nanofluid, condenser. This paper presents a mini review on single slope solar distiller by incorporating various different methods. Based on study, sensible conclusion is drawn and reported.

Constructing Solar Water Purifier

In India, water borne diseases are increasing day by day. Nearly, 60% of India’s population has to drink unsafe or impure drinking water. Drinking impure water gives rise to many water borne diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid, etc. Energy crisis is another big issue in our country as India is a developing country. Conventional energy sources are limited and they cause environmental pollution. By using a renewable energy source such as solar power for water purification, we can avoid above mentioned issues as it gives solution to both the problems. Solar water purifiers comes up with a solution to these problem as water gets purified with the help of solar energy. Solar water purifiers are an advancement of the current water purification system. Design methodology of the solar water purifier is presented in this paper. Solar water purifier takes solar power as the input and uses it as a energy source and stores it into the battery. Main components of the proposed solar water purifier are solar panel, battery, heating coil, filtering mechanism, double layer condenser and several water vessels. This purifier uses a filtering mechanism to remove dirt from the impure water and a boiling mechanism to kill organisms present in it. Through this process, pure drinking water is achieved.