Water Impurities Research Articles

Influence of roughness of pipes surface on flow capacity and energy efficiency of gas pipelines operation

Long-term operation of main gas pipelines, the presence of water and mechanical impurities in the transported gas lead to erosion and corrosion damages to the inner surface of pipes, which causes an increase in its roughness. The increase in roughness results in an increase of the hydraulic resistance of natural gas pipelines, as well as affects theirs transport and energy consumption parameters. To manage the regimes of operation of main gas pipelines it is necessary to adequately predict their flow capacity and energy consumption for natural gas transportation under real values of pipe roughness which is higher than designed ones. On the basis of gas-dynamic equations of the steady-state gas movement the regularities of the influence of the pipe surface roughness on the hydraulic energy consumption of gas transportation at constant gas flow in the section of the gas pipeline are established. The regularities of the influence of the pipe surface roughness on the hydraulic efficiency coefficient of the gas pipeline section under idem difference of squares of inlet and outlet gas pressure values are clarified. It is established that the value of hydraulic efficiency coefficient of the gas pipeline section for specified value of absolute equivalent roughness of the pipe surface actually does not depend on the pipe inner diameter and slightly depends on the flowrate in the gas pipeline. The method of capacity and energy efficiency determination of the gas-dynamic system called compressor station – pipeline section for the increased pipe inner surface roughness in comparison with its designed value is proposed. The method involves mathematical modelling of gas-dynamic characteristics of centrifugal compressors, thermohydraulic calculation of the pipeline section taking into account the actual roughness of the pipe, consideration of pressure and gas flowrate technological limitations as well as energy consumption determination taken per unit of work lost in transport

Quantification of Water Impurity in an Atomic Layer Deposition Reactor Using Group Contribution Method

Quantification of Water Impurity in an Atomic Layer Deposition Reactor Using Group Contribution Method

A Review of High Performance Solar Stills for Desalination of Waste Water

Pure water is renewable resource on the earth, it getting impure now a days. Solar desalination is one of the best way to produce fresh water from any type of impure water in a sustainable way. A solar still is a simply design device used to purify the water by using solar energy by the process of evaporation and condensation. Generally, the productivity of the conventional solar still is about 1–5 L/m2/day. But this quantity is not sufficient for an individual to fulfill daily needs of water in life. Hence either more than 1 L/m2 is required per person or better for modifications to improve the solar still design for the demand of the fresh water (likely more than 5 L/m2/day). In this work, an attempt has been made to categorize the different solar still designs with productivity more than 5L/m2/day. Here, we identify as such efficient high productivity of solar stills and discuss their modifications and heat transfer mechanism to reach at useful conclusions. This review will be a reference guide for future researchers who wish to concentrate only on efficient high productivity of solar stills to improve the productivity or efficiency.

Design and implementation of remotely monitoring system for pH level in Baghdad drinking water networks

Many people in the recent days have suffering from number of diseases due to unsafe and impure drinking water, especially in rural areas. As typical laboratory experiments and official water quality tests take considerable amount of time to obtain results and due to non availability of a simple device that can measure such water quality parameters in real time, therefore in this paper a remote pH level monitoring system for Baghdad drinking water system is proposed. A PH level sensing and monitoring nodes are distributed at different location. These nodes are proactively measured pH level of water and send data to the maintenance center to give them overall picture about pH level via global position system (GSM). This proposed system gives a robust, low-cost and effective method for the drinking water maintenance center to measure and monitoring the water quality in real time environment.

Moderations in performance, immunity, tissue architecture, and vaccine viability induced by water magnetization in broiler farms.

Background and Aim:Water magnetization contributes to increased molecular ionization and fluidity, which improves biological activities. This study tests the influence of magnetic water on the viability of the Newcastle vaccine and the survival of Escherichia coli and SalmonellaTyphimurium, as well as the influence of magnetic water in face of water impurities’ challenges on performance, immunity, and tissue architecture in broiler chickens.Materials and Methods:An in vitro 96-micro-well plate minimal inhibitory concentration was utilized to test the influence of water, saline, and magnetic water on Newcastle vaccine viability and E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium survival. The 245 experimental 1-day-old female Ross® 308 broilers used in this study were divided into seven groups of 35 birds each. Broilers were provided with magnetic drinking water (13,200 gausses) for 6 h daily from the 5th day and were challenged on days 14, 21, 28, and 35 using sodium chloride (700 mg/L), calcium sulfate (80 mg/L), lead acetate (500 mg/L), yeast extract 5% (5 mg/L), diazinon (2.5 mL/L), and E. coli O157:H7 (1.6 × 109 CFU/mL). A total of 2040 samples (96 diluent-Newcastle virus vaccine mixes, 96 microbial-magnetic water mixes, 231 sera, 231 intestinal swabs, and 1386 organ samples) were collected.Results:An in vitro trial revealed highly significant (p<0.01) declines of 94.13%, 84.53%, and 10.31% in the Newcastle vaccine titer in water, saline, and magnetic water, respectively, and 54.91% and 39.89% in E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium survival, respectively, after 4 h. In all challenged groups, broilers exhibited highly significant (p<0.01) increases in performance, carcass/organs weight, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and Lactobacillus counts; significant improvement in tissue architecture and biochemical parameters; and highly significant (p<0.01) reductions in cortisol, superoxide dismutase, and total bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts.Conclusion:Magnetic water could maintain vaccine viability and vaccination efficiency, reduce microbial survival, and minimize the negative influence of all induced challenges.

Initial testing of an inside-out type palladium membrane reactor for recovery of hydrogen from hydrocarbons or water

The ITER Tokamak Exhaust Processing (TEP) system relies on palladium membrane reactors (PMRs) for tritium recovery. The PMR consists of a palladium/silver membrane permeator filled with a catalyst, that can be used to recover hydrogen species (most importantly tritium) from methane and water impurities present in fusion reactor exhaust emissions. Two superimposed phenomena simultaneously occur inside the PMR: a chemical reaction onto the catalyst liberating hydrogen contained in molecules and permeation of this molecular hydrogen through the membrane. Applying a vacuum on the permeate side allows recovery of pure hydrogen from the molecules (including tritium). The inside-out configuration of the PMR improves vacuum conditions at the permeate side, thus enhancing decontamination factor and tritium recovery performances.This paper presents the design, construction and initial commissioning of a newly erected test rig at UKAEA to perform experiments with protium on an inside-out PMR prototype in support of the ITER TEP. The efficiency of the PMR is assessed by both measuring flowrate through the permeate gas stream and analysing the composition of the retentate gas stream using gas chromatography. Permeation rate is assessed for protium for flowrates between 10 and 100 ml/min. The methane/water ratio, crucial for methane steam reforming tests, is assessed to optimise decontamination of hydrogen and minimise coking of the PMR. The hydrogen recovery fraction and decontamination factor are assessed for methane and water from flow rates of 10 to 60 ml/min.

Structural analysis of water in ionic liquid domains – A low pressure study

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are frequently used solvents, due to their peculiar structure resulting in low melting points. Recent studies revealed the direct impact of the water molecules on the self-structuring of the IL nano-domains. Therefore, in this work the influence of different water impurities on the IL network and its vacuum stability has been studied using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). As a result, three distinguishable interdependent regions could be identified. Degassing of solutions with different IL-H2O ratios proved a strong dependence of the removed water species on the initial composition of the doped IL nano-domains. Consequently, selective purification of targeted cavities, based on vacuum extraction, is proposed as a novel tool to control the structural rearrangement of the ionic liquid networks in the presence of water.

Experimental and statistical studies of using the non-conventional water and zeolite to produce concrete

In the present study, the effect of simultaneous use of different non-conventional water types and zeolite percentages on the compressive strength of concrete was investigated. The experiment was conducted in two cement contents for long-term curing ages up to 365 days. Finally, data of 1176 cubic samples were statistically analyzed. Also, the relationship between water type, zeolite percentage, cement content, and curing age as independent variables and compressive strength of concrete as the dependent variable was extracted by the single and multiple linear regressions. Dummy coding was used in the regression procedure. Results showed that despite the significant decreasing effect of zeolite on the compressive strength of concrete in low cement content, a negative effect on this property was not seen up to zeolite usage 20% in high cement content. Also, while in low cement content, the use of all types of non-conventional water led to an increase in the compressive strength of concrete, in the high cement content, this property was reduced within the permissible limit of 10% by all types of non-conventional mixing water. Three-way interaction of zeolite percentage, water type and cement content on compressive strength of concrete revealed that negative effect of the simultaneous use of zeolite and non-conventional water compared to the condition of tap water and without zeolite usage mostly was less in the cement content 350 Kg.m−3 than 250 Kg.m−3. Finally, it was concluded that permissible limits of mixing water impurities of which are presented in the different standards possibly have not adequately credited for all conditions.

Analysis of the Water Chemical Regime at an NPP with a VVER-1000 before and after Reconstruction of the Turbine Condenser’s Tube System

Requirements for improving the reliability, safety, and efficiency of nuclear power plants, as well as increasing the service life of the main NPP equipment up to 60 years, leads to the need to introduce new and improve existing technologies for maintaining water-chemical regimes. One of the directions of such improvement is the decommissioning of equipment and pipelines made of copper-containing alloys. For the operating NPPs with VVER-1000, AO Rosenergoatom Concern developed and implemented a program to replace the turbine condenser’s tube system with one made of stainless steels or titanium alloys. Such replacement of the equipment of the secondary circuit made of copper-containing alloys was aimed at ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the steam generator (SG) and extending its residual life. The implementation of the program has significantly increased the reliability of the turbines and equipment of the condensate-feed tract and provided the suction of cooling water at the level of worldwide values. The condenser’s tube system of NPP turbines for cooling water with low- or medium salinity is made of stainless steel, while it is made of titanium alloy for cooling water with high salinity. This article analyzes the water chemistry regime at NPPs with a VVER-1000 before and after the reconstruction of the turbine condenser’s tube system. The calculations and analysis of the water chemistry management presented in the article were carried out according to the measured concentrations of impurities in the “salt” sections of the SG, since the content of impurities in the feed water and condensate, as a rule, was less than 1 μg and is at the lower limit of sensitivity of the methods and devices used.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ КОМПОНЕНТОВ, РАСТВОРЕННЫХ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ И НЕОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ В ПРИРОДНЫХ ВОДАХ

Introduction. Large urban agglomerations have to deal with issues related to the high-quality drinking water supply. These issues are mainly due to water quality deterioration, poor condition and severe wear of water supply infrastructure facilities. Materials and methods. In our study, we analyze the composition of drinking water in the water supply system of St. Petersburg for SiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles and organic substances, including soluble proteins, protein components, and salts. For this purpose, we estimated the concentration and distribution of nanoparticles and organic impurities in the sediment formed after water evaporation from a sample in the form of a droplet. During the process, the following methods were used: the method for dehydration of water droplets with the formation of a solid phase, the methods for optical analysis of the sediment structure based on image analysis and recognition (photo and video recording of microscopic images), mathematical modeling of sediment structures’ formation, and statistical analysis of the results. Results. The presence of impurities in water was determined by the formation of periodic annular ring structures in sediments of aqueous solutions. The analysis of the structures obtained made it possible to determine the composition of the mixture and percentage content of individual fractions by the type of structural elements and their periodicity. We also developed a mathematical model simulating the processes of particle settling out of a solution. The calculations were carried out using model liquids and made it possible to obtain dependencies for the distribution of various dissolved particles in the structure of the solid phase, as well as to describe the staged mechanism in settling during its formation.

Definition of rate of dynamic water deposition in horizontal cylindrical tanks

One of the problems in petroleum industry is the process of thermo-chemical preparation of crude oil developed from wells containing water, gas and other mechanical impurities. Herewith, the path of water drops in horizontal cylindrical tank is specified with powers affecting them. In this case the size and form of the tank are necessary as well. The paper studies the issue of destruction of oil emulsions and dynamic deposition of water drops. A mathematical model for description of motion rate of water drops in the tank considering the powers affecting them and the tank parameters has been developed as well.

Water Treatment and Purification in Fiqh Perspective

Water is the primary source needed to ensure human and other creature life continuity. There are a lot of water on this planet, but increasingly this water is not where it is needed or it is of inadequate quality (purity) for human consumption or other beneficial for example industrial, agricultural and so on purposes. Contaminated water supply causing harm to human body health and also contributes to extinction to the certain creature. Thus, water-saving or wise water usage is an important matter in Islam. Reuse of wastewater or sewage water is a solution to the water crisis problem faced nowadays. The contaminated water is purified and treated by certain processes. Water purification or treatment water is introduced to produce pure and clean water. However, discussions and debates among experts and societies continue to occur because the water is categorised as pure water but not purify (musta'mal) and impure water and not purify (mutanajjis). Therefore, this study aims to identify the concept and method of water purification and treatment (تطهير الماء) according to Fiqh perspective. Methodology of this study is qualitative approach by using document analysis by analysing several classic Fiqh books by four mazhab (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafie and Hanbali). Hence, this study can discover the water purification method suggested in Fiqh perspective to be applied by Muslim communities in Malaysia.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Degussa P25/Chitosan Composites for the Photocatalytic Removal of Sertraline and Acid Red 18 from Water

Degussa P25 titanium dioxide/chitosan composites (P25/CS) were prepared using three different methods and two different chitosan materials. The obtained materials were characterized by diffuse reflectance UV–Vis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. It was observed for all prepared materials that the chitosan surface is homogeneously covered by Degussa P25, the particles are evenly dispersed on the whole chitosan matrix and do not form agglomerates. The performance of P25/CS composites were tested in water treatment by the photocatalytic reaction of sertraline and Acid Red 18. The obtained results show that the application of prepared composites is effective in the reaction of decomposition of model organic impurities in water. Moreover, chitosan presence in the photocatalytic materials considerably facilitates the separation of catalyst from the reaction mixture, which is a great advantage compared to pure Degussa P25. The preparation method did not show a major effect on the photocatalytic activity. The method using glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent is the simplest one; thus, it is recommended for Degussa P25/chitosan nanocomposites preparation. These nanocomposites can be successfully applied in water purification by photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.Graphic

CONTACT CLARIFIERS IN THE PREPARATION OF DRINKING WATER

The article discusses the problem of improving the technological process of clarifying water for drinking purposes using contact clarifiers, which allows to reduce the consumption of reagents, improve water quality, reduce capital and operating costs, and reduce the cost of water. The method of water treatment, based on the use of the phenomenon of contact coagulation, is called the method of contact clarification. This method is able to provide a high and stable effect under various physicochemical conditions of coagulation, changing according to the seasons of the year with lower doses of coagulant than in the usual scheme of water treatment with sedimentation and filtration. It was found that the contact coagulation of suspended and colloidal impurities of water on sand grains when water moves through granular filters is faster, more complete, more stable when the physicochemical conditions of coagulation change according to the seasons of the year. And, finally, at lower doses of coagulant than the usual coagulation of these impurities in the free volume of water in flocculation chambers and settling tanks. It is advisable to use contact clarifier in one-stage treatment schemes for low-turbid colored waters, when the total content of suspended solids in the water supplied to the contact clarifiers, including the suspension that is formed as a result of the introduction of reagents into the water, does not exceed 150 mg/dm3. With a higher suspension content in water, the water consumption for flushing contact clarifiers increases sharply. It was found that the zones of contact coagulation when using a conventional coagulant solution are slightly smaller than when treating water with a modified solution of aluminum sulfate (the latter takes place on the curves of contact coagulation of both low-turbid and turbid waters). The analysis of contact coagulation zones shows that when treating water using a modified coagulant solution, it makes it possible to reduce the calculated doses of coagulant by an average of 30-45% without deteriorating the quality of water clarification.

The Formation of Ozone-Hydroxyl Mixture in Corona Discharge and Lifetime of Hydroxyl Radicals

Of the active forms of oxygen hydroxyl radicals are the most reactive. The use of hydroxyl radicals is based on advanced oxidation technologies for water purification. However, OH* radicals quickly terminate in interactions with each other or they are consumed in reactions with water impurities at the place of radical creation. The possibility of transporting hydroxyl radicals without a significant decrease in their concentration was investigated. It was shown that under conditions for forming ozone-hydroxyl mixture, hydroxyl radicals could be transported 40 cm in up to 0.12 s. The main condition needed for transportation is the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide interacts with ozone, maintaining the concentration of hydroxyl radicals. As an example of a device that can create an ozone-hydroxyl mixture, a corona discharge, was considered. The results can be useful in the development of water purification devices.

A Sustainable Slit Jet FTIR Spectrometer for Hydrate Complexes and Beyond

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy of cold molecules and clusters in supersonic slit jet expansions complements and extends more sensitive action spectroscopy techniques and provides important reference data for the latter. We describe how its major drawback, large substance and carrier gas consumption, can be alleviated by one to two orders of magnitude via direct and continuous recycling of the gas mixture. This is achieved by a combination of dry rotary lobe and screw pump compression. The signal-to-noise ratio is boosted by the established buffered giant gas pulse technique with full interferogram synchronization. The buildup of water impurities typically limits the recycling gain, but is turned into a feature for the study of hydrate complexes of volatile molecules. Continuous operation with a single gas filling over several days becomes practical and useful. Decadic absorbances in the low ppm range are detectable and the mid infrared range can be recorded simultaneously with the near infrared. The less straightforward hydration number assignment of spectral features in direct absorption spectroscopy is supported by a gradual water buildup at a rate of less than 0.5 mg/h. A recent reassignment proposal for the water dimer OH stretching spectrum is refuted and vibrational spectra of vacuum-isolated 18O-water clusters are presented for the first time. Methanol docking on asymmetric ketones is used to illustrate the advantages and limitations of the recycling concept. Previous assignments of the hydrate complex of 1-phenylethanol are confirmed. Additional features of the setup await testing and refinement, but the recycling technique already substantially widens the applicability of direct absorption spectroscopy of neutral molecular clusters. It may be attractive for other high-throughput jet spectrometers.

THE ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS SILICA FROM STRAW AND RICE HUSK

The present work shows results of studying acid-base properties of the surface by the methods of pH-metry and Hammett of amorphous silicon dioxide from rice husks and straw obtained by various schemes: oxidative firing; oxidative roasting with preliminary treatment with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution; precipitation from alkaline solutions. The samples obtained by the thermal method contain impurities of alkali, alkaline earth metals, aluminum, and aluminum and practically do not contain water. The composition of the deposited samples contains a small fraction of impurities (0.05%) and water - from 8.2 to 10.2%. The pH value of an aqueous suspension of silicon dioxide has a neutral, alkaline or acidic environment depending on the content of impurities of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Distribution of acid-base centers on the surface of the samples is nonmonotonic and heterogeneous, and manifests itself in discreteness with a fairly clear differentiation of sorption bands with maxima of different intensities corresponding to a certain pKa value. Distribution curves of the adsorption centers of the indicators on the surface of the samples of amorphous silicon dioxide are similar to each other. There are four types of active centers on their surface: acidic Lewis (pKa + 16.80), Bransted main (pKa +7.15 and +9.45) and acid (pKa + 2.50). The number of active centers depends on the preparation scheme and is determined by the content of impurity elements and water in the oxide samples.

Underwater images contrast enhancement and its challenges: a survey

Exploration of the deep sea and ocean in the marine industry has continued to gain interest in recent years. To get the detailed imaging of deep sea layers, marine vessels and robots are fitted with advanced imaging technologies. There are certain factors like water properties and impurities that affect the quality of the photographs captured by the underwater imaging devices. As sea water absorbs colors, so processing of sea imaging data becomes more challenging. Water light attenuation is a phenomenon that is caused by the absorbance and scattering factors. Certain studies showed that the existence of certain intrinsic shortcomings are attributed to the appearance of objects and ambient noise in underwater images. As a result, it is difficult in a real-time system to distinguish objects from their surroundings in these images. We measures the algorithms performance with respect to various aspects, effect of the hardware and software parts for underwater images and critical review of different underwater image enhancement algorithms. First, we describe some well-known techniques of spatial and frequency domains. Then, we list the existing quantitative measurements which are required to measure the quality of the enhanced image. Finally, the performance of various up-to-date existing methods is compared based on the outcomes of standard quantitative measurements, and factors such as requirements/suitability, and technical aspects, are included. Furthermore, a variety of image databases used for image contrast enhancement is discussed in detail. This study expands the scope for other researchers to understand the important characteristics of different underwater image contrast enhancement methods, and also provides future research directions.

The planar instability during unidirectional freezing of a macromolecular polymer solution: Diffusion-controlled or not?

Freezing of polymer solutions has been extensively investigated from many aspects, especially the complex pattern formation. The cellular/dendritic microstructures occurred in freezing of polymer solutions are usually believed to belong to the type of diffusion-induced Mullins–Sekerka (M − S) instability. However, the presence of macromolecule as an impurity in water is significantly different from that of small ions. The quantitative investigation on transient process of directional freezing of polymer solutions remains lack due to some challenges. For the first time, we in-situ observed the planar instability behaviors during unidirectional freezing of a polymer solution together with a typical ionic solution with manipulated ice orientation. It is found that unlike the ionic solution exhibiting typical diffusion-controlled planar instability, the solute recoil of a polymer solution deviated severely from the predictions of Warren-Langer (W-L) model. Meanwhile, the real-time observation shows that the polymer solution exhibits a global instability mode instead of a local instability mode. These results reveal the complex physics behind freezing of a polymer solution, and are believed to promote relevant investigations in terms of the theoretical approach to describing the freezing behavior of a polymer solution.

Continuous electrochemical water splitting from natural water sources via forward osmosis

Electrochemical water splitting stores energy as equivalents of hydrogen and oxygen and presents a potential route to the scalable storage of renewable energy. Widespread implementation of such energy storage, however, will be facilitated by abundant and accessible sources of water. We describe herein a means of utilizing impure water sources (e.g., saltwater) for electrochemical water splitting by leveraging forward osmosis. A concentration gradient induces the flow of water from an impure water source into a more concentrated designed electrolyte. This concentration gradient may subsequently be maintained by water splitting, where rates of water influx (i.e., forward osmosis) and effective outflux (i.e., water splitting) are balanced. This approach of coupling forward osmosis to water splitting allows for the use of impure and natural sources without pretreatment and with minimal losses in energy efficiency.