Hydraulic Water Research Articles

The influence of aircraft fluid ingression on tensile properties of aramid fiber composites

Aramid fiber composites that are used in aircraft can be exposed to various fluids from inside and outside the aircraft during maintenance and flight operations. This article investigates how the aircraft fluid affected the tensile properties, including ultimate tensile strength, tensile modulus, and strain at break of aramid fiber composites. Two different types of aramid fiber composite test specimens were prepared; Kevlar® laminate (para-aramid) and Nomex® paper (meta-aramid). The test specimens were soaked in four different types of aircraft fluid, jet fuel, engine oil, hydraulic fluid, and water and tested to measure their tensile properties. The influence of fluid ingression on the test specimens was analyzed by comparing the test data of each fluid group to the control group. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used during the tensile test for strain calculation and better understanding of local strain change during the test. The test results showed that the test specimens soaked in hydraulic fluid and water had an evidence of tensile property change.

Is Clustering Time-Series Water Depth Useful? An Exploratory Study for Flooding Detection in Urban Drainage Systems

As sensor measurements emerge in urban water systems, data-driven unsupervised machine learning algorithms have drawn tremendous interest in event detection and hydraulic water level and flow prediction recently. However, most of them are applied in water distribution systems and few studies consider using unsupervised cluster analysis to group the time-series hydraulic-hydrologic data in stormwater urban drainage systems. To improve the understanding of how cluster analysis contributes to flooding location detection, this study compared the performance of K-means clustering, agglomerative clustering, and spectral clustering in uncovering time-series water depth dissimilarity. In this work, the water depth datasets are simulated by an urban drainage model and then formatted for a clustering problem. Three standard performance evaluation metrics, namely the silhouette coefficient index, Calinski–Harabasz index, and Davies–Bouldin index are employed to assess the clustering performance in flooding detection under various storms. The results show that silhouette coefficient index and Davies–Bouldin index are more suitable for assessing the performance of K-means and agglomerative clustering, while the Calinski–Harabasz index only works for spectral clustering, indicating these clustering algorithms are metric-dependent flooding indicators. The results also reveal that the agglomerative clustering performs better in detecting short-duration events while K-means and spectral clustering behave better in detecting long-duration floods. The findings of these investigations can be employed in urban stormwater flood detection at the specific junction-level sites by using the occurrence of anomalous changes in water level of correlated clusters as flood early warning for the local neighborhoods.

Influence of Vertical Heterogeneities in the Canopy Microenvironment on Interannual Variability of Carbon Uptake in Temperate Deciduous Forests

AbstractVegetation structure and function are key design choices in terrestrial models that affect the relationship between carbon uptake and environmental drivers. Here, we investigate how representing canopy vertical structure in a terrestrial biosphere model—that is, micrometeorological, leaf area, and leaf water profiles—influences carbon uptake at five U.S. temperate deciduous forest sites in July. Specifically, we test whether the interannual variability (IAV) of gross primary productivity (GPP) responds differently to four abiotic environmental drivers—air temperature, relative humidity, incoming shortwave radiation, and soil moisture—using either a Community Land Model multilayer canopy model (CLM‐ml) or a big‐leaf model (CLM4.5/CLM5). We conclude that vertical leaf area and microclimatic profiles (temperature, humidity, and wind) do not impact GPP IAV compared to a single‐layer model when plant hydraulics is excluded. However, with a mechanistic representation of plant hydraulics there is vertically varying water stress in CLM‐ml, and the sensitivity of carbon uptake to particular climate variables changes with height, resulting in dampened canopy‐scale GPP IAV relative to CLM4.5. Dampening is due to both a reduced dependence on soil moisture and opposing climatic forcing on different leaf layers. Such dampening is not evident in the single‐layer representation of plant hydraulic water stress implemented in the recently released CLM5. Overall, both model representations of the canopy fail to accurately simulate observed GPP IAV and this may be related by their inability to capture the upper range of observed hourly GPP and diffuse light‐GPP relationships that cannot be resolved by canopy structure alone.

Transpiration difference under high evaporative demand in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) may be explained by differences in the water transport pathway in the root cylinder.

Terminal drought substantially reduces chickpea yield. Reducing water use at vegetative stage by reducing transpiration under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), i.e. under dry/hot conditions, contributes to drought adaptation. We hypothesized that this trait could relate to differences in a genotype's dependence on root water transport pathways and hydraulics. Transpiration rate responses in conservative and profligate chickpea genotypes were evaluated under increasing VPD in the presence/absence of apoplastic and cell-to-cell transport inhibitors. Conservative genotypes ICC 4958 and ICC 8058 restricted transpiration under high VPD compared to the profligate genotypes ICC 14799 and ICC 867. Profligate genotypes were more affected by aquaporin inhibition of the cell-to-cell pathway than conservative genotypes, as measured by the root hydraulic conductance and transpiration under high VPD. Aquaporin inhibitor treatment also led to a larger reduction in root hydraulic conductivity in profligate than in conservative genotypes. In contrast, blockage of the apoplastic pathway in roots decreased transpiration more in conservative than in profligate genotypes. Interestingly, conservative genotypes had high early vigour, whereas profligate genotypes had low early vigour. In conclusion, profligate genotypes depend more on the cell-to-cell pathway, which might explain their higher root hydraulic conductivity, whereas water-saving by restricting transpiration led to higher dependence on the apoplastic pathway. This opens the possibility to screen for conservative or profligate chickpea phenotypes using inhibitors, itself opening to the search of the genetic basis of these differences.

Soil-Based Vegetation Productivity Model for Coryell County, Texas

Managers, scientists, planners and designers of landscapes are interested in systematic investigations, to predict the reconstruction of disturbed soil resources for optimum vegetation productivity. In this study, a predictive equation for estimating neo-soil plant growth in Coryell County, Texas was developed. The equation predicts the vegetation growth for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats [Avena sativa L. (1753)], sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], cotton lint (Gossypium hirsutum L.), Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], and rangeland production in general. The results suggest that an all-vegetation predictive model was highly significant (p ≤ 0.0001), explaining over 80% of the variance. The equation employed hydraulic conductivity as a main-effect variable; bulk density and hydraulic conductivity as squared terms; and percent clay times bulk density, bulk density times soil reaction, hydraulic conductivity times available water holding capacity, and hydraulic conductivity times soil reactions as first order interaction terms, with each predicting variable containing a p-value equal to or less than 0.05. The results suggest that an annual crop equation and a plant-specific cotton lint equation also have merit.

The effect of chloride, sulfate and dissolved inorganic carbon on iron release from cast iron

Iron corrosion in drinking water distribution systems causes water discoloration, water quality deterioration, hydraulic loss, and even pipe failures, which are usually influenced by pipe scale structure, water hydraulics, water chemistry, and other factors. This work evaluated the effects of chloride, sulfate, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on iron release from a 90-year-old cast iron pipe section at water pH 8.0 under stagnant conditions. Experimental results showed that the addition of 150 mg/L sulfate to water significantly increased the mean total iron concentrations to 1.13–2.68 mg/L, relative to 0.54–0.79 mg/L for the baseline water with only 10 mg C/L DIC. Similar results were observed under conditions when chloride was added, and when sulfate and chloride were added together. In contrast, the mean total iron concentrations were significantly reduced by 53–80% in waters with higher DIC of 50 mg C/L, as compared to similar waters with lower DIC of 10 mg C/L. The Larson Ratio could be a good indicator for iron release depending on the circumstances. Iron release was predicted by molecular radial diffusion modelling that accounted for water quality, scale characteristics, hydraulics, and other condition-related information. The results provided insightful information for water systems that have cast iron pipes and galvanized iron pipes and that might encounter changes in water treatment and water sources. More studies are needed to better understand the cast iron corrosion mechanisms under the examined water chemistries.

Standing waves in high speed lava channels: A tool for constraining lava dynamics and eruptive parameters

Estimates of the rheological properties of lava flows are essential for understanding their emplacement and for hazard assessment. Despite being a well-known phenomenon in water hydraulics, the formation and presence of standing waves in lava channels is poorly understood. Standing waves, generally located near the vent area, have been frequently described at high speed channelized lava flows. They are interpreted as hydraulic jumps indicating a flow under supercritical conditions. Identifying standing waves therefore offers an opportunity to apply open channel hydraulic theory for supercritical flows in order to determine important eruption parameters such as discharge rate and apparent viscosity. We use the length and amplitude of standing waves to reconstruct flow dynamics from both observational data and video analysis. The geometry of these standing waves allows us to extract the physical properties of the channelized lava (velocity, discharge rate, apparent viscosity), to estimate the channel depth and constrain the flow regime. With the rapid advances in technology, scientists can deploy equipment to enable low-cost real time monitoring of these phenomena and constrain eruption discharge rate and apparent viscosity, key parameters for volcanic hazard assessment and mitigation.

Theoretical Analysis of a Water Hydraulic Internal Ball Gear Pump

In view of current volumetric water hydraulic pumps, especially water hydraulic internal gear pumps, a scheme of an internal ball gear pump was proposed. Its working principle was expounded and the calculation methods of its performance parameters such as displacement, flow pulsation and maximum speed were studied. Compared and analysed the advantages and disadvantages of traditional displacement water hydraulic pump with ball gear pump, and its key basic technologies. The results show that (1) by engaging the concave/convex ball gears instead of the gears, it can realize the function of the pump; (2) the arrangement of multiple rows of radial staggered not only ensures the continuity and stability of the transmission, but also solves the phenomenon of water trapping; (3) displacement is proportional to the diameter of the ball (modulus) while flow pulsation is inversely proportional to the number of rows of ball gear. Also, the maximum speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the concave ball gear and the density of the working medium, which is proportional to the inlet pressure of the ball tooth pump, etc... This study could lay a simple theoretical foundation for the development of high-performance water hydraulic internal ball gear pump.

Water Hummer Technology for Soil Destruction on Dredgers

The present investigation aims to propose a solution of the problem which is connected with slurry processing during the dredger’s operation under difficult conditions. On dredgers, depending on the degree of air dryness or low ambient temperatures very often arises technical problem that creates difficulties for the crew. It is connected with the fact that soil surface layer is very dense. It is very difficult to dredge the soil during extraction under water surface or unloading from the hold of a vessel at low ambient temperatures. The top layer of the very soil is characterized by a high degree of compaction and can be destroyed in two ways only. The first way is to use very powerful mechanical equipment (percussion mechanisms, vibration equipment, etc.). This method is associated with high energy spending and its use on a vessel is technically difficult. The second way is to use the soil cutting process with the use of mechanical cutters. Dredger’s operation with the use of milling equipment is always characterized by the fact that during soil mechanical treatment there is always occurs breakage of the cutter teeth or rapid wear of the cutting surfaces. A similar problem occurs when sandy or clay soil is extracted under water, which is compacted by its properties. In investigation a non-trivial solution was used to solve the problem of destruction of the compacted soil layer during the operation of the dredger. It was proposed to use the hydrodynamic method based on water hammer as the main mechanism for the destruction of compacted soil. As a result of the interaction of the compacted soil layer and high pressurized directed water jets, good performance of the dredger can be achieved. The two-dimensional mechanism of destruction of the compacted soil layer can be described by the condition of dynamic equilibrium of the three main flows - the jet, which flows from the conical nozzle and two flows along the soil surface. For these streams, a reactive force evaluation has been performed. Destructive jets can be generated by standard marine pumps in combination with the use of water hammer. Based on the results of the experiments, it was found that the qualitative destruction of the surface layer of compacted soil occurs using two or three phases of hydraulic water hummer.

Hydraulic Water Redistribution by Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Occurring under Severe Soil Drought

Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of water from wet- to dry-soil zones is suggested as an important process in the resilience of forest ecosystems to drought stress in semiarid and tropical climates. Scenarios of future climate change predict an increase of severe drought conditions in temperate climate regions. This implies the need for adaptations of locally managed forest systems, such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) monocultures, for instance, through the admixing of deep-rooting silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). We designed a stable-isotope-based split-root experiment under controlled conditions to test whether silver fir seedlings could perform HR and therefore reduce drought stress in neighboring beech seedlings. Our results showed that HR by silver fir does occur, but with a delayed onset of three weeks after isotopic labelling with 2H2O (δ2H ≈ +6000‰), and at low rates. On average, 0.2% of added ²H excess could be recovered via HR. Fir roots released water under dry-soil conditions that caused some European beech seedlings to permanently wilt. On the basis of these results, we concluded that HR by silver fir does occur, but the potential for mitigating drought stress in beech is limited. Admixing silver fir into beech stands as a climate change adaptation strategy needs to be assessed in field studies with sufficient monitoring time.

Material Analysis and Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Cavitation Erosion and Corrosion Suppression in Water Hydraulic Valves.

In the milestone of straggling to make water hydraulics more advantageous, the choice of coating polymer for water hydraulics valves plays an essential role in alleviating the impact of cavitation erosion and corrosion, and this is a critical task for designers. Fulfilling the appropriate selection, we conflicted properties that are vital for erosion and corrosion inhibitors, as well as the tribology in the sense of coefficient of friction. This article aimed to choose the best alternative polymer for coating on the selected substrate, that is, Cr2O3, Al2O3, Ti2O3. By applying PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations), the best polymer obtained with an analyzed performance attribute is Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) that comes up with higher outranking (0.5932052). A Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation was conducted to identify the stronger bonding with the regards of the better cleave plane between Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and the selected substrate. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/Al2O3 cleaved in (010) plane was observed to be the strongest bond in terms of binding energy (3188 kJ/mol) suitable for further studies.

Simulation and Experiment Study on Deformation Characteristics of the Water Hydraulic Flexible Actuator Used for the Underwater Gripper

A water hydraulic flexible gripper with three-fingered structure is developed to deal with the problem of poor adaptability for the existing underwater gripper. This gripper driven by water hydraulics can realize flexible grasping and possess simple structure, high pressure-bearing, strong adaptability and capability of anti-jamming to the water environment and easy to control. In particular, the water hydraulic flexible gripper system is an open system in relation to the underwater environment, with the water source being supplied directly by the underwater environment, eliminating the effects of back pressure generated by the underwater environment in comparison with the closed system of other grippers. It is a good solution to solve the problem of poor adaptability for the existing underwater gripper in underwater environment. The flexible actuator model is established to explore the key parameters influencing the deformation characteristics. The effects of different inlet pressure, knuckle length, wall thickness and material of the inner skeleton and external surface on the deformation characteristics of the flexible actuator are investigated through simulation. It is found that, for the flexible actuator, the wall thickness of the inner skeleton is selected as 1 mm and the inner skeleton length is designed with the first knuckle of 30 mm and the second knuckle of 80 mm. Based on the optimal parameters obtained through simulation, the prototype of flexible actuator and flexible gripper are fabricated. Experiment is performed to test the deformation of the flexible actuator under different inlet pressure. It is found that the experiment results are consistent with the simulation results. Both of the experiment and simulation results exhibit that the total deformation of the flexible actuator is proportional to the inlet pressure. The research will lay foundation for the optimal design of flexible actuator used for the underwater gripper driven by water hydraulics.

The method of regular temperature labels in measuring phase flow rates in low-flow horizontal wells

This article presents the results of experimental studies of the applicability and range of consumption parameters of the heat tag method for solving practical problems in a horizontal well where an induction heater was used as a heat source. The research was carried out on the certified thermohydrodynamic stand of BSU and in the laboratory of thermometry. The results of the study showed that the method can be applied in a single-phase and two-phase stratified flow with an error of no more than 8%. It was found that the shape and type of the source of the artificial thermoanomaly does not affect the results of measuring local flow rates with an output of the total flow rate. The results of the work defined threshold flow rate (100 m3/day water or light oil for a column of diameter D = 4 ½ꞌꞌ) using an inductor of limited power (P ≈ 1 kW), as well as the requirements to configuration of downhole instruments, providing the possibility of estimating the interval of the phase costs in marginal horizontal wells. The motion front and the evolution of the heat mark along the length of the stand for a stratified horizontal (sub-horizontal) flow consisting of hydraulic oil and process water are demonstrated.

Linking water relations and hydraulics with photosynthesis.

For land plants, water is the principal governor of growth. Photosynthetic performance is highly dependent on the stable and suitable water status of leaves, which is balanced by the water transport capacity, the water loss rate as well as the water capacitance of the plant. This review discusses the links between leaf water status and photosynthesis, specifically focussing on the coordination of CO2 and water transport within leaves, and the potential role of leaf capacitance and elasticity on CO2 and water transport.

Land Suitability Evaluation of The Wetland Soils of Obukiyo, Oju LGA of Benue State, Nigeria For Rice (Oryza Sativa) Production.

The effect of different rates of poultry manure application on water characteris- tics of Oforola soils was studied. The different poultry manure rates were 0, 10, 20, and 30 t/ha, while the soil properties studied were particle size distribution, bulk density, porosity, organic matter, saturated hydraulic conductivity, volumet- ric water content, volumetric infiltration rate, sorptivity and water repellence in- dex. Data were subjected to multiple correlation (p = 0.05 and p = 0.01) and anal- ysis of variance (p = 0.05) using RCBD. The results show that the particle size distribution and water repellence index did not differ significantly among the different treatment rates. Soil porosity and organic matter were observed to in- crease with increasing treatment rate but were not significantly influenced by the different treatment rates. Bulk density was significantly influenced in the 30 t/ha treated plot. Both the saturated hydraulic conductivity and volumetric water con- tent were significantly influenced in the 20 and 30 t/ha treated plots, while both volumetric infiltration rate and sorptivity were significantly influenced in all the treated plots. The result of the correlation analysis showed that the treatments had positive influence (p = 0.01) on porosity (r = 0.982), organic matter (r = 0.967) and volumetric water content (r = 0.976) but negatively influenced (p = 0.01) bulk density (r = -0.982), saturated hydraulic conductivity (r = -0.989), volumet- ric infiltration rate (r = -0.990) and sorptivity (r = -0.994). Also, the treatments correlated positively but non-significantly with water repellence index (r value), which correlated negatively and significantly with the percent clay content (r value). Based on the findings, a further study is recommended to establish a standard and beneficial poultry manure rate that would enhance soil water char- acteristics for sustainable productivity. o improve the soil constraints to maintain and sustain the productivity of the soils.

Sanitizing Heritage—Hydraulic Water Supply and the Erosion of the Traditional Water Management System in Colonial Bombay City (1860–1947)

The traditional urban water management systems of Bombay (Mumbai) city consisted of tanks and wells constructed by charitable people of all creeds. But the entry of hydraulic engineering techniques, via the construction of Vihar Lake in 1860, ostensibly to supply pure and plentiful water heralded their doom. The modern but intrinsically flawed water supply system, unplanned urban development and the ensuing insanitation aggravated cholera and malaria epidemics, endemic to the city, threatening its imperial trade. This, and the desire to create sanitized colonies through town planning, encouraged Bombay municipality to attack the city’s tanks and wells, vilified as sources of pollution, despite protests of the local people. Based on an examination of archival sources, this article traces the history of colonial Bombay’s water management policy from 1860 and examines its impact on the city’s water inheritance, up to Indian independence in 1947. It aims to raise awareness levels about the potential importance of the surviving heritage, at a time when the spectre of insanitation and water scarcity haunts Mumbai.

Effects of biochar and phosphorus fertilizer rates on soil physical properties and wheat yield on clay textured soil in middle Nile Delta of Egypt

ABSTRACTBiochar has not been adequately used by farmers to improve the clay textured soil productivities in the world. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the co-application of biochar with different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on selected soil physical properties and wheat yield on clay textured soil over two growth seasons. Biochar treatments occupied the main plots at a rate of 0.0 and 10 t ha−1, while the sub-plots were devoted to phosphorus rates at rates of 0%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of recommended P fertilizers. Biochar (10 t ha−1) and P at different rates decreased soil bulk density significantly. Meanwhile, it increased aggregate stability, saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention significantly at (p < .05), and it improved the grain yield of wheat. More grain yields in the soil treated with biochar than untreated soil under all P application rates for both years were probably caused partially by more nutrients (N, P, and K) were applied from biochar itself. Grain yield of wheat in the soil-amended biochar and P did not increase significantly between the application at 50%, 100% and 150% P. The results of this study indicate that phosphorus blends with biochar can be used to decrease the bulk density of clay textured soils and to improve crop production in these soils.

TDS and pH Analysis for Water Quality Monitoring in Water Hydraulics Food Processor

This study proposes a low-cost water hydraulics food processor for a traditional cookies production. The hygienic, safe and low maintenance cost characteristics of water should provide interesting viewpoints due to concern over issues in hydraulic fluid contamination, flammability, disposal, and costly maintenance. The objective of this project is to introduce the design and the working principle of the water hydraulics-driven food processor, and to determine production process performances and capabilities. In this paper, results of the corrosion monitoring of the test bed is presented. PLC is used in the testing of the machine, by creating an automatic movement of the cylinders. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and pH analysis of the water hydraulics quality used in the process is discussed.

Tribological Property of Selective Laser Melting–Processed 316L Stainless Steel against Filled PEEK under Water Lubrication

As a 3D printing technology, selective laser melting has remarkable advantages such as high processing flexibility, high material utilization, and short production cycle. The applications of selective laser melting technology in industry have become quite extensive. There are many tribological studies on selective laser melting materials, but few based on water lubrication (Zhu, et al., Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A, 19(2), pp 95–110). In this article, the tribological properties of 316L stainless steel processed by selective laser melting and traditional methods have been studied under water lubrication. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) filled with carbon fiber (CF)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/graphite was selected as the counterpart. 316L stainless steel and PEEK are a tribopair commonly used in water hydraulics. This study is of great significance to the application of selective laser melting material of tribopairs in water hydraulics. Friction and wear tests were carried out on a pin-on-disc contact test apparatus under different operating conditions. The friction coefficient, specific wear coefficient, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the worn surface, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the surface adhesions of the three tribopairs were measured and compared. The results revealed that the friction coefficient of the selective laser melting (SLM) 316L stainless steel was significantly higher than that of traditionally processed (TP) 316L stainless steel, which might be caused by the pores on the surface of SLM 316L stainless steel. Adhesion and cutting on the surface of SLM 316L stainless steel were also more serious, resulting in a higher specific wear coefficient of its counterpart PEEK composite compared to PEEK composite against TP 316L stainless steel.

Modeling of Urban Water Supply and Water Loss in Distribution System of Adwa Town Using Hydraulic Simulation, Ethiopia

The main objective of this Research is to modeling of urban water supply and water loss in the distribution system of Adwa town under its major water supply source of Midmar Dam. This Research is conducted in Adwa town to model the water supply distribution system, the existing water distribution system of the town is both pump and gravity system. the water from the treatment plant of Adiabun to the storage reservoir by the pump. Then, the stored water is distributed by DCI, PVC, and GI pipe materials to the town by gravity. The research also depends on secondary data from the CSA Census report, and the meter reading reports at the District offices of Adwa town. In this study the data is entered, coded and analyzed using Bentley water GEMS V8i (SELECT series5.The analysis result shows the domestic and non-domestic water supply coverage of the town is 56.13%. The hydraulic Simulation in the existing water system to satisfy the Adwa town has been approved for hydraulic parameters such as head, pressure, and flow rate. The collected data on the number of water losses, causes of water losses, to reduce losses, and the challenges ahead have been collected and analyzed taking international the association best practice of water loss strategies. Keywords : Water Distribution, Network, Model Calibration, Hydraulic simulation water GEMS modeling, Water loss, Leakage Management, Adwa town, Tigray region, Ethiopia DOI : 10.7176/CER/11-7-01 Publication date : August 31 st 2019