Aquaculture Water Research Articles

Relationship Between the Feeding Habits of Chlamys farreri and the Community Structure and Abundance of Phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea

Filter-feeding shellfish primarily rely on suspended particles in the surrounding waters for nourishment. This study aims to understand the potential food sources for Chlamys farreri in the Yellow Sea off Long Island, Shandong Province, China, by comparing the phytoplankton composition in the aquaculture waters with the stomach contents of the scallops. The abundance of dominant species in the aquaculture waters exhibited significant shifts between summer and autumn. Key environmental factors influencing phytoplankton abundance included salinity and nutrient levels. Notably, there were differences in the types of phytoplankton that C. farreri could filter and consume, displaying a marked preference for 17 distinct phytoplankton species during foraging. The proportional similarity observed in summer suggested that C. farreri feeding behavior was selective and not influenced by the surrounding phytoplankton community. Diatom phytoplankton dominated both the aquaculture waters and the stomach contents of the scallops, while only minimal amounts of Dinoflagellates, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Chrysophyceae were found in the stomach contents. This relationship between marine phytoplankton and the stomach contents of the scallops provides foundational data for enhancing aquaculture yields of C. farreri.

Impact of microplastics on microbial diversity and pathogen distribution in aquaculture ecosystems: A seasonal analysis.

Microplastics, as a prominent emerging pollutant in marine environments, pose a serious threat to the stability of marine ecosystems due to their resistance to biodegradation. MPs act as substrates for biofouling and potentially promote the spread of harmful microorganisms. Research indicates that human activities exacerbate MPs pollution in aquaculture environments, significantly increasing their abundance. This study focused on the aquaculture environment of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), one of the most extensively farmed fish species in coastal regions. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of microbial diversity on the biofilms covering MPs and in the surrounding aquaculture water, with a focus on the distribution of pathogens on MPs. Furthermore, this study investigated the impact of seasonal variations on the microbial communities within these biofilms. Sequencing analysis revealed that the α-diversity of microbial communities on MPs was lower than that in aquaculture water during winter but higher in summer, indicating a seasonal shift in microbial community structure. PICRUSt predictions suggested that microbes on MPs possess unique metabolic pathways. Co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that during summer, the microbial communities on MPs revealed increased connectivity and functional modularity, whereas microbial communities in aquaculture water showed stronger interactions in winter. Additionally, several potential pathogens, including Vibrio and Pseudomonas, were detected in the MPs biofilms. These findings underscore the ways in which MPs influence the microbial community structure in aquaculture environments, increasing health risks to the ecosystem. This research offers significant insights into the ecological impacts of MPs pollution on microbial communities in aquaculture ecosystems.

Use of the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique for smart rapid biomonitoring of trace metals in aquaculture systems.

It is of interest to explore the capabilities of the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) as a substitute for smart biomonitoring of metals in aquaculture waters. DGT deployment and transplantation experiments of scallops Argopecten irradians were carried out in the coastal aquaculture waters. The results showed that DGT-labile metal concentrations were relatively stable in the aquaculture and they were in descending order: Zn>Ni>Cu>Pb≈Cd. The scallop A. irradians exhibited different abilities of taking up the studied metals from the ambient aquatic environment. Importantly, it demonstrated that DGT responded quicker than biomonitoring of scallops. Overall, it suggested DGT technique as a rapid monitoring method for metal contamination in aquaculture waters and laid a foundation for the standardization of the DGT technique. Besides, it suggested that high organic matter may have a great influence on DGT-labile concentrations, which should be investigated in more detail.

Effective Mapping of Fresh Water Aquaculture Ponds and its expansion in Agricultural Land using Time Series Data Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform

Effective Mapping of Fresh Water Aquaculture Ponds and its expansion in Agricultural Land using Time Series Data Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform

Enhanced Removal of Nitrate and Tetracycline by Bacillus cereus W2 Immobilized on Biochar

Abstract: The co-contamination of nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) and tetracycline (TC) in aquaculture water has caused serious environmental and health problems. Bioremediation is a promising approach for the removal of NO3−-N and TC. However, free bacteria are sensitive to environmental variation, limiting its application. In this study, a bacterial strain with high NO3−-N and TC degradation ability, Bacillus cereus W2, was isolated and immobilized on wheat straw biochar by an adsorption method. The effect of immobilization conditions, including biochar dosage, inoculum amount, and immobilization time on NO3−-N and TC removal was explored. The degradation abilities of the biochar-immobilized Bacillus cereus W2 under different nitrate and TC concentrations was investigated. Results showed that the prepared biochar had abundant functional groups such as -COOH, -OH, -C=C-OH, etc., which have good affinity for microbial cell membranes and are conducive to the adhesion and proliferation of microbial cells. The highest NO3−-N and TC removal efficiencies of 99.50% and 78.60% after 24 h were obtained under a biochar dosage of 4 mg·mL−1, microbe inoculation amount of 40%, and immobilization time of 24 h. The immobilized Bacillus cereus W2 performed better NO3−-N and TC removal than the free cells under different initial NO3−-N and TC concentrations. The enhanced removal of NO3−-N by the biochar-immobilized Bacillus cereus W2 may be attributed to the promoted expression level of functional genes involved in denitrification (nirS, norB, and nosZ). The biochar-immobilized Bacillus cereus W2 demonstrates potential for treating various nitrate-antibiotic co-contaminated wastewaters, including those from livestock farming, aquaculture systems, and pharmaceutical industries.

Isolation of Lytic Bacteriophages infected Indonesian-strain Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its Protective Effects on Brine Shrimp (Artemia sp.)

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research vB_Vp_TSK01 and vB_Vp_JKT02 a specific parahaemolyticus bacteriophage were isolated from the shrimp aquaculture water. Compared to control vB_Vp_TSK01 reduced 11.46±1.35% of bacterial growth, and by 9.86±5.92% for vB_Vp_JKT02 treatment. Their cocktail had the highest parahemolyticus growth inhibition by 30.92±3.89%. The phage treatment increased the survival of the Artemia by 28.57% compared to infection control. Abstract Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) caused by V. parahaemolyticus infection was one of the major diseases in shrimp culture in recent years. The Vibrio could also affect the survival of Artemia as the shrimp’s main live feed in the hatchery and they become the possible carrier for the AHPND. Phage therapy in shrimp aquaculture could reduce the application of the antibiotic as an antibacterial agent for the AHPND. The present study aimed to isolate the specific lytic phage for the Indonesian strain of V. parahaemolyticus (Vp) and evaluate the phage therapy for the brine shrimp Artemia infected with the Vp. The Vp-specific phage was isolated from the shrimp farm’s water at Tasikmalaya, and North Jakarta City, Indonesia. After isolation and plaque assay, brine shrimp were used as a model to evaluate the phages’ anti-Vibrio activity The Vp-lytic phage was successfully isolated from shrimp culture water at North Jakarta and Tasikmalaya (Vb_Vp_TSK01 and Vb_Vp_JKT01, respectively) and the results showed that both isolated phages and their cocktails were capable to inhibit the growth of Vp with the highest inhibition shown at the cocktail treatment (p<0.05). The survival of Artemia was higher in the phage treatments (p<0.005) compared to the infected control. Infected control had 68.33% of brine shrimp survival, and the Vb_Vp_TSK01, Vb_Vp_JKT01, and their cocktail had similar average brine shrimp survival of 91.11%. In conclusion, phage therapy proved effective in preventing vibriosis in brine shrimp under the conditions tested.

Water Quality Monitoring Using Arduino and Turbidity Sensor

Water quality monitoring is essential for ensuring safe and clean water for various applications, including drinking, agriculture, and industrial use. Traditional methods of water quality assessment are time-consuming and require laboratory testing, making real-time monitoring challenging. This project proposes an Arduino-based water quality monitoring system that provides a cost-effective and efficient solution for realtime data collection and analysis. The system utilizes multiple sensors to measure key parameters such as pH level, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity. These sensors are interfaced with an Arduino microcontroller, which processes the collected data and transmits it to a display module or a cloud-based server for remote monitoring. The real-time data acquisition enables users to take immediate corrective actions when water quality deviates from acceptable standards. The proposed system is ideal for applications in rural and urban water supply systems, aquaculture, and environmental monitoring. Its low cost, ease of deployment, and real-time functionality make it a promising alternative to traditional water quality testing methods. Future enhancements can include IoT integration for remote monitoring and AI-based analytics for predictive water quality assessment. Keywords: Arduino, water quality monitoring, pH sensor, turbidity sensor, IoT, real-time monitoring

Integrating Fish Farming into Runoff Water Harvesting Ponds (RWHP) for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security: Farmers’ Perceptions and Opportunities in Burkina Faso

Integrated aquaculture–agriculture systems are recognized as sustainable solutions to optimize resources, support livelihoods, and enhance food security in climate-sensitive Sahelian regions. In contexts like Burkina Faso, runoff water harvesting ponds (RWHPs) improve agricultural yields during the rainy season but remain underutilized for the rest of the year. This study assesses the feasibility of integrating fish farming into these ponds. Using the Waso-2 tool, structured perception interviews were conducted with 51 farmers across 17 localities. Welch ANOVA and Games–Howell tests revealed, on a scale of 20, that water insufficiency scored 16.01 among experienced farmers without additional water access as a key obstacle, while pond degradation scored 17.69 for those with water access. For motivations, income generation scored 16.24 among inexperienced farmers, whereas training opportunities scored 17.65 for experienced ones, highlighting varying priorities across strata. Farmers preferred fish farming effluents over NPK for vegetables, scoring 15.99. Some favored raw effluents for immediate use, scoring 13.91, while others preferred decanted water with dried sludge for gradual nutrient release, scoring 12.39. This study demonstrates strong farmer interest in integrated RWHP systems. Enhancing pond retention, supplementing groundwater, and providing tailored training in aquaculture practices, pond maintenance, and water management are recommended to encourage adoption.

Contaminated Characteristics Variation in Different Aquaculture Modes: A Case Study in Northern China

Various aquaculture modes have been developed to satisfy the growing demands of aquatic products. The contaminated characteristics may distribute along with the aquaculture modes, threatening the ecological environment to varying degrees. Herein, the five most common aquaculture modes (small-scale intensive mode, extensive free-range mode, concentrated contiguous mode, funnel-type mode, and recirculating aquaculture system) were selected to study the contaminated characteristics (including nine kinds of water quality parameters and eight kinds of antibiotics) in Henan Province, a province in northern China, and analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem secondary mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). The funnel-type mode, as a unique mode developed in Henan Province, appears highest in nutrient content, wherein TN and TP concentrations reach 29.28 mg/L and 2.20 mg/L, respectively. The small-scale intensive mode has the highest average antibiotic concentration in five different aquaculture modes, with a concentration of 502 ng/L. Overall, the most abundant antibiotic was quinolones (QNs), followed by sulfonamides (SAs), chloramphenicols (CAs), and tetracyclines (TCs). Pearson correlation analysis showed that ENR had a strong positive correlation with TN, TP, and Zn, indicating the enrofloxacin (ENR) may have existed as the addictive in aquaculture feed. Moreover, the risk quotient (RQ) analysis indicated that ENR posed a medium to high risk, highlighting the importance of antibiotics man-agement in aquaculture. This work provides theoretical guidance for the formulation of aquaculture water pollutant control of different aquaculture modes.

Optimal nitrite degradation by isolated Bacillus subtilis sp. N4 and applied for intensive aquaculture water quality management with immobilized strains.

The toxicity of nitrite is an issue that cannot be overlooked in nitrogen pollution within aquaculture. A highly efficient bacterium capable of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification was screened from natto, and its 16S rRNA gene sequence was compared to existing records, confirming its identification as Bacillus subtilis sp. N4. The optimal conditions for nitrite degradation by B. subtilis sp. N4 were identified using response surface methodology as 167rpm, pH 6.4, 1g/8mL feed, 0.6 OD600, and 30°C, with a predicted 99 % nitrite removal efficiency. The B. subtilis sp. N4 demonstrated a maximum nitrite concentration tolerance of 60mg/L, with μmax and Ks values calculated using a Monod model analysis of 1.67mg/L/h and 0.29mg/L, respectively. Immobilized B. subtilis sp. N4 could be reused for ten cycles while maintaining a nitrite degradation efficiency of >99 %, and retained a high nitrite-degrading ability after being refrigerated at 4°C for three months. Immobilized B. subtilis sp. N4 effectively reduced ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations in Nile tilapia aquaculture, maintaining them at consistently low levels. Therefore, free or immobilized B. subtilis sp. N4, with both nitrification and denitrification capabilities, has considerable potential for application in the aquaculture industry in the future.

Purification Effect and Microbial Community Analysis of Aquaculture Wastewater Using High-Efficiency and Stable Biochemical System

An adaptable, low-cost, and easy-to-operate biological treatment system for pollutant abatement in aquaculture water at the field pond scale needs to be developed. In this study, the pollutant removal capacity of a stable bioreactor for aquaculture wastewater was assessed, and the related mechanism was elucidated via an analysis of the microbial community’s characteristics and functions. The average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were 40%, 86.22%, 38.62%, and 53.74%, respectively. The effluent quality meets the Requirement for Water Discharge from Freshwater Aquaculture Pond, SC/T9101-2007. The results indicate that the fillers under anaerobic conditions could attract Denitratisoma and unclassified_Rhodocyclaceae, promoting the denitrification reaction. This aligns with the characteristic that total nitrogen in aquaculture sewage mainly exists in the form of nitrate nitrogen. An anaerobic atmosphere helps degrade organic contaminants at liquid interfaces and remove nitrogen in the solid phase. The fillers under anaerobic conditions could attract Bacteroidota and promote the production of polysaccharides to form biofilms, which may be associated with phosphorus removal. The results indicate that the anaerobic stage can promote the formation of biofilm on the fillers to remove pollutants, thus achieving higher aquaculture sewage treatment efficiency.

Magnetic nanoparticle modified moss Biochar: A novel solution for effective removal of enrofloxacin from aquaculture water.

The presence of residual antibiotics in water constitutes a potential threat to aquatic environments. Therefore, designing environmentally friendly and efficient biochar adsorbents is crucial. Aquaculture by-product moss (bryophyte) was transformed into biochar, which can eliminate antibiotics from wastewater through adsorption. This study successfully fabricated moss biochar (BC) and magnetically modified moss biochar (MBC), and explored their adsorption performance for enrofloxacin (ENR). Characterization analyses revealed that the specific surface area, total pore volume, and the quantity of functional groups of the MBC were significantly larger than those of the BC. The Langmuir isotherm model suggests that the maximum adsorption capacities of BC and MBC for ENR are 7.24mgg⁻1 and 11.62mgg⁻1. The adsorption process conforms to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Studies carried out at different temperatures disclose the spontaneous and endothermic thermodynamic characteristics of the system. Under neutral conditions, the adsorption efficiency attains its peak. The existence of various coexisting ions in water exerts a negligible influence on the adsorption process; furthermore, when the concentration of humic acid (HA) ranges from 0 to 20mg/L, the removal rate remains above 90%. In actual water samples, the antibiotic removal rate can be as high as 96.84%. After three cycles of reuse, the structure of MBC remains unchanged while maintaining a high removal efficiency. The primary mechanisms for antibiotic adsorption by MBC involve electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, pore-filling effects, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions. This reusable magnetic moss biochar provides a promising research direction for effectively eliminating antibiotics from water sources.

Technological Advancements in Aquaculture Water Quality Monitoring: A Brief Review

Technological Advancements in Aquaculture Water Quality Monitoring: A Brief Review

Effect of Zeolite on Aquaculture Water Quality, Fish and Microalgae Growth

Effect of Zeolite on Aquaculture Water Quality, Fish and Microalgae Growth

Exploring the Potential of Candida sp. SW4-6 as a Probiotic for Enhancing Water Quality in Aquaculture.

Aquaculture, a vital industry supplying a significant portion of the world's seafood, faces challenges such as the deterioration of the aquaculture environment. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify microorganisms with the capacity to eliminate nitrite in water from shrimp ponds and evaluate their potential as probiotics to improve water quality. Additionally, the study also determines the ideal conditions for the probiotic to effectively reduce nitrite-N and ammonia-N. Water samples were collected from four shrimp ponds (SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4) and isolates were obtained. Among all the samples, SW4 was the most effective in reducing the concentration of nitrite-N. Upon further isolation of SW4, the strain SW4-W6 showed significant nitrite-N reduction capabilities compared to the 19 other isolates tested. Through morphological, genetic (ITS sequence), and phylogenetic analyses, strain SW4-6 was identified as Candida sp. The isolation of Candida sp. SW4-6 showed superior nitrite-N and ammonia-N reduction capabilities, with sucrose as the carbon source and complete reduction observed at a C/N ratio of 15-20. Gene expression analysis revealed the up-regulation of nitrite reductase in SW4-6 after inoculation, with significantly higher expression observed with sucrose as the carbon source. Salinity and temperature significantly influenced nitrite-N and ammonia-N reduction by SW4-6, with higher temperatures (30 °C) and 0% NaCl favoring faster reduction rates. Candida sp. SW4-6 emerges as a promising probiotic candidate for aquaculture water quality management due to its efficient nitrite-N and ammonia-N reduction capabilities under optimal conditions. Its virulence profile and ability to thrive across various salinity and temperature conditions further support its potential applicability in aquaculture.

Effect of RNA/DNA in Tilapia Fish Larvae with Administering Daphnia sp. enriched with Amino Acid

The quality and availability of seeds are the main problems in tilapia cultivation. One of the parameters that can be used to evaluate the quality of tilapia fish seeds is the RNA/DNA ratio. This research analyzes the influence of feeding Daphnia sp. enriched with amino acids on RNA/DNA performance in tilapia fish larvae. This research was carried out at the Nutrition Laboratory of the Aquaculture Study Program, Bosowa University, Makassar. RNA/DNA ratio analysis was carried out in October 2023 at the Takalar Brackish Water Aquaculture Fisheries Center Test Laboratory. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications as a quantitative experimental method. The treatments are : A (Daphnia sp. + amino acids 1 mL/liter); B (Daphnia sp. + amino acids 3 mL/liter); C (Daphnia sp. + amino acids 5 mL/liter) and D (Daphnia sp). The results showed that providing Daphnia sp. enriched with 3 mL/liter amino acids can increase tilapia larvae's RNA/DNA ratio, which amounted to 0.866. This research helps increase the availability of quality tilapia seeds.

Based on metabolomics analysis: metabolic mechanism of intestinal tract of Scylla paramamosain under low-salt saline-alkali water aquaculture environment

BackgroundIn recent years, the total production of mud crab Scylla paramamosain has been declining, and the breeding areas are faced with land shortage and shortage of breeding production, which needs to be solved urgently. S. paramamosain can survive and grow in a wide range of salinities is an excellent variety suitable for saline-alkali water aquaculture. As a species with high economic value and strong adaptability to the environment, its cultivation under low salt conditions can not only improve the utilization efficiency of saline-alkali land, but also provide new possibilities for the sustainable development of aquaculture.ResultsA total of 248 different metabolites were identified by LC/GC-MS in the intestinal tract of S. paramamosain. These different metabolites were mainly concentrated in ‘Lipids and lips-like molecules’. Among them, 112 metabolites are upregulated, and among these upregulated metabolites are mainly ‘Fatty Acyls’ and ‘Glycerophospholipids’. The upregulation of these metabolites indicates an increase in lipid storage of S. paramamosain, which may increase the resistance of S. paramamosain to adverse environmental stress. Among them, 136 metabolic differentiates were down-regulated, mainly ‘Carboxylic acids and derivatives’. The down-regulation of these organic acids may indicate that organic acids are used as energy sources for the immune response to long-term environmental stress.ConclusionUnder long-term chloride type low-salt saline-alkali water stress, S. paramamosain will shift to another homeostasis for development.

Electric Field-Based Ozone Nanobubbles in Tandem with Reduced Ultraviolet Light Exposure for Water Purification and Treatment: Aquaculture and Beyond

Micro- and nanobubbles are tiny gas bubbles that are smaller than 100 μm and 1 μm, respectively. This study investigated the impact of electric field ozone nanobubbles (EF-ONBs) on the purification of both deionised and aquaculture water bodies, finding that heightened reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxygen reduction potential (ORP) are correlated to a higher production of EF-ONBs. In particular, it was found that there were substantially reduced ultraviolet light requirements for aquaculture when using EF-ONBs to maintain aquaculture purification standards. It is clear that the approximately exponential decay is slowed down by almost ten times by EF-ONBs even without UV applied, and that it is still roughly six times longer than the ‘control’ case of standard O3 sparging in water (i.e., meso- and macro-bubbles with no meaningful level of dispersed-phase, bubble-mediated dissolution beyond the standard Henry’s law state—owing mostly to rapid Stokes’ law rising speeds). This has very positive implications for, inter alia, recirculation aeration systems featuring an ozonation cycle, as well as indoor agriculture under controlled-light environments and malting, where ozonation cycles are also often used or contemplated in process redesign strategies. Such promising results for EF-ONBs offer, inter alia, more sustainable aquaculture, water sterilisation, indoor farming, and malting.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Method As A Detector of IMNV (Infectious myonecrosis virus) Disease in Vaname Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Indonesia is a maritime country that has great potential in the fisheries sector, especially in cultivating vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Disease in vaname shrimp is the biggest factor causing cultivation failure, one of which is caused by IMNV (Infectious myonecrosis virus). The aim of this research is to study IMNV detection techniques in vaname shrimp using the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method at the Situbondo Brackish Water Aquaculture Fisheries Center. This research uses a descriptive method, with stages starting from necropsy, RNA extraction using the silica method, amplification using RT-PCR and Nested-PCR, to electrophoresis and documenting the results using UV documentation. The results showed that the PCR technique was effective in detecting IMNV in shrimp, with DNA amplification clearly visible through agarose gel electrophoresis. Documentation of PCR results indicated the presence of a DNA band in the IMNV positive sample, which corresponded to the positive control. In conclusion, IMNV detection using the PCR method at BPBAP Situbondo has proven to be effective for identifying disease in vaname shrimp and can be applied as an initial step in controlling disease in vaname shrimp cultivation.

Study Of Hybrid Cantang Grouper Breeding Techniques (Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus X Epinephelus Lanceolatus) At The Brackish Water Fisheries Cultivation Center Situbondo, East Java

Hybrid cantang grouper is a type of grouper fish that is included in the luxury food commodity, namely a type of commodity that has a high selling value and is often exported which has an impact on increasing the need for seeds so that efforts are needed that culminate in seeding. The purpose of this study was to study and understand the seeding technique of hybrid cantang grouper (Ephinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus) which was carried out at the Brackish Water Aquaculture Center (BPBAP) Situbondo, East Java. The population of this study used 2 larval maintenance tanks and 14 natural feed tanks. Data were obtained directly through direct observation in the field. The results of the study showed that cantang grouper seeds were produced from the hybridization process, then the types of feed given during the larval maintenance period were natural feed (Rotifera, Artemia and Rebon shrimp) and artificial feed (Powder, crumbs and pellets), then air quality maintenance was carried out by giving Chlorella sp. as a green water system, then air changes, siphoning with air quality values ​​during the maintenance period of temperature 30oC, Salinity 30.1 ppt, pH 8.05, Nitrite 0.498 mg / L, Free Ammonia 0.04675 mg / L, DO 5.85 mg / L. The Hatching Rate (HR) value was obtained 98.45% and 92.63% and Survival rate 12.68% with a maintenance period of 70 days until the total harvest of 2.7cm-3cm seeds.