Excess Water Research Articles

The Impact of Saline Water on Women's Health in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh: Special Attention on Menstrual Hygiene Practices.

Introduction Salinity intrusion is the most common global concern along coastlines, but it can happen inland also. The lack of freshwater is the primary issue affecting the coastal areas. Many health problems are prevalent among the inhabitantsdue to their frequent use of salted water. The health of women living along the coastline is getting progressively compromised due to salinity intrusion. Objectives The study aims to determine menstrual health practices and other health problems faced bywomen in the coastal region of Bangladesh. Methods The study was conducted using a survey research designfrom May 2023 to October 2023 on rural women aged 18 to 45 years, who lived in the Bangladeshi village of Koyra Upazila in the Khulna district. Thesample size of the study was 101. Open- and closed-ended questions from a planned interview schedule were used to gather primary data. Additional information from appropriate sources, e.g., newspapers, publications, and books, was utilized to enhancethe comprehensiveness of statistical analysis and support rationality. A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 15 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX). Results Menstrual hygiene practices showed a higher prevalence of using fabric rags and reusing them after rinsing them in salt water (72.3%) than sanitary pads (25.7%). It was observed that the risk of diarrhea among tubewell water and rainwaterusers was significantly lowered by 0.25 times (95% CI = 0.06, 0.99; p = 0.049) and 0.06 times (95% CI = 0.01, 0.43; p = 0.005), respectively, compared to pond water users. Conclusion Salinityhas a significant impact on the livelihoods and health of coastal women. The village womenare unaware of the health risks of excessive saline water use. Establishing an adequate supply of freshwater reservoirsfor the entire communitythroughout the yearis analternativefor womento use as a source of water for hygiene necessities.

The Impact of Climate Change on Water Quality and Consumption in the Tigris River Basin (Mosul-Baghdad)

Abstract Iraq is one of a riparian country into the basin of Tigris River with (Turkey, Syria, and Iran). The region is currently facing water shortage problems due to climatic changes the rise of the demand on water. The meteorological data was used to estimate the water surplus and water deficit for the period (1990-2021), while the hydrological data was used to show the variation of the flow during the years due to climatic change on the Tigris River basin (2005-2021), and applying the SCS-CN method to estimate the surface runoff. The impact of climate change was estimated by calculating its effect on the physochemical characteristics in the river basin for the period (from January to December\2021) and compared it with standards specifications, in addition to comparing of amount of the water consumption in the Tigris River during the period (2017-2021). The results show a high ratio of water deficit in the downstream of the Tigris River basin due to decreasing the precipitation ratio in these areas. The Rainfall-Runoff-Depth was simulated using the SCS-CN method. The water quality parameters of Tigris River were within the standards of drinking water, except of TDS values at Tharthar-Tigris canal and Baghdad which exceeded the permissible limits. The results show an impact of climatic change on a Tigris River are different but it’s more effects in urban areas due to water consumption of the Tigris River.

Closing Loopholes in Water Rights Systems to Save Water: The Colorado River Basin

AbstractAround the world, water rights systems govern the allocation of water to a multitude of users. Such systems primarily come into play during times of drought, when some users have to be shorted. Yet their management during times of excess can have implications for subsequent drought impacts. This is evident in the State of Colorado, where under “free river conditions” in which there is sufficient water to satisfy all water rights, anyone—including individuals lacking water rights—can divert as much as they want, unconstrained by the limit of their water right. Here, we estimate the amount of excess water used under such conditions within Division five of the Upper Colorado River Basin in the State of Colorado. Comparing the daily water withdrawals of diversion structures along the Colorado River and its tributaries with their (daily) water rights, we find that in 2017, 339 structures report days with excess withdrawals, amounting to 108 million cubic meters (87,577 acer feet). While such excess withdrawal is legal in Colorado, we argue that the free river condition is an antiquated rule that will make much needed reform of water allocation within the water‐stressed Colorado River Basin more difficult. We offer policy suggestions to address it.

An SEM study on the effect of 9.3-µm CO2 laser on dentinal tubules for hypersensitivity treatment.

In-vitro studies were performed on dentin of extracted human molars to investigate the effectiveness of 9.3μm CO2 laser irradiation to occlude dentinal tubules. The observed occlusion of dentinal tubules with the irradiation was compared with application of three reagents: 2% Sodium Fluoride gel, an aqueous solution of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and an equal mix of the two. We show that 9.3μm CO2 laser irradiation occludes dentinal tubules, and the use of laser irradiation produces better occlusion of the opened tubules compared to the use of topical reagents. Nine extracted and cleaned human molars were cut to obtain dentin disks of thickness of 3-5mm. Each disc was divided into four quarters, and each quarter served as two samples corresponding to irradiated and non-irradiated group counterparts. Five disks were used to study the effect of various laser irradiation energies on the dentinal tubules to find a good pulse fluence for occlusion of the dentinal tubules, and four disks were used for studying the effects of reagents and irradiation at the pulse fluences found in the first part of the study. The samples were irradiated with a beam diameter of 1mm (1/e2) at 15Hz pulse repetition rate, scanned automatically using a set of scanning mirrors. Samples were imaged using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) which were processed to determine tubule diameter. Safety of the irradiation treatment was investigated on 6 samples by measuring pulpal temperature rise. The effect of three topical reagents corresponding to 2% Sodium Fluoride gel (F), Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA) and an equal mix of F and HA (HAF) on dentinal tubule occlusion was evaluated and compared with the laser irradiation. In all examined cases, laser irradiation at a fluence of 0.81J/cm2 resulted in a temperature increase less than 3°C which is safe, and no surface cracking was observed. There is a threshold pulse fluence of 0.27J/cm2 above which, laser produced surface melting. At a pulse fluence of 0.81J/cm2 a layer of recast of melted dentin was formed. Under this layer, peritubular dentin melting and occluding of the dentinal tubules was observed. Application of either F or HA or HAF did not produce visible occlusion effect on open tubules after washing and microbrushing with excess distilled water. 9.3μm CO2 laser irradiation on extracted human molar dentin at pulse fluence of 0.81J./cm2 resulted in tubule area reduction by 97% without rising pulpal temperatures to unsafe levels.

Effects of drought and moisture stress on the growth and ecophysiological traits of Schima superba seedlings.

Changes in rainfall patterns are important environmental factors affecting plant growth, especially when larger precipitation events and prolonged drought periods occur in subtropical regions. There are many studies on how drought reduces plant biomass through drought-sensitive functional traits, but how excess water affects plant growth and ecophysiology is still poorly understood. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted on Schima superba (Theaceae), a dominant tree species in subtropical forests and commonly used in forestry, in a closed chamber under control (25% soil water content (SWC) as in local forests), drought stress (D, 15% SWC) and moisture stress (W, 35% SWC). Plant growth and ecophysiological traits related to morphology, leaf gas exchange, water potential and structural traits were measured. Compared to control, S. suberba under dry conditions significantly decreased its aboveground biomass, photosynthetic rate (A), leaf water potential and nitrogen use efficiency, but increased intrinsic water use efficiency, root to shoot ratio and specific root length. S. superba under wet conditions also significantly decreased its total biomass, aboveground biomass and specific root length, while W had no effect on A and leaf water potential. Our results indicate that S. superba shows a decrease in carbon gain under drought stress, but less response under wet conditions. This emphasizes the need to consider the strength and frequency of rainfall pattern changes in future studies because rainfall may either alleviate or intensify the effects of drought stress depending on the moisture level, thus suitable water conditions is important for better management of this tree species in subtropical China.

Formation of Self-Healing Granular Eutectogels through Jammed Carbopol Microgels in Supercooled Deep Eutectic Solvent.

Typically, gel-like materials consist of a polymer network structure in a solvent. In this work, a gel-like material is developed in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) without the presence of a polymer network, achieved simply by adding microgels. The DES is composed of choline chloride and citric acid and remains stably in a supercooled state at room temperature, exhibiting Newtonian fluid behavior with high viscosity. When the microgel (Carbopol) concentration exceeds 2 wt %, the DES undergoes a transition from a liquid to a soft gel state, characterized as a granular eutectogel. The soft gel characteristics of eutectogels exhibit a yield stress, and their storage moduli exceed the loss moduli. The yield stress and storage moduli are observed to increase with increasing microgel concentration. In contrast, the ion conductivity decreases with increasing microgel concentration but eventually levels off. Because the eutectogel can dissolve completely in excess water, it is a physical gel-like material, attributed to the densely packed structure of microgels in the supercooled DES. Due to the absence of networks, the granular eutectogel has the capability to self-heal simply by being pushed together after being cut into two pieces.

Wave-induced liquefaction analysis of mildly sloping sandy seabed

Marine structures are commonly situated near the mildly sloping sandy seabed characterized by the slope angles (α) not exceeding 10°. The seabed liquefaction can be triggered due to the generation of the excess pore water pressure (EPWP), posing a threat to the stability of marine structures. This study focuses on the analysis of wave-induced liquefaction in the mildly sloping (MS) sandy seabed. A dynamic poro-elasto-plastic seabed model is developed to simulate the behavior of the MS sandy seabed under wave loading. The results indicates that the loading cycle required to trigger the initial liquefaction decreased as the position moved from the toe towards the crest of the MS sandy seabed. The amplitude of shear stress increases with the loading cycle and tends to increase with growing α before liquefaction, resulting in a slower accumulation of EPWP with larger α. Both the horizontal and vertical displacements induced by wave action reach the maximum at the crest of the sloping seabed. Notably, the horizontal displacement is much greater than the vertical displacement in the seabed under wave action. The displacement of the MS sandy seabed depends on not only the shear stress amplitude developed in the soils but also the accumulation of EPWP required to trigger the liquefaction in the seabed.

Bionic Capsule Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes for Efficiently Inhibiting Volume Expansion.

Magnetite (Fe3O4) has a large theoretical reversible capacity and rich Earth abundance, making it a promising anode material for LIBs. However, it suffers from drastic volume changes during the lithiation process, which lead to poor cycle stability and low-rate performance. Hence, there is an urgent need for a solution to address the issue of volume expansion. Taking inspiration from how glycophyte cells mitigate excessive water uptake/loss through their cell wall to preserve the structural integrity of cells, we designed Fe3O4@PMMA multi-core capsules by microemulsion polymerization as a kind of anode materials, also proposed a new evaluation method for real-time repair effect of the battery capacity. The Fe3O4@PMMA anode shows a high reversible specific capacity (858.0 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C after 300 cycles) and an excellent cycle stability (450.99 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C after 450 cycles). Furthermore, the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/Fe3O4@PMMA pouch cells exhibit a stable capacity (200.6 mAh) and high-capacity retention rate (95.5 %) after 450 cycles at 0.5 C. Compared to the original battery, the capacity repair rate of this battery is as high as 93.4 %. This kind of bionic capsules provide an innovative solution for improving the electrochemical performance of Fe3O4 anodes to promote their industrial applications.

Hydroxyl on Stepped Copper and its Interaction with Water.

We describe the hydroxyl and mixed hydroxyl-water structures formed on a stepped copper surface following the reaction of adsorbed O with water at a low temperature and compare them to the structures found previously on plane copper surfaces. Thermal desorption profiles, STM, and low-energy electron diffraction show that water reacts with O at temperatures below 130 K on Cu(511). Two well-defined phases appear as the OH/H2O layer is heated to desorb excess water, a 1OH:1H2O phase and a pure OH phase. The 1OH:1H2O structure consists of 1D chains binding across two adjacent copper steps, with a double period along the step. Electronic structure calculations show that the structure has a zigzag chain of water along the terrace, stabilized by hydrogen bonds to OH groups adsorbed in the step bridge sites. This structure binds OH in its favored site and is similar to the structure observed on other open faces of Cu and Ni, suggesting that this structural arrangement may be common on other surfaces that have steps or rows of close packed metal atoms. The hydroxyl/water chains decompose at 210 K to leave OH adsorbed in the Cu step bridge site, with some forming H-bonded trimers that bridge between two Cu steps. Heating the surface causes hydroxyl to disproportionate near 300 K, desorbing water to leave chemisorbed O.

Effects of Spatial Variation in Relative Density on Seismic Behavior of Saturated Sandy Ground

Proper consideration of variations in soil properties and their effects is necessary to enhance the seismic safety of structures. In this study, the effect of spatial variations in the cyclic resistance ratio on seismic ground behavior was investigated. Initially, dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted on sandy ground featuring a 20% mixture of weak zones with low relative density and on homogeneous sandy ground with no mixture of weak zones. Subsequently, an effective stress analysis was performed by modeling the distribution of weak zones in the centrifuge model tests. Finally, after confirming the validity of the parameter settings, several analytical models with different weak-zone distributions were generated and numerically analyzed using random field theory. The results indicate that a local mixing of approximately 20% weak zones has only a limited effect on overall ground behavior. However, differences were observed in the rate of increase and dissipation of the excess pore water pressure ratio and in the residual horizontal displacement.

Evaluation of Seasonal Reservoir Water Treatment Processes in Southwest Florida: Protection of the Caloosahatchee River Estuary

In southwest Florida, the Caloosahatchee River flows from Lake Okeechobee into a biologically productive tidal estuarine system. A combination of excess water during the wet season, insufficient fresh water in the dry season, and poor quality of the river water are damaging the estuarine ecosystem. To better control the quality and quantity of the water entering the estuary, reservoirs are being constructed to store excess, poor quality water during the wet season and return it to the river for discharge into the estuary at an appropriate time. This stored water is enriched in nutrients and organic carbon. Because of the subtropical nature of the climate in southwest Florida and potential increases in temperature in the future, the return flow of water from the reservoirs must be treated before it can be returned to the river. Hence, an experimental water treatment system was developed and operated to compare biological treatment processes consisting of solely wetland plants versus adding some engineered processes, including slow sand filtration and a combination of slow sand filtration and ultraviolet (UV) treatment. These three treatment trains were operated and monitored through a seasonal cycle in 2021–2022. All three treatment methods significantly reduced the concentrations of nutrients and total organic carbon. While the enhanced engineered wetlands’ treatment trains did slightly outperform the wetland train, a comparison of the three process trains showed no statistically significant difference. It was concluded that upscaling of the slow sand filtration and UV process could improve the treatment efficiency, but this change would have to be evaluated within a framework of long-term economic benefits. It was also concluded that the Caloosahatchee River water quality is quite enriched in nutrients so that reservoir storage would increase the organic carbon concentrations, making it imperative that it be treated before being returned to the river. It was also discovered that the green alga Cladophora sp. grew rapidly in the biological treatment tubs and will present a significant challenge for the treatment of the reservoir discharge water using the currently proposed alum treatment.

Carboxymethyl cellulose-based preformed particle gels for water management in oil and gas reservoirs

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based materials have been proposed as preformed particle gels (PPGs) for reducing excessive water production in oil and gas reservoirs. Multi-sized dry particles ranging between 100 and 1180 μm have been synthesized using microwave-assisted grafting copolymerization of CMC and acrylamide (AM)/n,n''-methylene-bisacrylamide (MBA). FTIR and SEM confirmed CMC crosslinked polyacrylamide's chemical structure and morphology (CMC/CPAM). Thermo-gravimetric analysis has demonstrated the thermal stability of dry PPGs up to 309 °C. CMC/CPAM showed slightly high absorbency in brine 2 (TDS = 67.3 g/L) compared to brine 1 (TDS = 33.65 g/L), 1% NaCl, and deionized water, with swelling ratios (SR) between 7.1 and 12.9 g/g at room temperature regulated by MBA weight ratio. The effect of particle size, pH, temperature, and aging on SR and mechanical strength was investigated and discussed based on the CMC/CPAM structures. The swollen PPGs showed excellent resistance to temperatures up to 100 °C with a storage modulus of 9 kPa. The particle size was estimated based on salinity, pH, and temperature and controlled between 118 μm and 3 mm at high temperature (100 °C) and high salinity (TDS = 67.3 g/L) conditions to match the need for carbonate reservoirs. Core flooding experiments demonstrated the effective plugging efficiency of the PPG in open fracture models.

A Scalable and Robust Water Management Strategy for PEMFCs: Operando Electrothermal Mapping and Neutron Imaging Study.

Effective water management is crucial for the optimal operation of low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Excessive liquid water production can cause flooding in the gas diffusion electrodes and flow channels, limiting mass transfer and reducing PEMFC performance. To tackle this issue, a nature-inspired chemical engineering (NICE) approach has been adopted that takes cues from the integument structure of desert-dwelling lizards for passive water transport. By incorporating engraved, capillary microchannels into conventional flow fields, PEMFC performance improves significantly, including a 15% increase in maximum power density for a 25 cm2 cell and 13% for a 100 cm2 cell. Electro-thermal maps of the lizard-inspired flow field demonstrate a more uniform spatial distribution of current density and temperature than the conventional design. Neutron radiography provides evidence that capillary microchannels in the lizard-inspired flow field facilitate the efficient transport and removal of generated liquid water, thereby preventing blockages in the reactant channels. These findings present a universally applicable and highly efficient water management strategy for PEMFCs, with the potential for widespread practical implementation for other electrochemical devices.

Markers of Vascular Dysfunction in Hypertension.

Hypertension is a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor and displays a rapidly growing incidence due to aging and the acquisition of an unhealthy lifestyle. Hypertension is linked to the development of target organ damage in several vascular beds such as coronary arteries, peripheral, cerebral, and renal arteries. Besides, along with the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors, it aggravates vascular dysfunction due to the aging process. The mechanisms of vascular dysfunction in hypertension are complex and involve excessive salt intake and water retention, activation of neurohormonal systems, induction of endothelial dysfunction of large arteries and microcirculation, development of arterial stiffness, and complex interactions with cellular pathways of inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombosis. The extent of vascular dysfunction in patients with hypertension can be assessed by evaluating endothelial function, measuring arterial stiffness, and testing the levels of circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and thrombosis. Assessing these markers in subjects with and without hypertension could aid in identifying those at risk of vascular damage and improving risk prediction for future cardiovascular events. While several lifestyle and pharmacological therapies have shown promise in addressing vascular dysfunction in hypertension, none of these biomarkers have been established as an independent risk factor or treatment target. Therefore, in this article, we review the literature on the evidence that exists regarding the role of vascular dysfunction in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, progression, and treatment of hypertension, highlighting the lack of conclusive evidence in this field.

Revisiting the Causes and Effects of Recurrent Floods in the Haor Region of Sunamganj, Bangladesh: Evidence from the 2022 Flash Flood

Bangladesh, particularly the Haor region, is well-known for its susceptibility to natural disasters. Haor locals suffer more from floods than other regional individuals. Sunamganj district, predominantly a Haor region adjacent to India’s Meghalaya, was devastated by the 2022 flood. This unprecedented and catastrophic flood has broken nearly all previous flash flood records. The prime objective of this study is to explore the underlying factors and effects of recurrent flash floods in the Haor region, with a specific focus on Sunamganj, by examining the 2022 flash flood. The study employed a descriptive qualitative research approach to meet its objectives. Data was collected from 30 target individuals from diverse stakeholders based on specific inclusion criteria. An open-ended, non-structured questionnaire is used to conduct interviews with selected respondents. Riverbed siltation, heavy rainfalls, excessive water flow from upstream, and mismanagement of River and Haor, among others, are revealed as significant causes of the 2022 flash flood. On the other hand, the consequences of the flood include loss of life and property, damage to infrastructure, and adverse effects on education and social life. The study concluded by making some proposals that policymakers could consider while developing strategies to reduce losses and safeguard the Haor region from future flash floods.

Waterlogging‐Induced Changes in ABA, Carbohydrates and CBF6 Modify Freezing Tolerance in Prehardened Festuca pratensis

ABSTRACTChanges in precipitation and snow melt during warmer winters can increase low‐temperature waterlogging. Such conditions may bring about different effects when compared with a single stress trigger, such as low‐temperature or water excess. The effects of waterlogging are clearly related to water temperature, and the consequences of water excess might be less severe, as more oxygen is dissolved in colder water. The effect of waterlogging during cold acclimation (CA) is poorly understood; most experiments concerning water excess are performed at relatively high‐temperatures. In this study, we examined the effect of 3 weeks of waterlogging (approx. 2 cm above the soil level) on CA in Festuca pratensis Huds. (Fp), a cool‐season grass. Measurements were taken before CA (after prehardening, before flooding) and after 3 weeks of CA in waterlogged (treated) and non‐waterlogged (control) plants. The work included: (i) freezing tolerance test (regrowth after freezing), (ii) analysis of abscisic acid (ABA) content in the leaf, (iii) leaf stomatal conductance, (iv) leaf water content, (v) carbohydrates analysis, including fructans, and (vi) transcript levels of selected genes involved in freezing tolerance, ABA signalling and fructan biosynthesis. The aim of the study was to test a hypothesis that low‐temperature waterlogging in Fp enhances freezing tolerance (plant regrowth after freezing) related to increased ABA accumulation, increased C‐repeat‐binding transcription factor expression and/or increased carbohydrate accumulation, including fructans. Two out of four genotypes exhibited enhanced regrowth following freezing due to waterlogging relative to control. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a positive correlation between ABA levels and freezing tolerance in both treatments, with a more pronounced effect observed in the waterlogged plants. However, the phytohormone played different roles in these two treatments. In the context of low‐temperature waterlogging, ABA may be involved in the dehydration tolerance response in genotypes suffering from physiological drought, as well as the induction of C‐repeat‐binding transcription factors (CBFs) and sucrose, which may improve freezing tolerance. The increased fructan amount and polymerisation degree due to waterlogging may provide a carbohydrate sink to maintain a high photosynthetic efficiency, but are not directly responsible for freezing tolerance changes. The study indicates that tolerance mechanisms of Fp exposed to low‐temperature waterlogging involve maintaining a high photosynthetic rate, as well as oxidative and dehydration stress tolerance.

Water balance optimization for strategic planting patterns and calendars in paddy (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in rainfed regions

Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop in Indonesia that requires more water compared to other annual crops. Cultivating paddy in rainfed areas necessitates effective water management to prevent crop failure, making it essential to calculate water balance, planting patterns, and planting calendars. This study aims to analyze the water balance in relation to planting patterns and calendars based on water availability in the field. The research was conducted in Cukilan Village, Semarang Regency, Indonesia. A descriptive quantitative method using Cropwat 8.0 was employed to determine water balance, planting patterns, and planting calendars. The results indicate that from November to April, there is a water surplus, while from May to October, there is a water deficit. Planting can be conducted once per growing season with two possible periods: November-March or December-April. During Period I (November-March), the water requirement is 640.7 mm with effective rainfall of 1031.2 mm. In Period II (December-April), the water requirement is 638 mm with effective rainfall of 935.7 mm. Planting should begin in November or December, with harvest in March or April. From May to October, the land remains fallow due to insufficient water availability. These findings are valuable for enhancing the effectiveness of paddy cultivation in rainfed areas, assisting farmers with planting planning, and minimizing the risk of crop failure due to water scarcity.

Unraveling the mechanism of small molecule induced activation of Staphylococcus aureus signal peptidase IB

Staphylococcus aureus signal peptidase IB (SpsB) is an essential enzyme for protein secretion. While inhibition of its activity by small molecules is a well-precedented mechanism to kill bacteria, the mode of activation is however less understood. We here investigate the activation mechanism of a recently introduced activator, the antibiotic compound PK150, and demonstrate by combined experimental and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation studies a unique principle of enzyme stimulation. Mass spectrometric studies with an affinity-based probe of PK150 unravel the binding site of PK150 in SpsB which is used as a starting point for MD simulations. Our model shows the localization of the molecule in an allosteric pocket next to the active site which shields the catalytic dyad from excess water that destabilizes the catalytic geometry. This mechanism is validated by the placement of mutations aligning the binding pocket of PK150. While the mutants retain turnover of the SpsB substrate, no stimulation of activity is observed upon PK150 addition. Overall, our study elucidates a previously little investigated mechanism of enzyme activation and serves as a starting point for the development of future enzyme activators.

Geospatial Data Integration for the Flood Vulnerable Area Classification in Jratunseluna Watershed

Flood is a threat that has significant impacts on communities and the environment. To improve the management of disaster risk, this research takes an integrated approach by utilizing geospatial data from various sources. The main objective of this research is to provide an integrated approach to determining flood-vulnerable area classes. This research focuses on the processing of various geospatial data such as DEM (Digital Elevation Model) imagery, Landsat 8 satellite imagery, Hydrological data based on SHuttle Elevation Derivatives at multiple Scales (HydroSHEDS) water flow accumulation imagery, and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) rainfall imagery which are used as data sources to model the flood vulnerable area classification of The Jratunseluna watershed. Landsat 8 satellite imagery is used as a source for landuse land cover (LULC) classification, it is done to score each land category to the level of ability to absorb and drain excess water, the remaining data is used to score the earth elevation, accumulated water flow, and rainfall from the area. The weights and scores are used as the basis values to create a flood-vulnerable area classification model. The result of this research is a flood-vulnerable area classification map generated from a pre-made model.

Water Hyacinth Leaves Are an Efficient, Green, and Cost-Effective Biosorbent for the Removal of Metanil Yellow from Aqueous Solution: Kinetics, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Studies.

Excessive water hyacinth growth in aquatic environments and metanil yellow (MY) dye in industrial wastewater pose severe environmental and public health challenges. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of various process factors on batch MY biosorption onto water hyacinth leaves (LECs) and MY biosorption kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics. The optimal pH for MY biosorption by LECs was 1.5-2.0. The initial MY concentration affected the equilibrium MY biosorption capacity but not the LEC particle size and solution temperature. However, the LEC particle size and solution temperature affected the MY biosorption rate; the biosorption rate was higher at a lower particle size (0.15-0.3 mm) and a higher temperature (62 °C) than at higher particle sizes and lower temperatures. The pseudo-second-order model adequately described the biosorption kinetics of MY by LECs at the different levels of the process factors, whereas the Sips and Redlich-Peterson models satisfactorily represented the biosorption isotherm of MY. The Sips model predicted a maximum MY biosorption capacity of 170.8 mg g-1. The biosorption of MY by LECs was endothermic and not spontaneous. These findings demonstrate that LECs exhibit great potential for bioremediating MY-contaminated wastewater, thereby providing valuable insights for effective water treatment and pollution control strategies.