Water In Diesel Emulsion Research Articles

Stability characteristics according to cumulative time after manufacturing of water emulsion fuel prepared by porous membrane method for low-pollutant engines

Diesel water emulsion (DWE) is an alternative fuel that can simultaneously reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke. Studies on reducing pollutant emissions by applying DWE to internal combustion engines have been ongoing, but there have been no studies on the stability of manufactured DWE. To verify the pollutant emissions performance of DWE, total hydrocarbon (THC), NOx, and Smoke emissions were measured by converting fuel of a conventional diesel engine. When DWE was applied, NOx and THC were reduced slightly, and smoke was greatly reduced. Thereafter, 12 types of DWE were manufactured according to water content and surfactant type, and the stability according to the cumulative time after manufacturing was evaluated. The stability was evaluated by measuring the mean water droplet diameter, water droplet diameter distribution width, water droplet cumulative distribution, and water droplet diameter trend. When an appropriate surfactant was used during the manufacturing, there was no difference in the stability according to the water content. It was confirmed that it is most advantageous to use Span 80 in the case of refueling after manufacturing DWE in advance, such as in automobiles, and that using Polyglyceryl 4-opleate is advantageous for manufacturing small mean water droplet diameters in a short time.

Effects of metal-organic framework nanoparticles on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine

This study was set to use metal-organic framework nanoparticles in diesel fuel formulation for the first time. Zeolitic imidazolate framework nanoparticles were synthesized using a green technique at room temperature, characterized using various characterization techniques, and used in a diesel-water emulsion fuel at two different concentrations (15 and 30 ppm). The prepared fuel blends were tested in a diesel engine at various loads (25–100% of full-load operation). The effects of fuel composition and engine load were assessed on the behavior of the engine. The combustion and performance parameters of nano-emulsion fuel blends were analogous to those observed for diesel. Nano-emulsion fuels resulted in significantly lower nitrogen oxide emissions than diesel at engine loads up to 75% of full-load operation. Nano-emulsion fuels also markedly outperformed diesel in terms of smoke emission at full-load operation. More specifically, nano-emulsion fuels could result in a significantly lower nitrogen oxide than diesel fuel, with an average reduction of about 15%. These findings were achieved with a slight penalty on the unburned hydrocarbon emissions. The encouraging results obtained in the current preliminary study can serve as an invaluable starting point for future studies to attain a more environmentally friendly diesel combustion process using MOF nanoparticles.

Novel surfactants for stable biodiesel-water emulsions to improve performance and reduce exhaust emissions of a light-duty diesel engine

Emulsified biodiesel is a viable alternative to fossil diesel to reduce carbon footprint, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions. However, widespread commercial utilization of biodiesel-water emulsions requires cost-effective novel surfactants for producing stable emulsions. Studies on neat biodiesel-water emulsions are scarce, and the available studies are done with surfactants developed for diesel-water emulsions. The present work explores the efficacy of different surfactants in producing stable biodiesel-water emulsions and their effects on engine characteristics. The surfactants investigated include a commercial nonionic surfactant, viz. Span80-Tween80 and two novel surfactants, viz. polyglycerol poly ricinoleate (PGPR) and raw Karanja oil (RKO). The water concentrations in biodiesel-water emulsions are fixed at 6, 12 and 18% (by mass) with 2% surfactant. The emulsions prepared using a hot-plate magnetic stirrer were stable for over five months. The experiments were carried out on a light-duty diesel engine at rated speed and varying loads with the prepared emulsions. The results obtained with stable biodiesel-water emulsions with different water concentrations and surfactant types are compared with neat biodiesel as a reference fuel. At low water concentrations, the cylinder pressure increased with PGPR and RKO, whereas it was nearly the same as biodiesel with the Span-Tween combination. However, the trends between Span-Tween and RKO were reversed at higher water concentrations. The diffusion phase heat release rate increased and the combustion phasing advanced in general, with all the surfactants at all water concentrations. The engine brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reduced with emulsions, and the benefits increased at higher water concentrations with a maximum variation of 8% and 20% in BTE and BSFC, respectively. From the emission reduction perspective, biodiesel-water emulsions with RKO surfactant and 18% water concentration perform better, resulting in a maximum reduction of 40%, 52% and 69% in NOx, smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. Overall, the present study shows that alternative low-cost surfactants produced from renewable sources have stable biodiesel-water emulsions that effectively reduce exhaust emissions and improve engine performance.

Redesign of water-diesel emulsion fuel mixer

Emissions and fuel consumption are essential parameters to indicate the working of a combustion engine. This paper discusses the methods to achieve lower emissions and efficient fuel consumption. One of the methods is by making emulsion fuel. The emulsion-making methods are surfactant emulsion, micro-emulsion, ultrasonic emulsion, and real-time emulsion non-surfactant (RTES). In the research, the emulsion fuel is a mixture of B30 Biodiesel and water without surfactant that is supplied in real-time after being mixed in a mixer. The ratio is 85% biodiesel and 15% water. The RTES mixer in the old model has a big size, and high-power consumption of about 150-433,5 W. This research's purpose is to develop a simple design and low power consumption of the RTES Mixer. The new RTES mixer design only needs 150 W motor power. Its dimension is more superficial and produces tiny droplets with a main diameter range between 0.1 to 0.5 ?m, with good-mixed visually.

A new shift mechanism for micro-explosion of water-diesel emulsion droplets at different ambient temperatures

Water emulsified diesel is an ideal new alternative fuel for diesel engines, which has great potentials in reducing NOx and PM emissions simultaneously. A thorough understanding of its evaporation process is critical for achieving the emission reduction potentials. Therefore, this study investigated the evaporation characteristics of emulsion droplets with 65% diesel, 30% water and 5% surfactant by mass using the droplet suspension technology at ambient temperature 573–873 K. The normalized squared diameter, micro-explosion frequency, micro-explosion intensity and expansion intensity were used to quantify the effect of ambient temperature on the evaporation characteristics. The results showed that the evaporation process of water emulsified diesel droplets mainly included three stages, namely transient heating, fluctuation evaporation, and equilibrium evaporation. The maximum normalized squared diameter first increased with ambient temperature and then decreased, leading to a maximum of 2.91 at 773 K. The micro-explosion frequency first decreased and then increased, which was consistent with that of micro-explosion intensity. In addition, this study innovatively correlated the internal relationship between bubble formation and micro-explosion. Based on this, a new micro-explosion shift mechanism of water emulsified diesel droplets was proposed. As the ambient temperature increased, bubble nucleation in the droplet gradually changed from single site to multiple sites, and the nucleation sites shifted from the droplet center to surface.

Continuous synthesis of surfactant stabilised water in diesel emulsion by steam condensation

Water in diesel emulsions are known to have superior combustion properties. A critical factor that determines their applicability as a fuel is their stability. In this work we propose a novel method for continuous on-board generation of stable water in oil emulsions that is best suited for direct application in internal combustion engines. Here superheated steam is generated and is brought in contact with the oil phase containing surfactant in a helically coiled tube. The steam continuously condenses resulting in micron size droplets in the oil phase. Controlled experiments were done with dodecane as the organic phase containing a surfactant. The droplets size of the dispersed phase is found to be in the range of 1–12 µm. The emulsions obtained were found to be stable for at least 15 days. The mean droplet size is determined as a function of water volume percentage, surfactant concentration and emulsion flow rate. The droplet size features obtained when diesel is used as the continuous phase is found to be similar to that obtained using dodecane.

Performance, Exhaust Emissions and Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology of a Water in Diesel Emulsion on Diesel Engine

The use of water in diesel is an alternative to counteracting the increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from diesel engines. However, some other criteria such as combustion performance and thermal efficiency were slightly reduced due to the impact of water content in diesel fuel. In other words, optimizing the balance between engine performance and emissions has always been a major problem in automotive industries. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the use of RSM (response surface methodology) to improve the performance and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine which works on 5%, and 10% water mixes dubbed WD5 and WD10. This mixture of water emulsion to diesel is produced by using emulsifier ultrasonic. Tests were then performed on the Isuzu 4JJ1 4-cylinder 3000cc test bed engine with water cooled. Changes to engine load 20% to 50% and speeds of 1000rpm to 3000rpm. Experimental results data is then included in the Design Expert software to analyze the performance, emissions and optimization values using CCD Techniques in RSM. In performance analysis, pure diesel and WD5 are comparable with respect to power, heat efficiency of brakes and brakes of certain fuel consumption (BSFC). At higher loads, increased BTE levels and a neat BSFC drop were found. However, the combustion period is shorter. NOx and CO data slightly decreased with the same increase in water percentage at the same engine speed and load. However, the CO2 data showed a sharp increase with the increase in water content in fuel. Optimum engine operating parameters found as 5% water ratio, 50% of load and 2446 rpm while the best output parameters found as 103.7 Nm. of torque, 26.3 kW power, 43.8% BTE, 172 g/kWh BSFC, 521.8ppm NOx and 3.1% of CO.

Role of water micro-explosion on fuel droplet size distribution, engine performance, and emissions in a water-diesel emulsified engine: A comprehensive numerical investigation

The global warming crisis and strict regulations have pushed the automotive industry into technological change, but it will take time, so finding quick solutions can be very helpful. Using water in diesel emulsion is one of the low-cost and fast solutions to reduce pollution and improve the performance of diesel engines. In this study, the effects of adding water to diesel fuel and the phenomena that occur when water enters the combustion chamber are investigated. For this purpose, a simulation of a four-cylinder diesel engine has been used with different content of water in diesel (0% or pure diesel, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The simulations are performed in Converge CFD using dynamic mesh and adaptive mesh refinement. The results showed that the use of water in diesel leads to an improvement of about 10% in engine indicated power and a simultaneous reduction in soot and NOx by 10 and 30%, respectively. The simulation results showed that water droplet micro-explosions accelerated the fuel droplet breakup process and reduced the combustion duration by 10%–30%.

Combustion Characteristics of Multicomponent Fuel Droplets

The present study investigates the combustion characteristics of the multicomponent diesel-water (D-W) emulsion fuel droplets. The stable blends obtained by using Surfactant, Span-80 (s) and three different fuels viz., WD1 (D-95%, W-3%, S-2%), WD2 (D-94%, W-4%, S-2%) and WD3 (D-96%, W-3%, S-1%) are subjected to the pendant mode of droplet combustion in the ambient conditions. The blend's stability depends on surfactant and water compositions. WD1 exhibited a higher viscosity W/s ≥ 1 at near-boiling point of the dispersed fluid. The higher viscosity droplets resulted in fewer secondary atomization. WD3 with lower viscosity (W/s >1.5) exhibited multiple cycles of the micro-explosion events. The cycles of micro-explosion depend on water to surfactant concentration. The blend with lesser surfactant exhibited the lesser cycles of explosion events. The regression rate of the droplets was fitted using d2-law. WD1 possesses the least burn time. The vapors of low volatile fluid, i.e., water vapor were trapped inside emulsion the droplets. Upon receiving the constant heat from flame surface, the surface of the droplets gets highly corrugated due to the capillary oscillations. Subsequently, the trapped bubbles of the less volatile fluid are ejected out as the daughter droplets. These ejections are more predominant in higher surfactant concentrations. The ejections frequency reduces with an increase in water %. This enabled the rapid burning of the droplet when compared to base fuel combustion.

Water in diesel emulsion fuel: production, properties, performance, and exhaust emission analysis

Water in diesel emulsion fuel: production, properties, performance, and exhaust emission analysis

Diesel engine performance fuelled with manifold injection of ethanol and water-in-diesel emulsion blends

Growing environmental concerns and rigorous emission rules have fuelled the search for an alternate fuel with cutting-edge engine modifications that can reduce pollutants from compression ignition (CI) engines. Adding water to diesel reduces the nitric oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions while increasing combustion efficiency is a promising standby approach that could help to meet global energy demands as well. Furthermore, injection of alcohol ensures the complete combustion of the fuel mixtures. In this case, two different emulsions with different water-to-diesel ratios are used to inject ethanol into the intake manifold at injection timing (IT) of 5°ATDC with injection duration (ID) of 3-ms (27°CA) to investigate the effects of the ethanol on the performance of modified diesel engine. The test results suggest that higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 31.25% is obtained with 20% water in diesel emulsion along with manifold injected ethanol at 80% load conditions. 10.3% of increment in the BTE was noticed with engine operation on water-in diesel emulsion with ethanol manifold injection compared to baseline diesel operation. Lower smoke emission of 41 HSU was obtained when engine is fuelled with emulsion of 20% water in diesel with manifold injected ethanol at 80% load condition. The smoke emissions were deteriorated by 27.9% with ethanol injection comparatively to that obtained with baseline diesel operation. Declined emissions of NOx, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) by 10.8%, 24.3% and 21% at 80% load were figured out when engine fuelled with an emulsion of 20% water in diesel with manifold injected ethanol compared to baseline diesel operation. Use of a 20% water-in-diesel emulsion with multiple injection of ethanol, delivered at the optimized IT and ID, yields better engine performance and emissions in CI engines.

Study on effects of combustion and exhaust of diesel fuel and diesel water emulsion fuel according to exhaust gas recirculation application in diesel engine

Study on effects of combustion and exhaust of diesel fuel and diesel water emulsion fuel according to exhaust gas recirculation application in diesel engine

A Comprehensive Review on Low-Temperature Combustion Technologies for Emission Reduction in Diesel Engines

Diesel engines are lean burn engines; hence CO and HC emissions in the exhaust are less likely to occur in substantial amounts. The emissions of serious concern in compression ignition engines are particulate matter and nitrogen oxides because of elevated temperature conditions of combustion. Hence the researchers have strived continuously to lower down the temperature of combustion in order to bring down the emissions from CI engines. This has been tried through premixed charge compression ignition, homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), gasoline compression ignition and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI). In this study, an attempt has been made to critically review the literature on low-temperature combustion conditions using various conventional and alternative fuels. The problems and challenges augmented with the strategies have also been described. Water-in-diesel emulsion technology has been discussed in detail. Most of the authors agree over the positive outcomes of water-diesel emulsion for both performance and emissions simultaneously.

The effect of water emulsified diesel on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine

The long-term reliability of employing a water-emulsified diesel fuel blend in a diesel engine was explored in this study. Experiments were carried out to assess the combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of a 3.7 kW, single-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled diesel engine using water emulsified diesel fuel blend E50 [30 % v/v (50% water + 50% ethanol) + 10% v/v octanol + 60% v/v diesel + 31% w/v surfactants (15% w/v PGM + 16% w/v Tween 80)], E0 (30 % v/v ethanol + 10% Octanol + 60 % v/v diesel), and Diesel. The water emulsion blend was found stable.

Study on the characteristics of performance, combustion, and emissions for a diesel water emulsion fuel on a combustion visualization engine and a commercial diesel engine

Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion fuels generate rapid evaporative latent heat owing to the simultaneous vaporization of water particles during the compression (550 °C–700 °C) and combustion processes. Combustion is improved as fuel particulates are emitted during the combustion process. This is due to the reduction in combustion temperature caused by the absorption of this evaporation latent heat and the microexplosions caused by the rapid evaporation of water particulates. This allows the simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxide and smoke, no requirement of additional devices (unlike pre- and post-treatment technologies), and the use of existing diesel engines without any modification. Therefore, this study applied diesel oil (DO) for automobiles and diesel–water emulsion (DWE) fuel to combustion visualization engines and diesel engines to identify the basic combustion and exhaust characteristics. The results showed that the DWE fuel had a −15.3% reduction in combustion duration compared with DO, which had a −19.6% reduction in nitrogen oxide and a −66.3% reduction in smoke.

An Explainable DL-Based Condition Monitoring Framework for Water-Emulsified Diesel CR Systems

Despite global patronage, diesel engines still contribute significantly to urban air pollution, and with the ongoing campaign for green automobiles, there is an increasing demand for controlling/monitoring the pollution severity of diesel engines especially in heavy-duty industries. Emulsified diesel fuels provide a readily available solution to engine pollution; however, the inherent reduction in engine power, component corrosion, and/or damage poses a major concern for global adoption. Notwithstanding, on-going investigations suggest the need for reliable condition monitoring frameworks to accurately monitor/control the water-diesel emulsion compositions for inevitable cases. This study proposes the use of common rail (CR) pressure differentials and a deep one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) with the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) for empirical diagnostic evaluations (and validations) using a KIA Sorento 2004 four-cylinder line engine as a case study. CR pressure signals were digitally extracted at various water-in-diesel emulsion compositions at various engine RPMs, pre-processed, and used for necessary transient and spectral analysis, and empirical validations. Results reveal high model trustworthiness with an average validation accuracy of 95.9%.

Evaluating the hythane/water diesel emulsion dual fuel diesel engine characteristics at various pilot diesel injection timings

In this experimental study was mostly focused on the impact of pilot diesel fuel Injection Timing (IT) on a dual fuel engine. The diesel engine was renewed in to dual fuel mode by injecting the Hythane20 (20% hydrogen and 80Methane) from the inlet manifold and Water in Diesel Emulsion 10 (10% water and 90% diesel WiDE10) as a primary fuel. Initially, the engine was operated at a constant Compression Ratio CR (18.5) and standard IT of 23°bTDC. Further, carried out the experimentation with retarded IT of 20°bTDC and Advanced IT of 26°bTDC. From the obtained results observed the higher Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) for 26°bTDC than the other. It is around 3.1 % higher and 6.45% lower Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) than the diesel. It was also reported drastic reduction in smoke opacity 27.45% than the diesel fuel operation.

Development of water-diesel emulsion through the employment of vibration

With this study, we want to analyse the different techniques used to develop emulsions and then apply a new mechanism to manufacture a water-in diesel emulsion that would be stable for a relatively long period. After the research on previous studies, we confidently applied the knowledge acquired during the time of personal study and the research to develop a system that brought us to keep in a semi-stable state an emulsion of water and diesel for a period of 24 hours. In this research we are not focusing on one of the two aspects that should be noted once you study emulsions: we are trying to develop a stable emulsion through the employment of vibrations without considering the employment of such emulsion in an engine, for the moment.

A review on emission and performance of water diesel micro-emulsified mixture-diesel engine

The diesel engine is a well-known source to supply energy for vehicles such as marine transportation, industrial sectors, road vehicles. However, the large quantity of diesel engine usages in current scenario tends to environmental hazards and that affects the living organisms in a universe. Nowadays, numerous researches have been performed for diminishing the emission of hazardous gases from a diesel engine. For that, the desired amount of water is blended with the engine oil to minimize the particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission, and so on. Moreover, thermal effectiveness of the diesel engine was enhanced with the help of emulsion fuel technique. Henceforth, the current investigation presents a review of water emulsified diesel (WED) fuel performance in the traditional diesel engine. Moreover, this paper is mainly focused on the assessment of emission analysis, combustion of fuel, and physical properties of water–diesel emulsion for the diesel engine. The usage of emulsified fuel has enhanced diesel engine operation. Furthermore, the optimal blend ratio improves the fuel-efficient and reduces fuel emission. The entire research papers of all parameters are compared to validate the effectiveness and improvement of engine performance.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON AN EXHAUST EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE FUELED WITH DIESEL-WATER EMULSION

One of the main sources of global air pollution is the undesirable gas emissions from diesel engines, as well as the accompanied particulate matters (PM). Consequently, the reduction of their amount and quality is highly recommended for clean environment. The present work includes an attempt to use diesel-water emulsion as a fuel on compression ignition (CI) engine emissions and to investigate its effect on these hurtful discharges. For this reason, tests are carried out on a single cylinder, 4-stroke CI engine with steady speed (1500 rpm) and different loads (0-100 %) operated with various proportions of diesel-water emulsions and compared it to the diesel fuel. Four samples of diesel-water emulsions are prepared at ratios of (5, 10, 15 and 20 %) by water volume in diesel and with help of Tween 20 and Oleic Acid as a surfactant to maintain its stability for long periods of time. Gas emissions of the engine are recorded for CO2, CO, HC, and NOX using an exhaust gas analyzer and smoke opacity using a device of smoke meter. Results reveal that the diesel-water emulsion significantly decreases the NOX emissions and smoke opacity. The highest reduction ratio for NOX and smoke opacity are found in case of fuel emulsion DW20, with values of 32.5 % and 39 % respectively, in comparison with that of diesel fuel.