Water Shortage Situation Research Articles

THE ROLE OF GROUNDWATER TO MITIGATE THE DROUGHT AND AS AN ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHITSANULOK IRRIGATION PROJECT, IN THE NAN BASIN, THAILAND

The Phitsanulok Irrigation Project is located in the Nan Basin of the Upper Central Plain of Thailand where farmers depended on both surface water and groundwater. Land use and climate changes are the important factors to determine the runoff from the watershed. The changes also affected to runoff volume/pattern to the dam operation and may cause flood and drought situations in the downstream area. Sirikit Dam is one of the biggest dams in Thailand which cover about 25 % of the runoff into the Central Plain where the Bangkok Capital is located. Though there is the Sirikit Dams storing water to be used during dry period but water allocation is limited and still caused water shortage during dry season. The study aims to determine the role of groundwater to mitigate the drought situation from the past and to study the groundwater use for adaptation to climate change in The Phitsanulok Irrigation Development Project. In this study, the relationship of recharge rate with climate data was developed in terms of precipitation, evapotranspiration, temperature and soil type under monthly time series data and the study found that there were in good relationship. Groundwater will take an important role to alleviate from the water shortage situations in climate change conditions when compared with the situations based on the existing water use pattern. The limit of ground water to alleviate water shortage will be 80 and 77 MCM/year in average, in near future and far future periods to keep water table drawn down in the safe manner even when the Sirikit’s reservoir operation rule is improved.

Silicon fertilization improves the maize (Zea maysL.) performance under limited moisture supply

Field crops are subjected to numerous inconsiderate climatic hazards that negatively affect physiological processes, growth and yield. Drought is one of the major abiotic factors that limits the agricultural productivity especially in the arid and semi-arid areas of the globe. Silicon (Si) is a naturally occurring beneficial nutrient which modulates plant growth and development events and has been known to improve the crop tolerance to abiotic stresses. With the objective to investigate the role of silicon nutrition on maize hybrids under limited moisture supply, a two year field study was conducted during 2010–11 at Post Graduate Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. We evaluated growth of two maize hybrids P-33H25 and FH-810 under well watered (100% field capacity) and water deficit situation (60% field capacity) as affected by Si application. Silicon was added in soil @ 100 mg/kg using Calcium Silicate as source. Water deficit condition significantly reduced agro-morphological and physiological attributes of maize plants. Silicon application significantly increased the plant height, leaf area index, yield and related attributes along with improvement in photosynthetic rate, leaf water status and osmotic adjustment under limited moisture supply. It was concluded that silicon application to droughtstressed maize enhanced its growth and yield owing to improved photosynthetic rate, higher osmotic adjustment, increased water status and lowered transpiration.

The Evaluation of Water Footprints and Sustainable Water Utilization in Beijing

The water footprint approach is superior to the traditional approaches applied in water management. The water footprint can be regarded as a comprehensive indicator of freshwater resources appropriation, next to the traditional and restricted measure of water withdrawal. This study took the megacity of Beijing in North China as a case study to evaluate the sustainability of water utilization by calculating the water footprint in 2007 and 2010, based on real and virtual water consumption. The results show that the water footprint of the inhabitants of Beijing is decreasing, while the degree of water import dependency is increasing. Although the pressure of water scarcity in Beijing was slightly alleviated, the current situation of water shortage remains an enormous challenge, as the water footprint per capita is nearly 10 times higher than the water resources available. Therefore, water utilization in Beijing remains unsustainable. The improvement of water resources utilization efficiency, that encompasses water saving, is proposed as a key measure in the mitigation of water shortage.

Functional characterization of FaNIP1;1 gene, a ripening-related and receptacle-specific aquaporin in strawberry fruit

Strawberry fruit (Fragaria×ananassa) is a soft fruit with high water content at ripe stage (more than 90% of its fresh weight). Aquaporins play an important role in plant water homeostasis, through the facilitation of water transport and solutes. We report the role played by FaNIP1;1 in the receptacle ripening process. The analysis by qRT-PCR of FaNIP1;1 showed that this gene is mainly expressed in fruit receptacle and has a ripening-related expression pattern that was accompanied by an increase in both the abscisic acid and water content of the receptacle throughout fruit ripening. Moreover, FaNIP1;1 was induced in situations of water deficit. Additionally, we show that FaNIP1;1 expression was positively regulated by abscisic acid and negatively regulated by auxins. The water transport capacity of FaNIP1;1 was determined by a stopped-flow spectroscopy in yeast over-expressing FaNIP1;1. Glycerol, H2O2 and boron transport were also demonstrated in yeast. On the other hand, GFP-FaNIP1;1 fusion protein was located in plasma membrane. In conclusion, FaNIP1;1 seems to play an important role increasing the plasma membrane permeability, that allows the water accumulation in the strawberry fruit receptacle throughout the ripening process.

Self and Non-self Discrimination Affects the Seedlings Development of Different Kinship Degrees Under Water Deficit

The strategy adopted by plants for exploit environments with low moisture may depend on the neighbor's identity. Roots of the plants have the ability to discriminate self (roots of the same plant) of non-self (roots of other plants), even without physical contact and while other plants are genetically identical. We investigated if there is any change in the plant behavior that self (Sd) and non-self (NSd) discriminate in situations of water limitation, and whether such behavior can be varied in individuals more or less kin. It was used two Eucalyptus urophylla groups: clones (high kinship-Hk); and population (low kinship-Lk). Split-root plants were planted so that each pot contained either two roots of the same plant (Sd) or of two different plants (NSd). The plants were subjected to full irrigation (Irr) or water deficit (WD) for thirty days, and biomass parameters of were evaluated. Plants of both groups and both discrimination conditions reduced their total dry mass (DMt) under WD. In Hk group, the WD increased the root/shoot ratio (23% compared to irrigated plants) by NSd, indicating that even when plants show a reduction in growth mediated by lack of water, there is an increase in biomass allocation to the roots when the plants interact each plants. In Hk group, the NSd reduced the dry mass (DMr) and volume (Vr) of roots only in Irr. In Lk group, DMt, DMr, Vr, and leaf area were reduced in NSd under Irr condition, whereas under WD, the NSd reduced just the specific leaf area (21% compared to Sd), indicating a change in biomass allocation to leaves. The results suggest that the discrimination is more evident in population group and in non-stressful environments, and although not so pronounced in situations of WD, these responses also occur as observed in Lk plants.

邯郸市生态水网建设水源优化配置模型研究

面对日益凸显的缺水局面和生态环境恶化，邯郸市政府开发建设了邯郸生态水网工程，通过区域性调水，改善了区域严重缺水的现状。面对多种水源的调水选择，采用经济效益、社会效益和环境效益三大目标函数建立了水源优化配制模型。并对传统 “环境效益”函数进行了改进，凸显了“水质质量”指标在选取调水水源中的作用，这一改进对区域水环境修复起到至关重要的作用。 Faced with growing water shortages and deteriorating ecological environment, Handan municipal gov-ernment constructed ecological water network project and improved situation of severe water shortage through the regional water transfer. Confront with a variety of water diversion options, a water optimiza-tion model formulation was established by using economic, social and environmental benefits of the three objective functions. And the traditional “environmental benefits” function has been improved, emphasized the role of the “Water Quality” target in the selection of water diversion, which played a crucial role in environmental remediation.

CO2-EWR: a cleaner solution for coal chemical industry in China

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions become the primary factor for the global warming, whereas carbon dioxide (CO2), as one of the primary greenhouse gases, takes an inescapable responsibility for climate change. Currently, various energy conservation and carbon emission reduction technologies, including the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, as well as other clean, low-carbon energy exploitation technologies exhibit a rapid development trend to alleviate the growing crisis of climate change. Other than traditional CO2 geological storage, a novel geoengineering approach of CO2 geological utilization and storage, named CO2 geological storage combining with deep saline water/brine recovery (CO2-EWR), is put forward to solve the dilemma between the increasing carbon emissions from coal chemical industry and national energy and water security in China. Compared with the traditional CCS technology, CO2-EWR has two advantages: (1) it can control the relief of reservoir pressure and water production by a reasonable design of pumping wells to achieve the security and stability of the large-scale geological storage of CO2; (2) it can collect and process deep saline water after a treatment for life drinking, industrial and/or agricultural utilizations to alleviate the water shortage situation as well as ecological environmental problems, and in addition, the deep brine resources may create considerable profit margins by cascade extraction, which could be used to fill the gap of cost primarily criticized from capture and sequestration processes of current CCS technologies. China mainland can be partitioned into three potential CO2-EWR zones primarily according to different types of aquifer system, whereas considering research and development maturity and cost prediction of the potential technology adopted, it can be found that coal power and coal chemical enterprises in China's western region have an early opportunity. Three sub-modules of CO2-EWR technology including CO2 storage in deep saline aquifer, saline water extraction and desalination as well as brine resources utilization are analyzed from a prospective of energy conservation, carbon emission reduction and environmental friendship. Through detailed analyses, it can be concluded that CO2-EWR technology can be absolutely considered as a clean technology for environmental improvement and green development, and finally development direction and future prospective of the CO2-EWR technology are pointed out.

Study on Water Measuring Facilities in Water-Saving Irrigation District, China

In recent years, the Chinese government has adjust the implementation of national industrial structure and popularize water saving. However, agricultural water consumption still accounted for more than 60% of the total water content. With the rapid development of economy, the situation of water shortage is becoming increasingly serious. In agriculture production, developing accurate quantity water infrastructure projects can promote water saving on agricultural production and advance the process of water-saving agriculture. Based on the analysis of the current situation of agricultural development in China, this manuscript compared the development of the irrigation district management system since 1950s, and summarized the main factors restricting the construction of water-saving irrigation area. The results show that (1) Irrigation facilities coverage remains to be improved. (2) Low accuracy of measuring water facilities. (3) Lack of economic and practical equipment. In addition, this paper also put forward the research and development direction of quantity of water facilities in future. It can provide useful reference for water-saving agriculture development in China.

Study on the Feasibility of Recycling Condensate Water of Lignite by Microwave Dehydration Treatment

As a low-rank coal, the high moisture content of lignite need to be dehydrated and refined before combustion. To alleviate the water shortage situation of lignite region, this paper put forward a way of microwave dehydration to recycling the water out of lignite. By detecting the chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, hardness, ions, organic compounds of lignite, it can be concluded that the dehydration ratio of lignite reaches 70~80%, and the water quality as ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus was close to industrial standard. While the chemical oxygen demand exceeded the standard scope as well as trace amount of poisonous metal elements and organic compounds causing cancer, this will become the main task of subsequent purification process.

Optimal Water Allocation in Shortage Situations as Applied to an Irrigation Community

AbstractThis work studies the most beneficial way of allocating water in an irrigation community in water shortage situations. Therefore, it proposes that the irrigation surface area be divided into homogeneous zones, each with a beneficial relationship with respect to the water applied. The mathematical formula that enables one to obtain the optimal quota for the users or irrigation community as a whole has been found for individual relations of a quadratic or power type, and these have yielded different and complementary characteristics. Dimensionless variables have been used to display the results, and to compare with other alternative allocation rules such as the proportional rule, referencing the situation without water restrictions. As a result, for each water shortage situation, the water that is allocated to each user is obtained, together with the losses in individual income and the losses for the community as a whole. Furthermore, a proposal is put forth for establishing the marginal benefit fro...

A STOCHASTIC APPROACH TO ANALYSE WATER MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS AT THE RIVER BASIN LEVEL

ABSTRACTQuantitative analysis techniques have gained a great deal of popularity with decision‐makers and analysts in recent years, and this is also the case in the hydrology sector. In this paper, the Basin‐wide Holistic Integrated Water Assessment (BHIWA) model developed by the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) was updated by the author to simulate the water balance of the Yellow River Basin in China, as well as to analyse the impacts of land and water use on return flows of this basin under past (1980), present (2000), and future (2030 and 2050) conditions. Stochastic analysis was then carried out using the Monte Carlo simulation method, by randomly selecting sets of values for the probability distributions in the cell values and formulas to quantify the risks in terms of water quantity and quality resulting from return flow. The model amply demonstrates the serious water shortage situation in the future. Developing the strategy of water‐saving measures would greatly enhance the efficiency of irrigation water use, and decrease water withdrawal for irrigation. In addition to this, a possible opportunity to transfer water from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River also came to light. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The rehabilitation of a reservoir: A new methodological approach for calculating the sustainable useful storage capacity

Present work introduces the sustainable useful storage capacity as the minimum storage capacity able to satisfy the water demand for drinkable, industrial and irrigational purposes and necessary in order to overcome water deficit situations which, at least in Central Southern Italy, occur in the summer, when agricultural demand is really high. Sediment volumes to be removed from the reservoir bottom will be calculated as the difference between the current and the sustainable useful storage capacities of the reservoir in study. The calculation methodology of the useful sustainable storage capacity, based on the reservoir water balance between inflows at the reservoir and water demand, has been applied to the Camastra reservoir (Basilicata, Southern Italy), for which numerous reliable data including more than 40 years of inflows and water supplied volumes and data relative to 7 bathymetric surveys are available. Result analysis shows that this methodology, at least in the study case, enables sediment quantities to be removed more sustainably from a technical, economical and environmental point of view.

Phenolic Compounds and Saponins in Quinoa Samples (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Grown under Different Saline and Nonsaline Irrigation Regimens

Quinoa is a pseudocereal from South America that has received increased interest around the world because it is a good source of different nutrients and rich in antioxidant compounds. Thus, this study has focused on the effects of different agronomic variables, such as irrigation and salinity, on the phenolic and saponin profiles of quinoa. It was observed that irrigation with 25% of full water restitution, with and without the addition of salt, was associated with increases in free phenolic compounds of 23.16 and 26.27%, respectively. In contrast, bound phenolic compounds were not affected by environmental stresses. Saponins decreased if samples were exposed to drought and saline regimens. In situations of severe water deficit, the saponins content decreased 45%, and 50% when a salt stress was added. The results suggest that irrigation and salinity may regulate the production of bioactive compounds in quinoa, influencing its nutritional and industrial values.

Effect of irrigation disruption and biological nitrogen on growth and flower yield in Calendula officinalis L.

To evaluate the effect of irrigation disruption and biological nitrogen on growth and yield of in Calendula officinalis L ., an experiment was conducted as split plot at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture of Urmia University (latitude 37.53°N, 45.08°E, and 1320 m above sea level), Urmia-Iran in 2010. Treatments including irrigation (irrigation disruption at first, second, third harvest and without disruption as control) as main plot and amount of biological nitrogen (0, 3, 6 and 9 L/ha of nitroxin) as sub plots were arranged in randomized complete block design, with three replications. Results show the significant effect of irrigation disruption on the stem weight and of biological nitrogen on the stem weight and capitulate diameter. Interaction effect between irrigation and biological nitrogen was significant on the leaf weight, stem length, the number of sub stem, biomass, and seed yield, and harvest index of seed. The highest biomass (1298.5 g/m2) and seed yield (68.83 g/m2) were obtained from irrigation disruption at second and third harvest with 6 and 9 L/ha of nitroxin application, respectively. In addition, the maximum (4.29 %) harvest index was obtained from irrigation disruption at third and second harvest with 9 L/ha of nitroxin application. In conclusion, lower amounts of nitrogen was needed to produced the optimal yield of seed in water deficit situation compared with non stress condition, while the nitrogen needed to produce the biomass was in higher amounts. Key words : Calendula officinalis , capitulate, nitroxin, water stress, yield.

The Study on Urban Water Supply and Consumption of Huabei Plain

As is known to all, Huabei plain is a area of water shortage. The situation of water shortage is serious in some urban areas, which affects the regional sustainable development. In this paper, the relationship between urbanization and water use in Huabei plain is studied. The results indicate that the urban water consumption in this area increased very quickly in past two decades, which is key factor resulting in the water shortage. The factors determined the growth of water consumption are different among the cities. According to the water consumption feature, the cities are classified into four types. In order to mitigate the contradiction between water resource supply and water consumption, it is important to adjust the urban industrial structure and develop the techniques for saving water in production. In addition, it is also necessary to establish regional water supply network.

Effect of pH and MWCO on textile effluents ultrafiltration by tubular ceramic membranes

Textile industries are considered as one of the most polluting among all the industrial sectors. Therefore, the disposal of textile effluents without the appropriate treatment entails high environmental risks. Moreover, and due to water shortage situations, industries are becoming aware of the need for investing in innovative treatment technologies for water reclamation, such as membrane filtration. This work studies the performance of three commercial ceramic ultrafiltration membranes treating raw effluents from a textile mill. The effect of both pH and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) on membrane performance was determined while working on concentration mode. Results showed a noticeable influence of both pH and MWCO on process performance. The best results were obtained for the lowest pH tested (8). At higher pH values, higher fouling rates were achieved. On the other hand, higher fluxes were obtained as MWCO was increased but simultaneously, higher rates of membrane fouling were also observed. Permeate ...

On the Scenario Simulation of Xinjiang Production of Water Resources Based on the IPAT Model

This document explains and demonstrates which should be taken in Xinjiang mode of development in the current water shortage situation. Using scenario analysis method and IPAT model（Impact, Population, Affluence, Technolog）, the article demonstrates seven possible development scenarios and analyzes each scenarios for the future use of water resources in oasis. By comparing and analysising, the scenario 4 (accelerated economic growth, adjusting the industrial structure, strengthen water-saving water consumption of the weak control) and the scenario 7 (accelerated economic growth, adjusting the industrial structure, strengthen water-saving water consumption of the strong control) can be the most executive mode. This document will play a positive guiding significance in the actual work of water resources in Xinjiang Oasis on some degree.

Molecular characterisation of a mycorrhizal inoculant that enhances Trifolium alexandrium resistance under water stress conditions

The occurrence of drought is an economically important problem in Morocco. The use of mycorrhizal technology offers a possibility to overcome this problem. A mycorrhizal fungal inoculum “Aoufous Complex” isolated in Morocco was shown to enhance Trifolium alexandrium resistance in water deficit situation. The efficiency of this inoculum was confirmed in this study. In order to identify this inoculum, specific primers were used to amplify the 18S subunit. The AluI RFLP typing of the PCR products revealed a single pattern showing no diversity. Phylogenetic analyses of seven sequences including other glomeromycetes allowed an unambiguous identification of the “Aoufous Complex” as Glomus mosseae strains.

Medicago truncatulaRoot Nodule Proteome Analysis Reveals Differential Plant and Bacteroid Responses to Drought Stress

Drought is one of the environmental factors most affecting crop production. Under drought, symbiotic nitrogen fixation is one of the physiological processes to first show stress responses in nodulated legumes. This inhibition process involves a number of factors whose interactions are not yet understood. This work aims to further understand changes occurring in nodules under drought stress from a proteomic perspective. Drought was imposed on Medicago truncatula 'Jemalong A17' plants grown in symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 2011. Changes at the protein level were analyzed using a nongel approach based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Due to the complexity of nodule tissue, the separation of plant and bacteroid fractions in M. truncatula root nodules was first checked with the aim of minimizing cross contamination between the fractions. Second, the protein plant fraction of M. truncatula nodules was profiled, leading to the identification of 377 plant proteins, the largest description of the plant nodule proteome so far. Third, both symbiotic partners were independently analyzed for quantitative differences at the protein level during drought stress. Multivariate data mining allowed for the classification of proteins sets that were involved in drought stress responses. The isolation of the nodule plant and bacteroid protein fractions enabled the independent analysis of the response of both counterparts, gaining further understanding of how each symbiotic member is distinctly affected at the protein level under a water-deficit situation.

Genetic Algorithms Connected Simulation with Smoothing Function for Searching Rule Curves

Rule curves are fundamental guidelines for operating a reservoir system. The objective of this paper is to find a suitable objective function and to propose a smoothing function constraint for searching the optimal rule curves by using genetic algorithms connected simulation model. The results show that an average water shortage is the optimal objective function for searching the optimal rule curves. It can represent the situations of water deficit and excess release. The results also indicate that a moving average applied to be the constraint of searching can reduce the variation of the upper and lower rule curves. Further, the developed model has been applied to determine the optimal rule curves of the Bhumibol and Sirikit Reservoirs (the Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand). It is shown that the model gives the rule curves which are more mitigate the situations of water deficit and excess release than the existing rule curves. It is also concluded that the genetic algorithms connected simulation with the smoothing constraint is more effective than the model without constraint.