Water Conservation Activities Research Articles

Characterization and Identification of Major Constraints and Potentials of Kiltu Sorsa Watershed, in Guji Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a country seriously affected by different natural resource degradation that included soil, vegetation, biodiversity and water degradation and climate deterioration. The study was conducted at Adola Rede District of Guji Zone, in Southern Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were to document baseline information on socioeconomic aspects and to document major biophysical and socio-economic constraints and potentials of the study watershed. The survey data were collected using key informant interview, focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews and guided field observations. A total of 60 respondents were selected for semi-structured interviews by means of simple random sampling methods. The majority (65%) of the respondent households were practiced physical and biological soil and water conservation activities. However, about 35% of the sampled households were not practiced soil and water conservation activities due to lack of awareness, lack of materials and labor. In the study watershed five major constraints such as land and soil related constraints, production related constraints, institutional and infrastructure related constraints, livestock related constraints and socio-economic related constraints were identified. However, suitable agro-ecology, availability of labor force, youth and women associations and informal institutions were the major identified potentials in the study watershed. Therefore, by using the potentials/opportunities of the study watershed and through providing quality extension services and training on soil and water conservation practices it is possible to enhance farmers participation and technical limitations. Moreover, for sustainable watershed management of the study area different soil and water conservation structures are very significant in various land use system of the study watershed through active participation of the local communities.

Molecular characterization, localization, and physiological roles of ITP and ITP-L in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

The insect ion transport peptide (ITP) and its alternatively spliced variant, ITP-like peptide (ITP-L), belong to the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family of peptides and are widely conserved among insect species. While limited, studies have characterized the ITP/ITP-L signaling system within insects, and putative functions including regulation of ion and fluid transport, ovarian maturation, and thirst/excretion have been proposed. Herein, we aimed to molecularly investigate Itp and Itp-l expression profiles in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, examine peptide immunolocalization and distribution within the adult central nervous system, and elucidate physiological roles for these neuropeptides. Transcript expression profiles of both AedaeItp and AedaeItp-l revealed distinct enrichment patterns in adults, with AedaeItp expressed in the brain and AedaeItp-l expression predominantly within the abdominal ganglia. Immunohistochemical analysis within the central nervous system revealed expression of AedaeITP peptide in a number of cells in the brain and in the terminal ganglion. Comparatively, AedaeITP-L peptide was localized solely within the pre-terminal abdominal ganglia of the central nervous system. Interestingly, prolonged desiccation stress caused upregulation of AedaeItp and AedaeItp-l levels in adult mosquitoes, suggesting possible functional roles in water conservation and feeding-related activities. RNAi-mediated knockdown of AedaeItp caused an increase in urine excretion, while knockdown of both AedaeItp and AedaeItp-l reduced blood feeding and egg-laying in females as well as hindered egg viability, suggesting roles in reproductive physiology and behavior. Altogether, this study identifies AedaeITP and AedaeITP-L as key pleiotropic hormones, regulating various critical physiological processes in the disease vector, A. aegypti.

Forest Management Units As A Manager Of Watershed Management (Implementation Of One Watershed, One Plan, One Manager)

Watershed management is very important because there is a decrease in the quality of the environment in the watershed. Current problems in watershed management are due to the existence of an egosectoral, not yet integrated and the absence of institutions that specifically and intensely manage watersheds from upstream to downstream well through community empowerment programs and soil and water conservation activities. Forest Management Units as a site-level organization is present as a solution to the problem of watershed management by becoming a watershed manager. The watershed manager functions to coordinate, manage, and manage, together with other stakeholders to achieve watershed management objectives.

Case History of Random Material Shear Strength Evaluation using In-situ Large Scale Direct Shear Test in the Construction of the Longest Dam in the Southeast Asian

A modern dam offers many benefits to society, including water conservation, farming sustainability, energy source, and recreational activities. In Indonesia, more than 50 dams are constructed as strategic national projects within the last decade. A zoned earth-fill dam, built using soil and rock materials, is one of the most common dam types in Indonesia. This dam allows a specific material type to be placed in a particular zone, including random material fill zone. A random material is usually obtained from dam excavation work as well as borrow area. It normally contains wide range of grain sizes and a variety of weathering degree. On one hand, this material is very economic. On the other hand, it introduces a challenge in shear strength assessment. Random material frequently contains large size grain that inhibits regular laboratory test use. A catastrophic Indonesian dam construction failure in 2021 was partly attributed to inadequacy in assessing shear strength of random material. This case history highlighted the importance of a proper random material shear strength evaluation. The other dams coincidentally under construction at that time then experienced rigorous shear strength evaluations, including Semantok Dam in Nganjuk, East Java. This dam, designed to be approximately 33-m max high and 3.1-km long, is the current longest dam in the Southeast Asian. An in-situ large scale direct shear device as large as 80 cm × 80 cm × 30 cm was developed to test random material in Semantok Dam. Eight locations in random fill zones were selected. Three series of direct shear test were conducted in each location. Testing results based on 24-large size sample showed a great variability in Mohr-Coulomb parameters. The angle of internal friction ranged from 11.4° to 36.7° with average value of 27.8°, whereas the cohesion varied from 25.3 kPa to 138.6 kPa with average value of 85.2 kPa. High variation in shear strength parameters showed that such test should be performed to verify the design parameter. This in-situ large scale direct shear test provides an appealing method to assess shear strength of random material. This large-scale test is strongly recommended for a common practice in dam construction.

Water Conservation Campaign: Attitude and Public Participation in Faridabad City

Water is a renewable natural resource but overutilization of water has created serious problem and today it has become a matter of great concern for its sustainability and safeguard. With growing demand of water in faridabad, the ground water aquifer as well as water supply is under great stress. It is very important and need of the hour to understand the water scarcity issue and to adopt water conservation methods. This initiative can also facilitate the implementation of appropriate policies for water demand management. Water conservation strategies and steps have been taken by the government at national, state and local level to reduce the stress to safeguard the water availability. The present research discusses the attitude and participation of households to their water conservation adoptability and campaign initiated at government level to sustain the water resource. Primary data and secondary data have been collected. The study explores the behavioural aspects of public toward the natural water resource sustainability in the present situation. The study finding could be supportive to take further steps to create awareness and involvement in water conservation activities

Designing Soil and Water Conservation Practices in the Tinalah Sub-watershed

The Tinalah sub-watershed has been degraded as a result of community activities that do not adhere to conservation principles. The goal of this research was to identify the different types of soil and water conservation techniques used by the community in the Tinalah sub-watershed, as well as to design soil and water conservation activities for watershed conservation in the Tinalah sub-watershed, Kulon Progo. Data was gathered through interviews and observation. The SWOT model was used to analyze the data. According to the findings, the majority of soil and water conservation techniques used on upstream land were mechanical, with nearly 66.66% being mechanical and 33.33% being a combination of vegetative and mechanical. In the middle watershed area, nearly one hundred percent is a combination of mechanical and vegetative, whereas the majority in the downstream area is mechanical (75%). According to the SWOT analysis, the activities in the context of implementing the conservation technique are as follows: a. providing assistance to members of farmer groups so that they can support agricultural activities carried out, b. holding regular meetings between members of farmer groups to maintain a sense of cooperation, and c. developing a plan for soil and water conservation activities to protect the Tinalah sub-watershed ecosystem.

Integration of High-Accuracy Geospatial Data and Machine Learning Approaches for Soil Erosion Susceptibility Mapping in the Mediterranean Region: A Case Study of the Macta Basin, Algeria

Erosion can have a negative impact on the agricultural sustainability and grazing lands in the Mediterranean area, especially in northern Algeria. It is useful to map the spatial occurrence of erosion and identify susceptible erodible areas on large scale. The main objective of this research was to compare the performance of four machine learning techniques: Categorical boosting, Adaptive boosting, Convolutional Neural Network, and stacking ensemble models to predict the occurrence of erosion in the Macta basin, northwestern Algeria. Several climatologic, morphologic, hydrological, and geological factors based on multi-sources data were elaborated in GIS environment to determine the erosion factors in the studied area. The conditioning factors encompassing rainfall erosivity, slope, aspect, elevation, LULC, topographic wetness index, distance from river, distance from roads, clay mineral ratio, lithology, and geology were derived via the integration of topographic attributes and remote sensing data including Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 within a GIS framework. The inventory map of soil erosion was created by integrating data from the global positioning system to locate erosion sites, conducting extensive field surveys, and analyzing satellite images obtained from Google Earth through visual interpretation. The dataset was divided randomly into two sets with 60% for training and calibrating and 40% for testing the models. Statistical metrics including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were used to assess the validity of the proposed models. The results revealed that machine learning and deep learning, as well stacking ensemble techniques, showed outstanding performance with accuracy over 98% with sensitivity 0.98 and specificity 0.98. Policy makers and local authorities can utilize the predicted erosion susceptibility maps to promote sustainable use of water and soil conservation and safeguard agricultural activities against potential damage.

The Perception of Farmers on Soil Erosion and Conservation Measures in the Surrounding Areas of Lake Ziway, Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

The level of sediment deposited in the Lake Ziway is increasing through time as a result of soil erosion, and eventually the depth of the lake has decreased. Therefore, the objective of the study was to assess farmers’ perception of soil erosion and the conservation measures to the surrounding areas of Lake Ziway in the central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The survey was made using purposive sampling techniques. The survey has considered the 14 Kebeles from the 3 districts adjacent to the lake. From each Kebele, 10 respondents were selected randomly. Totally, 140 respondents were selected from the community. The descriptive statistic was used to compare the dependent variables. The majority of respondents (92.2%) have observed the presence of soil erosion in the study area. The hillsides and slope areas are the major sources of soil erosion, according to 80% of the respondents. The respondents that have identified the most and least susceptible soils to erosion by their textural classes are sand soil (Biyyo Chirecha) (57.1%) and soft clay soil (Biyyo Bole) (1.4%), respectively. The soil erosion is increasing in their cultivated land and surrounding areas. The study has found that most of the respondents (86.5%) are participating in soil and water conservation activities. Leucaena leucocephala, Faidherbia albida, Azadirachta indica, and Schinus molle are the dominant tree species planted in the study area for soil and water conservation purposes. In conclusion, there is heavy soil loss due to erosion on cultivated land from the upland which directly deposited to Lake Ziway as sediment which decreases the lake depth. The study recommends that appropriate soil and water conservation measures and land management should be implemented on erosion prone areas in the Lake Ziway watershed with full participation of all stakeholders including the local farmers.

Assessment and Documentation of Indigenous and Introduced Soil and Water Conservation Measures in Some Parts of Southern Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, soil and water conservation (SWC) activities were initiated after the famines of 1973 and 1985. Subsequently, various conservation measures were implemented by the government and non-governmental organizations to improve sustainable agricultural production. This study was designed to identify, measure, and describe indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in four zones of Southern Ethiopia, namely Wolaita, Hadiya, Kambata Tambaro, and Dawro. It was found that biological, physical, and agronomic measures were implemented in the study area. However, the technical evaluation results reveal that certain practices, such as traditional cutoff drain, fanya juu, soil bund, stone-faced soil bund, brushwood, and gabion check-dams face technical, social, and institutional challenges. The results also indicate that less attention has been given to indigenous SWC practices by different stakeholders including government organizations (GOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and research institutes. As a result, their respective dimensions were not modified, effective measures were not upscaled, and circulated to other areas with similar agroecology and farming systems. In general, farmers in the study area are well acquainted with soil erosion, its causes, and the consequent reduction in land productivity. The results of our research will undoubtedly aid in identifying and documenting the practices that have been identified for future reference.

Keterpaduan Lintas Sektoral Dalam Pengembangan Kebijakan Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) pada Wilayah Sungai Aceh Meureudu Provinsi Aceh

Water resources management is a hot topic in the world. Integrated Water Resources Management is a process that integrates water management, land, and other related resources in a coordinated way to maximize economic and social welfare equally without sacrificing the sustainability of vital ecosystems. The principle is formulated in the form of integration of natural systems and human systems, the last concerning the cross-sectoral integrity in policy development; the integration of stakeholders in the process of planning and decision-making and cross-regional integrity. Various water resources management institutions exist in Indonesia, but follow-up in water management is still weak. Some inefficiencies occur in water management in Indonesia. Implementation of existing water policies has not been in accordance with existing laws. The bureaucratic structure is ineffective, thus not contributing to the development of water governance in Indonesia. This study tries to compile and analysis of some best practices and constraints of interdependent relationships of stakeholders on the process of planning and decision making of integrated water management. The study took place at the Aceh-Meureudu River Basin in Aceh Province, which is one of the national-strategic river basins. The method used in this study was descriptive analytic which illustrate the inter-institution coordination at the river basin in water conservation activities, water resource utilization, and controlling the destructive power of water. The results of these compilations of water resources management in the river basin indicate the differences in implementation caused by differences in regulations between sectors at several district and provincial institutions, even though there is the scheme of water resources management made by and with the approval of Water Resources Management Coordination Team. Some of the planned management schemes were not implemented because of the conflict of regulations. The results of this evaluation should be input for improving the development of water resources management policies in the Aceh-Meureudu River Basin.

Study on Land Use/Land Cover and NDVI Changes in Alliveru Watershed Project of West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System

Government of India has taken up Integrated Watershed Development Program (IWMP), now Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) watersheds to restore the ecological balance by harnessing, conserving, and developing degraded natural resources such as soil, vegetation, and water in rainfed areas of the country. In Alliveru Project of Buttaigudem Mandal, West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, the watershed programme was started during 20132014 and completed in 20202021. The present study was taken up to assess the impact of watershed activities on LULC and NDVI using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. Terrain corrected Resourcesat-2 LISS IV for year 201415 and 20202,1Erdas Imagine 2015, and ArcGIS 10.8 software have been used in the present study. Onscreen visual interpretation technique has been used while carrying out LULC change analysis and image processing has been used to generate NDVI images. NDVI analysis has shown increase in the vegetative cover in the project area. Significant changes were observed in LULC over the project implementation period due to the soil and water conservation activities by the State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) under Panchayat Raj & Rural Development (PR&RD) Department. The results showed reduction in wastelands by 21.10% and increase in cropland and plantation by 4.47% and 6.36% respectively. Another positive indicator of watershed development in the project area is the increase in waterbodies by 43.88% due to construction of rain water harvesting structures , that is, 43 check dams, 44 percolation tanks, 6 farm ponds and 2 mini percolation tanks.

Motivations for Adopting Proactive Environmental Management Accounting Practices: Evidence from South African Firms

By examining environmental management accounting practices (EMAP) in South African companies, the study assists the company management to better understand their EMAP more broadly and establish effective EMAP to improve environmental management. This paper explores EMAP adopted by South African companies in Gauteng province and understands the motivation for applying the EMAP. Companies from different industrial sectors were used as the study sample. To accomplish the major aim of the study, 202 questionnaires were received as valid from the environmental managers, accountants and production managers. The study establishes that the companies are mostly using environmental management system, environmental reporting, waste management and water conservation activities as the key EMAP. This indicates that South African companies opt for EMAP with little cost involved and EMAP that does not require advanced systems in place. Also, financial gains were identified as the major motivation of EMAP adoption. This is followed by stakeholder pressure, marketing pressure and regulatory pressure. This paper will amplify literature on the EMAP adopted within industrial sectors and the motivation of adopting EMAP from an emerging market standpoint.

Community participation in soil and water conservation as a disaster mitigation effort

Upstream watershed management that is not suitable for its carrying capacity causes watershed degradation, shown by the land degradation and landslides in the upstream area (on-site), sedimentation, flooding, and drought in the downstream area (off-site). One of the disaster mitigation efforts is the implementation of soil and water conservation in the upstream watershed, which requires community participation. Generally, community participation is still passive participation. The research aimed to identify community participation in soil and water conservation, and efforts to increase community participation in mitigating hydro-meteorological disasters. The research was conducted in the Micro Naruan Catchment, upstream of the Keduang Sub Watershed, the Bengawan Solo Watershed. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussions. The data are community perceptions of soil and water conservation, local wisdom related to soil and water conservation, and community participation of soil and water conservation activities from planning to evaluation. As mitigation efforts, soil and water conservation activities include planting perennial crops and controlling surface and gully erosion. The results show that: 1) people in the upstream watershed do not fully understand the linkages between upstream and downstream in the watershed; 2) community participation in soil and water conservation is not yet optimal; and 3) the community has local wisdom in soil and water conservation. To increase community participation in soil and water conservation, it is recommended that the techniques and patterns applied are not only to reduce disaster risk but also to improve the community’s economy.

Water conservation behavior: Exploring the role of social, psychological, and behavioral determinants.

Water conservation is vital to safeguard future water availability when natural resources like water become extremely scarce. It is fundamental to understand the significant determinants of water conservation activities which can also facilitate the implementation of appropriate policies for water demand management. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine the important social, psychological, and behavioral factors of water conservation behavior. A questionnaire survey was used to collect the data from 625 international students and employees from different universities in Japan. The structural equation modeling demonstrated that the proposed model explained 46% of the variation in water conservation behavior. Awareness of water issues was highly related to attitude, responsibility, and culture. Except for culture, attitude and responsibility were significantly connected with emotion. Finally, emotion, habit, culture and involvement were significantly and positively associated with water conservation behavior. These factors are incorporated for the first time in this study into a single model to better understand individual water conservation behavior. The sequential regression model showed that all determinants including demographic factors raised the variation's proportion by 53% in water conservation. Female participants had a significantly higher positive attitude, emotion, and water conservation behavior than male participants. Older participants exhibited higher levels of awareness, habit, culture, and water conservation behavior when compared to younger people. Lastly, participants believed that the most dominant component in water conservation behavior was the awareness of water issues. These findings could assist policymakers in raising household awareness, accountability, and involvement towards water conservation efforts.

Multi-Objective Water Planning in a Poor Water Data Region: Aragvi River Basin

Water resources planning in regions with sufficient data continuity and quality is complex, but in regions with poor water data, the task is further complicated. In this paper, we share our experience developing a multi-objective technical assessment of water resources in a region with scarce water data. This research is an example of collaborative modeling in which stakeholders were involved during the modeling process to create a model using the Shared Vision collaborative strategy for water planning in the Aragvi River Basin in the country of Georgia. We developed a regional water planning model suitable for evaluating water supply and water demand interaction as well as current and alternative water management strategies. Remarks from scenario development enlightened the need for water efficiency and conservation activities as currently the system is not entirely reliable, and its reliability is expected to decline with population growth and increased hydropower demands. This research is a strong foundation for future water-related projects in the region.

Forty Years of Soil and Water Conservation Policy, Implementation, Research and Development in Indonesia: A Review

Dominated by mountainous topography, high rainfall, and erosion-sensitive soil types, and with the majority of its population living in rural areas as farmers, most of Indonesia’s watersheds are highly vulnerable to erosion. In 1984, the Government of Indonesia established 22 priority watersheds to be handled, which marked the start of formal soil and water conservation activities. Although it has not fully succeeded in improving watershed conditions from all aspects, something which is indicated by fluctuations in the area of degraded land, over the past 40 years the Indonesian government has systematically implemented various soil and water conservation techniques in various areas with the support of policies, laws and regulations, and research and development. These systematic efforts have shown positive results, with a 40% reduction in the area of degraded land over the last 15 years from 2004–2018. This paper reviews policy, implementation, and research and development of soil and water conservation activities in Indonesia over the last 40 years from the 1980s to 2020 and explores the dynamics of the activities.

Feasibility of investment installation using SWRO in Seribu Island, Indonesia

Population balance and water availability need to be considered. Indonesia as an agrarian country has abundant marine resource wealth. This condition makes Indonesia a center for marine tourism. The purpose of this research was to analyze water management in Seribu islands as national and foreign marine tourism which are then considered in the provision of sustainable clean water. This research method used descriptive ecological analysis which refers to the literature and data sourced from the amount of groundwater availability based on rainfall, evapotranspiration, and dry length. Secondary data collected in this study include statistics and monographs of the study area, climatological meteorological data in the form of rainfall, dry months, and air temperature is taken throughout 2019. The results showed that the water quality in the Seribu Islands deteriorated when the dry season arrived and when excessive groundwater extraction occurred. In addition, efforts to develop water management in the Seribu Islands are unplanned and sustainable while the population continues to increase. The growth of homestays, the number of tourists, public facilities such as hospitals, schools, and dormitories triggered the conversion of planting land. Pramuka Island has an unplanned harbor development which has an impact on water resources. Management and planning for the development of Reverse Osmosis Seawater (SWRO) in the Seribu Islands need to be reconsidered for the supply and management of resources also for the water conservation activities that have not been effective.

Predictors of Hotel Guests’ Water Conservation Intention in South Africa

Purpose: South Africa is a water-scarce country and efforts to conserve water should focus on both demand and supply management. The study that directed this article, investigated the predictors of water conservation intention by hotel guests by extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Two constructs (environmental concern and water conservation activities in everyday life) were added to the TPB to develop a unique model of predictors of water conservation intention by hotel guests. The indirect effect of environmental concern was also examined. Methodology: The study followed a quantitative research design. The cross-sectional survey method was used for data collection from hotel guests and the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS SEM) was used for data analysis. Findings: The findings of the study indicated that the extended TPB model is useful in predicting the water conservation intention of hotel guests. In addition, attitude, perceived behavioural control and water conservation activities in everyday life mediate the relationship between environmental concern and intention. Research implications: Theoretically, the study developed and tested a unique model of water conservation intention by extending the TPB. Managerial implications that focus on both management and guests are discussed. Originality: The study developed and tested a unique model of predictors of water conservation intention by extending the TPB with two constructs and examining the mediation effect.

Smallholder farmers’ perception of climate change and adaptation strategy choices in Central Ethiopia

Purpose Smallholder farmers have always been profoundly the first to be impacted by climate change, and therefore, farmers understanding of climate change and accessibility to alternative adaptation strategies are crucial for reducing the effect of climate change. The purpose of this study is to assess the perception of farmers to climate change, adaptation strategies and determinants of adaptation choice in central Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach The study used data from randomly selected 240 farm households. Descriptive statistics were used to describe farmers’ perceptions of climate change and adaptation strategies. Also, a multivariate probit model was used to identify the major factors affecting farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies to climate change in central Ethiopia. Findings Smallholder farmers perceive climate change in the past two decades in response; the majority (91.47%) of farmers used adaptation options. Improved crop varieties and input intensity, crop diversification, planting date adjustment, soil and water conservation activities and changing of the crop type were used as adaptation options in the study area. A few of these strategies were significantly confirmed a complementary and supplementary relationship. The study identified sex, family size, agroecology, climate information, crop-fail history and formal extension service as significant determinants for farmers’ adaptation choices as these variables significantly affected more than two farmers’ adaptation strategies simultaneously. Research limitations/implications Farmers’ choice of adaptation was highly constrained by institutional factors and all these identified factors can be possibly addressed through a better institutional service provision system. It is, therefore, recommended that local administrators should explore the institutional service provision system for a better farm-level adaptation while considering demographic characteristics as well. Originality/value This study identified factors affecting farmers’ several adaptation strategies at a time and provides information for the policymaker to make cost-effective interventions for better farm-level adaptation practices.

Spatial-Temporal Trend Analysis of Rainfall Erosivity and Erosivity Density of Tropical Area in Air Bengkulu Watershed, Indonesia

Abstract There have been many studies on rainfall erosivity and erosivity density (ED). However, it was not widely developed in Indonesia as a tropical country and has unique precipitation patterns. They are indicators for assessing the potential risk of soil erosion. The Air Bengkulu Watershed is undergoing severe land degradation due to soil erosion. This study aimed to analyze spatial-temporal in rainfall erosivity and ED based on monthly rainfall data (mm). The data used consisted of 19 weather stations during the period 2006–2020 and which are sparsely distributed over the watershed. The analysis was done by using Arnold's equation. Then, the trend was tested using parametric and non-parametric statistics, and analysed with linear regression equation, and Spearman's Rho and Mann Kendall's tests. The spatial distribution of both algorithms was analysed using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method based on the geographic information system (GIS). Unlike previous research findings, The long-term average monthly rainfall erosivity and ED revealed a general increase and decreasing trend, whereas it was found to be non-significant when both indices were observed. However, these results indicate a range from 840.94 MJ · mm−1 · ha−1 · h−1 · a−1, 552.42 MJ · mm−1 · ha−1 · h−1 · a−1 to 472.09 MJ · mm−1 · ha−1 · h−1 · a−1 in that November month followed by December and April are the most susceptible months for soil erosion. Therefore, The upstream area of the region shows that various anthropogenic activities must be managed properly by taking into account the rainfall erosivity on the environment and that more stringent measures should be followed in soil and water conservation activities.