Abstract
Dominated by mountainous topography, high rainfall, and erosion-sensitive soil types, and with the majority of its population living in rural areas as farmers, most of Indonesia’s watersheds are highly vulnerable to erosion. In 1984, the Government of Indonesia established 22 priority watersheds to be handled, which marked the start of formal soil and water conservation activities. Although it has not fully succeeded in improving watershed conditions from all aspects, something which is indicated by fluctuations in the area of degraded land, over the past 40 years the Indonesian government has systematically implemented various soil and water conservation techniques in various areas with the support of policies, laws and regulations, and research and development. These systematic efforts have shown positive results, with a 40% reduction in the area of degraded land over the last 15 years from 2004–2018. This paper reviews policy, implementation, and research and development of soil and water conservation activities in Indonesia over the last 40 years from the 1980s to 2020 and explores the dynamics of the activities.
Highlights
There are three categories of institutions of SWC in Indonesia, namely: 1, government institutions formed under the mandate of laws and other regulations; 2, institutions formed by the government, consisting of NGO administrators, academics, researchers, and environmentalists who are concerned with SWC activities; and 3, institutions formed by the community
Since the establishment of the Ministry of Forestry (MoF) in 1983, SWC in the forestry sector has been conducted by the Directorate General of Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation to prepare a watershed management plan, while the Ministry of Public Works prepares a watershed management plan based on irrigation interests
Management of the Upper Solo Watershed”. This cooperation was undertaken in order to formulate a watershed management system through trial activities in various areas of the Solo Upper Watershed, activities which became recognized as milestones in the watershed management system in Indonesia
Summary
Hunggul Yudono Setio Hadi Nugroho 1, * , Tyas Mutiara Basuki 1 , Irfan Budi Pramono 1 , Endang Savitri 1 , Purwanto 1 , Dewi Retna Indrawati 1 , Nining Wahyuningrum 1 , Rahardyan Nugroho Adi 1 , Yonky Indrajaya 1 , Agung Budi Supangat 1 , Pamungkas Buana Putra 1 , Diah Auliyani 1 , Eko Priyanto 1 , Tri Wira Yuwati 2 , Pratiwi 3 , Budi Hadi Narendra 3 , Asep Sukmana 3 , Wuri Handayani 4 , Ogi Setiawan 5 and Ryke Nandini 5. Conservation Policy, Implementation, Research and Development in Indonesia: A Review. Agroforestry Research and Development Centre (ARDC), Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jalan Raya
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