Water Chemistry Parameters Research Articles

DYNAMICS OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN HYDROGRAPHIC CATCHMENTS WITH NATIVE FOREST AND PINE-PLANTED FORESTS

The search for productive forests in line with an environmental balance is one of the tasks of good sustainable forest management, in which studies on water quality in production areas support the improvement of environmental conservation programs. Thus, this study aimed to determine the water quality in watersheds covered with native forest and pine-planted forests and to evaluate the effects of forest operations and precipitation on the dynamics of physical and chemical parameters of water. Data were collected for 10 years (2005 - 2015) in a fortnightly sampling frequency. The concentrations of nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were determined, as well as the physical parameters of total suspended solids, pH, turbidity, apparent color, and electrical conductivity in the water. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test at 5% probability and through multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis). The water quality of both watersheds is similar and there is no significant difference between the physical parameters. While the watershed composed of native forest has a higher concentration of NO 3 - , K, and Mg in the water, the watershed with planted forests of Pinus has a higher concentration of Ca. There was a chemical and physical difference in the dynamics of the water concerning its precipitation. Mosaic forest management can influence the stability of quality parameters.

CLEAN DRINKING WATER AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE

Water is one of the most important and vital substance on earth. Without water, there would be no life on this planet (earth). Around 20% of the human population planet has access to quality drinking water. Pakistan is listed 6 th highly populated country on the earth having about 207.81 million individuals. Punjab is the most populated province of Pakistan with 110 million people. Contamination of drinking water is the most burning issue of the country. Industrialization, increase in population, intermixing of sewer in pipelines of drinking water and improper utilization of water compromise the quality and decrease the quantity of water. The physical, chemical and biological parameters of water have great detrimental effects on health. Water borne diseases in Pakistan are typhoid, diarrhea, cholera etc. The impact of poor sanitation and hygiene also have adverse effect on tourism, thereby affecting the economy of the country. Government Departments and Agencies are actively working through different interventions like chlorination to ensure facility of clean and quality drinking water to people. Chlorination is a process which is adopted to inactivate pathogens in water. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) and Punjab Food Authority (PFA) conduct sampling and testing of the bottled water companies on periodical basis. Government of Punjab has established Aab-e-Pak Authority under Punjab Aab-e-Pak Act, 2019 for the provision of clean, safe and quality drinking water. Punjab Water Act, 2019, a comprehensive law on the subject has been passed but not implemented. Pakistan is also facing water insufficiency, water quality deterioration and demolition of freshwater resources. The world best practices regarding clean drinking water have also been analyzed. Keeping this in view, the short term, medium term and long term plans have been devised for the provision of clean and quality drinking water and improved sanitation facilities to the masses.

Diversity and Abundance of Fish in The Bone Canal

This study aims to describe the species diversity and abundance of fish in the Gorontalo Bone Canal. This research was conducted in the Bone Canal, Bone Bolango district, Gorontalo province with a survey method. Fish identification was carried out at the Zoology Laboratory of the Biology Department, State University of Gorontalo. The sampling technique was random sampling using nets installed at four observation stations for 24 hours. Station I is the northern part of the canal (upstream), station II is in the middle of the canal, station III is in the southern part of the canal (downstream) and station IV is located at the mouth of the Bone canal. Measurements of the physical and chemical parameters of water were carried out at each station. The fish caught were identified by referring to the book: “Identification of Freshwater Fish in Western Indonesia and Sulawesi” by: Kottelat at al, (1993). Research results and conclusions: 185 individual fish were found consisting of 3 orders, 5 families and 7 species, including: Cyprinus carpio and Barbonimus goionotus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), Hypostamus sp. (Siluriformes: Loriicaridae), Oreocrhomis mosambicus and Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae), Oxyeleotris marmorata (Perciformes: Eleotrididae), and Anabas testudineus (Perciformes:Anabantidae). The highest diversity index is at station IV with H’= 1.96 and the lowest is at station I with H’= 1.50. This shows that the level of diversity of fish species in the Bone canal is moderate, the productivity is sufficient, the ecosystem condition is quite balanced and the ecological pressure is moderate. Hypostamus sp. has the highest level of abundance in all stations with an average of K = 30.9%. The lowest abundance was Cyprinus carpio with an average of all stations K= 3.3%, indicating that the abundance in Bone canal was relatively moderate.

Primary production and destruction of organic matter in Lake Arakhley (Eastern Transbaikalia, Russia)

Global climate changes affect water ecosystems. Long-term observations of climatic variables are indicative of cyclic climate changes. The fluctuations result in changes in water levels in lakes, which, in turn, alter primary production processes. Planktonic algae are the main drivers of primary production. This research continues long-term studies on hydroecology of Lake Arakhley. The lake is used for fishery and recreation. This work aims to estimate production and destruction processes in Lake Arakhley during the current transitional period between dry and wet years. To this end, we performed field studies on Lake Arakhley in August from 2016 to 2021, during the season of maximum precipitation, in the central and littoral zones of the lake. Primary production of phytoplankton in water was estimated by the oxygen light and dark bottle method. Sampling was carried out to assess physical and chemical parameters of water using a multiparameter water quality instrument. Lake Arakhley features the low level of mineralization under alkali conditions and relatively stable level of mineralization registered from 2016 to 2021. Macrophytes zone expanded after the massive flooding of the shore in 2021 hence alterating the values of such environmental factors as oxygen levels, total and mineral phosphorus, with destruction prevailing over organic matter production. Depth and transparency however contribute to significant production of organic matter in the lake. The findings can be used as the groundwork for the sustainable management of the lake.

Analysis of Physico-chemical Water parameters of Angoori Barrage Head, Datia (M.P.) India

The present research work was carried out to explore the diversity in various physical and chemical water parameters of Angoori Barrage Head in the Datia district of Madhya Pradesh. The mean range of selected water parameters like pH 7.5±0.22 and 7.5±0.20, temperature 24.3±3.2and 24.1±3.7, EC 258±38.6 and 266±41.8, DO 6.0±1.2 and 5.7±1.3, BOD 1.9±0.5 and2.7±1.0, COD 16.9±5.5 and 21.2±6.5, chlorides 32.5±10.4 and 41.6±14.0, nitrates 1.0±0.4 and 0.9±0.4, phosphates 0.5±0.2 and 0.6±0.3, TA 139±25.7 and 141±22.9, TH138±20.0 and138±25.2, water transparency 146.5±29.9 and 136.8±29, water turbidity6.5±3.3 and 6.6±3.7 and TDS 131±16.2 and 134±15.7 were analyzed regularly for two years from October 2020 to September 2022. The result indicates that the water is experiencing an anthropogenic pollution load from the surrounding catchment area and is not suitable for direct drinking purposes; however, this water can be used properly for fisheries purposes and for irrigation.

Pengaruh Bakteri Indigenous dalam Degradasi Senyawa Fisika Kimia Limbah Batik dan Tekstil

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of indigenous bacteria on the degradation process of physicochemical compounds in batik and textile wastewater. Research Methods: The method used in this study is a laboratory-scale experimental design and active participation involving batik business groups as partners. The data analyzed in this study were physical and chemical parameters of wastewater treated with bacterial isolates and aeration of 2-3 mg/L for 24 hours using an aerator blower compare with a capacity of 500 volts. The data were then analyzed descriptively quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that native bacteria significantly affected the decrease in pH and temperature parameters in batik waste, namely pH from 6.6 to 6.3, temperature from 29.470C to 28.200C. The results also showed a decrease in water chemical parameters which included BOD from 8.49 mg/L to 7.52 mg/L, COD from 5.52 mg/L to 4.40 mg/L, TSS from 272 mg/L to 187 mg/L, organic matter from 110 mg/L to 91 mg/L and increased dissolved oxygen capacity from 2.28 mg/L to 3.40 mg/L. Exactly the same conditions also occurred in textile waste samples, where the treatment of indigenous bacteria affected the decrease in pH parameters (6.8 to 6.7), temperature (28.670C to 28.010C), BOD (7.89 mg/L to 6 .11 mg/L). ), COD (12 to 9.5 mg/L), TSS (571.11 to 498.89 mg/L), organic matter (145 mg/L to 117 mg/L) and increased dissolved oxygen capacity of wastewater from 2 .83 mg/L to 4.01 mg/L. The conclusion of this study is that the application of native bacteria quantitatively greatly affects the rate of degradation of the physical and chemical parameters of batik and textile wastewater by 10-30% through the process of degradation of waste compounds for 24 hours. So that the treatment of indigenous bacterial isolates is considered quite effective when compared to no treatment. Keywords: Organic matter, indigenous bacteria, wastewater, waters, pH

Intermittent Rivers as a Challenge for Freshwater Ecosystems Quality Evaluation: A Study Case in the Ribeira de Silveirinhos, Portugal

Intermittent rivers and streams are aquatic ecosystems that lose hydrological connectivity during drought periods. Anthropogenic pressures combined with climate change accelerate the spatial and temporal intermittency of these ecosystems, promoting alterations in ecology and ecosystem functions. This study aimed to assess the ecological status of Ribeira de Silveirinhos, located in the municipalities of Valongo and Gondomar (north of Portugal), using the metrics described in the Water Framework Directive. Thus, five sampling sites were selected along Ribeira de Silveirinhos. Sampling was done in three different periods, spring of 2019 and 2020, and autumn of 2019. At each site, physical and chemical water parameters were measured, and the benthic macroinvertebrates community was characterized. Physical and chemical parameters showed low pH values at upstream sites (where the dry phase occurs and is surrounded by Eucalyptus monoculture) and high concentrations of phosphorus at the downstream sites (subjected to several anthropogenic activities, iron waters, and agriculture). The macroinvertebrate community revealed low values of specific abundance and richness, especially during the dry period. Sensitive taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) were negatively correlated with flow intermittency. Results showed that Ribeira de Silveirinhos is classified between “poor” and “moderate” in terms of ecological status. Intermittent streams are undervalued, so their protection is at risk. Thus, it is important to consider the specific ecological functioning of these ecosystems and to adjust the planning and management models in order to guarantee ecological quality and conservation processes.

Physical-Chemical Recovery of a Montane Stream After Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage: Timing and Extent After Turning off the Tap.

We monitored physical-chemical conditions in the North Fork of Clear Creek in Colorado (USA) before, during, and after the start of remediation (lime treatment) to remove metals from two major inputs of acid mine drainage (AMD) water. In addition, we analyzed historical monitoring data that extended back more than two decades. Concentration-discharge (C-D) and load-discharge (L-D) plots accounted for discharge dependence in concentrations and loads of metals, major ions, and other water chemistry parameters. Total and dissolved concentrations, and loads of the metals decreased after remediation began, with the largest decreases usually during low stream flow. However, postremediation concentrations and loads remained slightly to considerably higher than reference, probably because of unidentified groundwater seeps and/or small surface flows. Dissolved Cu concentrations decreased much less than total Cu concentrations, because the percentage of total Cu in the dissolved phase increased considerably as particulate Fe (PFe) concentration decreased. We conclude that 1) water chemistry can change to a new steady state or pseudo-steady state relatively quickly after major AMD inputs to a stream are remediated; 2) elevated flows during snowmelt and rainfall periods can mobilize additional amounts of major ions and metals, resulting in in-stream concentrations that are manifestations of both dilution and mobilization; 3) although lime treatment of AMD-related waters can decrease metal concentrations, it does not decrease elevated concentrations of major ions that might impair sensitive stream invertebrates; 4) although Fe is toxic to aquatic organisms, PFe adsorbs other metals and thereby provides protection against their toxicity; and 5) use of C-D and L-D plots and element ratios can indicate the presence of unidentified AMD inputs to a stream. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:495-511. © 2022 SETAC.

Ecological conditions and phenotypic characteristics of Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank, 1803) in the Subotica and Toplik Rivers

Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank, 1803) lives in two watercourses, namely Subotica (Sana) and Toplik (Tilava). The influence of the ecological conditions of these rivers on individuals of this species is analyzed based on 22 morphometric parameters. The assessment of abiotic conditions was done through the measurement of physical and chemical water parameters and the analysis of the composition of phytobenthos and macrozoobenthos. Sampling was carried out in June, September, and October 2021. Water quality at the investigated localities (on the basis of abiotic and biotic parameters) is oligo to betamesosaprobic. A total of 37 crayfish were analyzed (20 from Subotica and 17 from Toplik). Female crayfish have shown significant differences in the head width (HEW) and abdominal thickness (ABH). Males differed significantly in a number of parameters, including the weight (W), head shape (HEL and HEW), rostrum length (ROL), carapace width (CPW), and abdominal shape (ABH and ABL). Higher values of the indicated parameters have been found in the males from the Subotica River. The obtained results are influenced by different ecological conditions of their habitats. The Subotica River is a larger watercourse in the lowland belt with a large number of microhabitats, and the Toplik is a small river in the mountain belt, with uniform sediment and a small number of ecological niches of the analyzed species. The general ecological conditions in the water of both watercourses are also affected by aquaculture facilities, where wastewater has a direct influence on the distribution of Austropotamobius torrentium individuals in the watercourses of the Subotica and Toplik Rivers. For more detailed and complete data, it is necessary to analyze a larger number of individuals in both populations, and to include additional morphometric-meristic parameters and molecular-genetic analyses.

Comparative Study of Laboratory Based Chlorophyll - A Determination Methods

Protecting the quality and quantity of the available surface water resources is one of the most important points. Water quality is a complex concept that includes the physical, chemical, biological and hydrological parameters of water. One of the most significant biological water quality parameters is the chlorophyll-a content. Several different laboratory and field measurement methods are used to determine the chlorophyll-a content of water samples. The most frequently used laboratory methods are the Felföldy 1987 and the ISO 10260:1992 methods. Among field determination methods, submersible probes are frequently used to measure the chlorophyll-a concentration. Previously mentioned methods are based on fluorescence techniques. The main aim of this recent study is to compare different laboratory chlorophyll-a determination methods. Among the applied approaches, the Felföldy 1987 method and the ISO 10260:1992 method were compared. Furthermore, we measured the effect of the different solvent on the determination methods. Based on this, we investigated the Felföldy determination method using different solvents (methanol substituted with ethanol). The measurements were carried out under the same conditions from samples of Chlorella vulgaris culture in three repetitions by preparing a dilution series.

Natural organic matter source, concentration, and pH influences the toxicity of zinc to a freshwater microalga

Zinc is a contaminant of concern in aquatic environments and is a known toxicant to many aquatic organisms. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a toxicity modifying factor for zinc and is an important water chemistry parameter. This study investigated the influence of DOM concentration, source, and water pH on the chronic toxicity of zinc to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella sp. The influence of DOM on zinc toxicity was dependent on both concentration and source. In the absence of DOM, the 72-h EC50 was 112 μg Zn.L−1. In the presence of a DOM high in fulvic-like components, zinc toxicity was either slightly decreased (<4-fold increase in EC10s across 15 mg C.L−1 range) or unchanged (minimal difference in EC50s). In the presence of a DOM high in humic-like (aromatic and high molecular weight) components, zinc toxicity was slightly decreased at the EC10 level and strongly increased at the EC50 level. The influence of pH on zinc toxicity was dependent on the source of DOM present in the water. In the presence of DOM high in humic-like components pH did not influence toxicity. In the presence of DOM high in fulvic-like components, pH had a significant effect on EC50 values. Labile zinc (measured by diffusive gradients in thin-films) followed linear relationships with dissolved zinc but could not explain the changes in observed toxicity, with similar DGT-labile zinc relationships shown for the two DOMs despite each DOM influencing toxicity differently. This indicates changes in toxicity may be unrelated to changes in zinc lability. The results suggest that increased toxicity of zinc in the presence of DOM may be due to direct uptake of Zn-DOM complexes. This study highlights the importance of considering DOM source and characteristics when incorporating DOM into water quality guidelines through bioavailability models.

Analysis of Physical and Chemical Conditions in Sidakarya Coastal Waters, Bali

Sidakarya Coast is one of the developing ecotourism and fisheries areas in Denpasar City, Bali Province. This area has ecotourism and fishery potential that needs to be maintained so that ecotourism and fishery activities that depend on this area can enjoy economic prosperity. Activities around the coast of Sidakarya, such as ecotourism, housing areas, traditional fisheries, and agriculture, have indirectly affected the quality of coastal waters. This research was one of the efforts to identify the physical and chemical parameters of the coastal waters, including, salinity, temperature, DO (Dissolved oxygen), water transparency and pH. This research was conducted in April 2021 with five measurement points of water quality factors. Measurement location determination using the purposive sampling method. Water quality analysis was carried out by comparing the measurement results with values of water quality standards based on the State Minister Decree of the Environment Number 51 of 2004 for marine tourism and marine biotas and reffering to the State Minister Decree of the Environment Number 115 of 2003 concerning Rules for determining the situation with quality of water. The measurement results showed the value of Sidakarya water quality parameters ranging from 30.2-30.6 °C for temperature, 0.6-5 meter for water transparency, 29.7-33.7°/oo for salinity, 4.94-7.04 mg/l for DO and 6.9-7.4 for pH. The results obtained that the condition of Sidakarya waters in general still meets the water quality; only the water transparency parameter at the location near the estuary was below the quality standard. The after effects of the estimation of the pollution index (PI) on each sampling station show the PI value <1 or meets the quality standards for marine biota (stations 1 and 2) and meet the quality standards for marine tourism (stations 3,4 and 5). The results indicated that Sidakarya waters can still be developed for ecotourism areas and limited fisheries.

A preliminary study of chemical parameters of water in the Albanian part of Lake Ohrid at the end of the spring season

The transboundary lake of Ohrid, which lies between North Macedonia and Albania, is one of the deepest lakes in the Balkan Peninsula. The study was conducted in Albanian part of lake in order to make an overall assessment of the water quality of Lake Ohrid in terms of phosphorus, phosphates, nitrogen and nitrites at the end of the spring season which is characterized by a high frequency of tourism. The research was carried out in June of 2016 at three selected points of the lake (at the entrance of the city of Pogradec, at the point that was a few meters away from the former iron-nickel mine and at the exit of the village Lin). Water samples were collected from the surface and the chemical parameters were measured by the spectrophotometric method. The results showed that points 2 and 3 had the highest values of total P (0.187 mg/l and 0.177 mg/l) and total N (0.296 mg/l and 0.268 mg/l). In terms of nitrites there were no major differences between the points and the values were low. The high values of phosphates in point 1 can be justified by the high intensity of tourism in the city of Pogradec in the spring-summer season. According to the Regulation on the Quality of Drinking Water in Albania dated 25.5.16, the waters of Lake Ohrid in terms of total N enter the class A, while according to the UNECE 1994 recommendation for surface waters, in terms of total phosphorus, the waters of Lake Ohrid belong to the fourth class.

Predictive Sensor for Biological Oxygen Demand in water using Active Learning based Random Forest Algorithm

The environmental pollution caused by human beings, and industries is interfering with water sources thatbound the living zones in marine environments. Greywater reuse after treatment can be carried out for non-consumable water use and hence Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a vital parameter in deciding the nature of waste water created. The measurement of BOD involves difficulties and performing the BOD test takes too long and the result does not remain relevant for the current wastewater. This work proposes an ensemble learning-based random forest model with active learning to iteratively select samples with large ambiguity for reducing errors in predicting BOD. The model uses minimal basic physical &amp; chemical parameters of water and hence does not require specialized ion-selective and costly sensors for measurement. Feature importance is exploited to enhance the efficiency of the machine learning model leading to a prediction accuracy of 81.21%. The developed model could be used as a predictive sensor at the edge of the water quality monitoring system

Cultivation of commercial carp in fisheries LLC “Mykolaivska RMS” with use in its feeding feeds of the trademark “Reucher AQUA fish”

The question of the effectiveness of domestic extruded compound feed in feeding carp fish was studied - as one of the methods of complex intensification of commercial fish production technology in the conditions of an individual fishery. The importance of studying this issue is dictated by the harsh realities of today, which are caused by the global trends of growing deficits in food products, among which a large share is occupied by fish and fishery products. The increase in demand for high-quality agricultural products and their prices is due to the crisis phenomena in the world economy, caused to some extent by long-term quarantine restrictions on all continents of the planet and the war in Ukraine. The purpose of the work was to study the technological processes of feeding in the cultivation of commercial carp and search for optimal methods for their improvement. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were performed: chemical and hydrobiological parameters in pond water were investigated; linear growth rate, weight growth rate, and carp fattening rate were analyzed; the fishery and economic indicators of the farm “Mykolaivska RMS” were analyzed. In two experimental ponds of the farm, they studied the peculiarities of growing carp fish when feeding them with domestic granulated compound feed with an optimal ratio of nutrients and biologically active substances while systematically determining the hydrochemical and temperature regimes of the experimental ponds, studying the morphometric indicators of two-year-old carp, calculating the fish productivity of the ponds of the farm and economic efficiency use of Reucher Aqua “Carp” feed. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of using dry water-resistant extruded feed for feeding carp fish, which is manufactured according to modern technologies: it does not decompose in water for a long time. Therefore it does not change its quality and color; balanced in terms of the primary nutrients and biologically active substances, which positively affects the growth and development of fish, quality, and taste indicators of their meat. The use of this feed in a complex of intensification measures to improve technological processes in fish farming will allow obtaining a significant production and economic effect.

MORFOMETRIK LAMUN Cymodocea rotundata DI PESISIR PANTAI TANJUNG TIRAM, POKA, TELUK AMBON DALAM

Seagrass is an important resource both ecologically and economically. Morphometric of seagrass and physical chemical parameters of waters can affect by differences in the type of substrate grain size. The aim of this study was to analysis the morphometric characters of seagrass C. rotundata on the physical and chemical parameters of waters and different types of substrates. The research was conducted in February-April 2021 in Tanjung Tiram Coastal Waters, Poka. Seagrass sampling was carried out using purposive sampling method. Data were analysis using variance analysis with SPSS. The results of the research on the physical and chemical parameters of the waters were in the normal range for seagrass growth. The type of substrate in the seagrass habitat of C. rotundata is mud sand and sand. The results of the analysis of anova seagrass C. rotundata showed that there were significant differences specifically total of roots, leaf length, total of leaves and total of vertical nodes

Modeling of Water Quality in West Ukrainian Rivers Based on Fluctuating Asymmetry of the Fish Population

Increased concentrations of chemicals in surface waters affect the development of fish and the state of water bodies in general. In turn, the human consumption of fish that have accumulated heavy metals can cause toxicological hazards and endanger health. The importance of this area and the lack of water quality assessment methods in Ukraine based on the fluctuating asymmetry level of fish and the chemical parameters of water informed the object and aim of the current research. The object of this study was the use of fish populations as a bioindicator of water quality. The study had three purposes: (1) the determination of the dominant fish species and a comparison of their fluctuating asymmetry in the studied rivers; (2) the evaluation of the sensitivity/tolerance of the selected fish populations for assessing water quality; and (3) the creation of a model for assessing the water quality of the studied rivers based on the determined fluctuating asymmetry of the typical fish populations. Each of the studied fish populations had different frequency of fluctuating asymmetry (FFA) levels: the common roach had the highest value, and the silver crucian carp had the lowest. The final stage of the study was building an artificial neural network (ANN) model for predicting water quality based on the FFA of meristic features. Optimal results were obtained for the ANN model with the ReLU activation function and SGD optimization algorithm (MAPE = 6.7%; R2 = 0.97187). Such values for the MAPE and R2 indicators demonstrated that the level of agreement between the target and forecast data was satisfactory. The novelty of this research lay in the development of a model for assessing water quality based on the comparison of the fluctuating asymmetry values of the typical fish populations in the studied rivers.

RAVEN/OSCAR-Fusion Coupling for Activated Corrosion Products Assessments, Sensitivity, and Uncertainty Quantification

Activated corrosion products (ACPs) may represent a significant source of radiological hazards in nuclear fusion reactors. Corrosion and erosion phenomena mobilize activated materials which are transported by the working fluid in regions of the cooling system accessed by worker personnel. Predicting contaminant transport in tokamak cooling circuits may benefit radiation exposure assessment, design optimization, waste management, maintenance plan definition, and source terms identification. Several calculation tools have been made available for ACP determination in nuclear systems. Among these, the OSCAR-Fusion code, developed by the CEA (France), allows for predicting ACP generation and transport in closed water-cooled loops for fusion applications. This work aims to show a straightforward sensitivity analysis methodology and uncertainty quantification (UQ). A single ACP assessment involves several neutronics, thermal-hydraulics, geometrical, and water chemistry parameters. Coupling OSCAR-Fusion to RAVEN, a multipurpose framework developed by INL (USA), allows sensitivity and UQ analyses that might provide useful indications to the designers and safety analysts. This work presents a general methodology, showing preliminary results obtained for the EU-DEMO divertor cassette primary heat-transfer systems.

Carbon dioxide degassing and lateral dissolved carbon export during the unprecedented 2019 Mississippi river mega flood – Implications for large river carbon transport under future climate

In 2019, the Mississippi River experienced the longest and largest flood that surpassed by far the 1927, 1973, and 2011 mega floods. This unprecedented event provided an unique opportunity to test the hypotheses that summer floods increase not only lateral dissolved carbon transport but also carbon dioxide (CO2) degassing, and that the increase in CO2 outgassing from river surface occurs mainly due to higher terrestrial carbon inputs and warmer temperatures. To test the hypotheses, we conducted intensive river sampling and in-situ measurements on partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and other water physical, chemical and biological parameters in 6-day intervals throughout the entire flood period (January 6th to August 5th, 2019). Water samples were analyzed for the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and their carbon–13 isotopes. Compared to reported average pCO2 measured at the same place from the recent past (1500 μatm ± 743), we found significantly elevated pCO2 in the river water during the flood period (2217 μatm ± 805; max = 3359 μatm), which was positively correlated with water temperature (ρ = 0.83). During the flood with sustained high pCO2, the lower Mississippi River released 230 Gg C from its last 357-km river reach, which is 18 % greater than the annual CO2 emission (195 Gg C) reported for 2016–2018. A total of 3.73 Tg C DOC and 14.14 Tg C DIC was laterally transported into the Gulf of Mexico during the flood period, which were close to or greater than the previously reported annual averages. The findings support the initial hypotheses and strongly suggest that future climate change will intensify carbon cycling in world’s rivers. Our study adds firsthand results on land-sea carbon transport from by far the largest Mississippi River flood and helps constrain uncertainties in carbon budgeting of global rivers.

A Concentrations Of pH, Chromium, and MPN Coliform Parameters in Alkaline Water

Humans need water for life and up to 70% of the human adult body is water. Consuming enough mineral water for the body can help the digestive process, regulate metabolism, regulate food substances in the body, and regulate body balance. The aim of the study was to analyze the levels of biological and chemical parameters in alkaline water with various trademarks in Surabaya with the code 1, 2, 3, 4. This was an experimental study with the posttest only control group design. Research data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA to assess levels of biological (MPN Coliform) and chemical (total chromium) parameters in alkaline water (1, 2, 3, 4). The E. Coli parameter in 4 brands of alkaline water (1, 2, 3 and 4) met the requirements according to the standard, namely 0 colonies/100 ml. Chemical parameters such as total chromium met the standard with ±0.001-0.01 mg/l. In accordance with the results of the analysis, the process of making and producing alkaline water from various brands under study on the market were in accordance with Good Food Production Methods (GFPM), thus MPN Coliform contents were found. Recommendations for researchers are to conduct further research with different alkaline water trademarks and in other cities with a wider scope. For the public, people are urged to be more selective and smarter in choosing alkaline water so as to gain benefits in line with the purchasing power of middle and lower economic class.