Water-based Paint Research Articles

Novel Water-Based Paints for Composite Materials Used in Electromagnetic Shielding Applications.

The development of materials offering electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is of significant consideration, since this can help in expanding the lifetime of devices, electromagnetic compatibility, as well as the protection of biological systems. Conductive paints used widely today in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications are often based on organic solvents that can create safety issues due to the subsequent environment problems. This paper concerned the development of eco-friendly conductive water-based paints for use in EMI-shielding applications. Graphene nanoplatelets, polyaniline emeraldine (PANI) doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS) or HCl or HBr and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) in various ratios were employed in a water base for developing the paints. The target was to develop homogeneous water-based paint-like fluid mixtures easily applied onto surfaces using a paint brush, leading in homogeneous, uniform, opaque layers, draying fast in air at room temperature, and having quite good electrical conductivity that can offer efficient EMI-shielding performance. The results of this parametric trial indicated the optimum compositions leading in paints with optimized properties that can result in uniform, homogeneous, and conductive layers up to a thickness of over 500 μm without deformation and cracking, offering attenuation of up to 60 dBs of incoming GHz electromagnetic radiation. In addition, the structural and morphological characteristics of these paints were studied in detail.

Antiviral activity of galvanic microcells of zinc and copper contained within painted surfaces

This study presents research related to the antiviral activity of painted surfaces containing galvanic microcells of zinc and copper. The aim of this study was to investigate the virucidal activity of galvanic microcells of zinc and copper grains fixed with adequate homogeneity and degree of aggregation in water-based acrylic paint layers in reference to a non-treated reference control. This paper provides evidence that a paint coating with a total copper surface area of 4.4% displays antiviral activity against human coronavirus NL63 according to ISO 21702 and inactivates > 99% of virus after 4 h of contact relative to a non-treated reference control.

Development of water-based thermal insulation paints using silica aerogel made from incineration bottom ash

In this work, silica aerogel (SA) powder is fabricated through a sustainable method from incineration bottom ash. The fabricated SA has a low thermal conductivity of 0.025 W/mK, high surface area of 786 m2/g, and high porosity of 96.36%. The thermal analysis of SA powder shows it has a stable hydrophobicity up to 418 °C. The SA powder has been mixed into water-based paints to develop a high efficient thermal insulation paint with inproved thermal insulaton properties. Different percentage of SA were mixed into the paint samples to prepare the silica aerogel thermal insulation paint (SATIP) and their physical properties were studied. The SATIP samples were then coated on cement board substrates. The thermal conductivity, water resistance, durability and insulation performance of the samples were investigated and evaluated systematically. The scrub resistance of SATIP can be improved significantly by 219% after adding 5 vol% SA powder. And by adding 20 vol% of SA into the SATIP, it achieves up to 12 °C surface temperature reduction improvement compare to the one without SA on the heated plate at 60 °C, and 1 °C in-chamber temperature reduction with external temperature of 44.6 °C. The spectral reflectance analysis demonstrates that the improvement of the thermal insulation performance of the SATIP is attributed to the thermal insulation property of SA and proves that the developed SATIP is color insensitive and has wider applications. The results demonstrated a low-cost and scalable process fabricates SA with superor properties. The developed SATIP has a great potential for application in sustainable and green buildings for energy saving.

Investigation of effect of type of pigment/extender on the stability of high pigment volume concentration water-based architectural paint

Investigation of effect of type of pigment/extender on the stability of high pigment volume concentration water-based architectural paint

Effect of treatment temperature on the initial performance of layers of water-based paints in heat-treated pine and beech wood

Hardness, surface roughness, and adhesion strength were determined for water-based opaque paints applied to heat-treated wood material surfaces. For this purpose, Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) woods were used as experimental material. Specimens were subjected to heat treatment at 3 different temperatures (150, 180, and 210 °C) and 2 different periods (2 and 4 h) under laboratory conditions. Two-component water-based paints with commercial codes D17 and D45 were applied to the surfaces. The hardness, surface roughness, and adhesion strength values of painted samples were determined according to the applicable standards. The results showed that there were higher values of hardness and surface roughness of water-based paints in short-term heat treatment compared with long-term heat treatment. A general decrease in pine with D17 and D45 paints applied to the surfaces and in beech with D45 in adhesion strength was detected depending on the increasing heat treatment temperature and duration. An increase was observed in beech samples with D17 paint applied.

Preparation of wood furniture cooling coatings based on phase change microcapsules and its performance study

Due to the small thermal conductivity of wooden furniture, there is a better cooling effect in the initial contact with the human body during the summer. However, after long-term contact, heat cannot be exported, resulting in heat accumulation, which affects the thermal comfort. Phase change microcapsules (PCM) can be added to water-based coatings for wood furniture to achieve a lower contact temperature by using the heat absorption properties of its phase change process. Thus, it improves the thermal comfort of the human body for long-term use. In this study, the PCM were added to a water-based paint for wooden furniture. By testing the microscopic properties and thermal properties, it was found that the PCM powder could undergo phase change and absorb heat after dispersing in water-based paint. Secondly, fiberboard coated with different solid content of microencapsulated coatings was tested by homemade equipment at 27 °C room temperature. The results showed that the addition of PCM can significantly change the contact temperature. And as the amount of microcapsules added increased, the cooling effect was more obvious. At the same time, the addition of microcapsules can cause matting of the paint film and have an effect on the hardness of the paint film. Therefore, the cooling effect can be achieved by stacking the paint film or controlling the amount of microcapsules.

INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEM OF ALUMINUM CONTAINERS DRYING PROCESS

The relevance is the wide use of aluminum containers in the food industry. The high quality of products is reached by keeping clear technological standards and using materials of the highest class in the manufacture of aluminum containers for long-term and safe storage of food products. Water-based paints and varnish are used for production, which helps to avoid the negative influence of the printing and varnishing process on the environment. A neural network (also called an artificial neural network) is an adaptive system that learns by using interconnected nodes or neurons in a layered structure that resembles a human brain. A neural network can learn from data—so it can be trained to recognize patterns, classify data, and forecast future events. A neural network breaks down the input into layers of abstraction. It can be trained using many examples to recognize patterns in speech or images, for example, just as the human brain does. Its behavior is defined by the way its individual elements are connected and by the strength, or weights, of those connections. These weights are automatically adjusted during training according to a specified learning rule until the artificial neural network performs the desired task correctly. Neural networks are especially suitable for modeling non-linear relationships, and they are typically used to perform pattern recognition and classify objects or signals in speech, vision, and control systems. [2] In our case is control system of the temperature in the drying oven.

PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE/LITHOPONE NANOPARTICLES AS SUBSTITUTION OF TiO2 PIGMENT FOR MATTE-TYPE WATER-BASED PAINT

This study optimized the Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) and lithopone mixture (50:50) as substitution pigments of titanium dioxide (TiO2) in matt-type water-based paint. Matt-type water-based paint has been made in two steps; (1) mill base paste preparation and (2) water-based paint production (layout process). Pigment characterization showed that PCC/lithopone mixture produced a white solid of 95.57%, crystallinity degree of 91.5%, and a diameter small size particle of 198.29 nm. Application of PCC/lithopone mixture as pigment into matttype water-based paints has resulted in good dispersibility and hiding power while exhibiting the same whiteness quality as TiO2 and glossy better than TiO2. Keywords: PCC; Lithopone; TiO2; Pigment

Graphene oxide modified polypropylene fiber filter membrane for enhanced treatment efficiency of water-based paint wastewater

Graphene oxide modified polypropylene fiber filter membrane for enhanced treatment efficiency of water-based paint wastewater

Effects of Grinding Aids Used in Grinding Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Filler on the Properties of Water-Based Interior Paints

Grinding aid chemicals which are used in the grinding of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to prevent agglomeration are chemisorbed on the surfaces of particles, and the compatibility of them with the solvent, water, or organic resin affects the dispersion of the minerals and ultimately down-stream product properties in consumer industries such as paint, papermaking, and plastic. This study tries to explain the effects of triethanolamine (TEA) and monoethylene glycol (MEG), which are most commonly used as grinding aids, on the behavior of CaCO3 in water-based paints and on the properties of the paints. The powder properties of CaCO3 (grain size, color, surface area, oil absorption capacity, zeta potential, etc.) were characterized, and the changes in the can stability, ease of application, and optical properties (gloss, opacity) of the paints were revealed with rheological and optical analysis. It was observed that amine compounds remained in higher amounts on the CaCO3 surface and created negative results in the paint. On the other hand, glycol compound adhered less on the CaCO3 surface and affected the properties of the final product less than the amine compound. Therefore, CaCO3 ground without using any chemicals gives the best results in terms of long-term stability, ease of application, and visuality of the paint.

Synthesis and Potential Applications of Modified Xanthan Gum

Designing high-performance adsorbents for wastewater treatment and antibacterial materials for food and biomedical applications and excellent drug carrier to prolong time retention of the therapeutic drug based on biodegradable polymers has gained more interest in recent years. Among these materials, xanthan gum, which is a natural polysaccharide and plays a vital role in various applications such as industry, enhanced oil recovery, water-based paints, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products because it has excellent properties such as biodegradability and non-toxicity. On the other hand, it has many affected limitations, including microbially attack, poor thermal and mechanical stability, and low surface area. So, in this review, we focused on the advanced modifications on xanthan gum and their applications in wastewater treatment, protein delivery, and designing antimicrobial materials.

Preparation and properties of paint prepared with nanofibrillated cellulose and waterborne epoxy resin

A new type of water-based paint was prepared with Salix nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), epoxy resin (E-51), and emulsified curing agent as raw materials. The mechanical blending of coated films was characterized. The mechanical properties and friction and wear properties of the coated film were tested. Microstructure was studied by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, and other methods. The results showed that when the amount of NFC was 1.0%, the overall performance of the coated film was improved. Herein, the flexibility was 1 mm, the adhesion was 0, the hardness was 4 H, the wear value was 15 mg/100 r, the impact resistance was 49 cm, and the gloss was 85 Gs. The friction and wear coefficient of the composite coated film after the addition of cellulose nanofibers was reduced to 0.171, which was 58.5% lower than that before the addition of cellulose nanofibers. The surface observation after abrasion indicated that the composite coated film mainly experienced abrasive wear.

A first report on the identification of a novel archaea, Methanospirillum lacunae from spoilt paints in Lagos, Nigeria using a metagenomic approach

Paint deterioration is a serious esthetic and economic concern attributed to microbial activity.Identifying these microbes is crucial to mitigating their deleterious effects. This paper assessed the bacterial community and population of fresh and spoilt water-based paints from a reputable paint company in Lagos, Nigeria using culture-dependent and metagenomic approaches. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS) was used to elucidate components of the samples. The bacterial population ranged from 1.4 × 106 to 4.4 × 108 and from 2.3 × 106 to 6.8 × 108 CFU/ml in fresh and spoilt samples respectively. Culture-based technique revealed Bacillus spp. as the dominant bacteria in fresh paint along with Paenibacillus macerans, Corynebacterium striatum, Enterobacter cloacae and Clostridium sphenoides while Pseudomonas spp. were predominant in spoilt paints together with Arthrobacter globiformis, Azotobacter chroccoccum, Burkholderia mallei, Alcaligenes faecalis, Enterobacter amnigenus and Bacillus megaterium. Microbiome sequencing of extracted DNA from spoilt paint revealed a rich bacterial diversity and a surprising archaea population of Methanospirillum lacunae belonging to phylum Euryarchaeota. GC-MS analysis revealed esters as dominant compounds in fresh paints while acids and alcohols suggest that degradation of the components predominate in the spoilt paints. Metagenomic approach thus revealed for the first time, the co-existence of M.lacunae,an archaea with other bacteria in paints.

The effects of cellulose nanofibers compounded in water-based undercoat paint on the discoloration and deterioration of painted wood products

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have many potentials as filler to improve the properties of the other materials. We have developed the novel paints containing CNFs, and which controlled the discoloration of wood products. To clarify the discoloration mechanism of wood panels using an undercoat paint containing CNFs, prepared by an integrated process from Cryptomeria japonica, the composites and films made of CNFs and acryl resin that was a raw material for the paints were prepared. Observation of the surface of the CNFs/acryl resin composite film by atomic force microscopy showed that the fibers and the resin were uniformly mixed. The composite film prevented light transmittance in the ultraviolet (UV) light region, as well as oxygen gas permeation. The permeability coefficient of the oxygen gas decreased to 60% with the addition of 1.5 wt% of CNFs to the acryl resin. The addition of CNFs also increased the breaking stress by approximately 1.5 times compared with the acryl resin film. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis after UV irradiation resulted in the lowest radical formation of a piece of wood wrapped in the CNFs/acryl resin composite compared with the acryl-coated specimen and the wood as it was. Therefore, the CNFs composite film shielded the UV rays and oxygen more effectively than the original acryl resin, making it difficult for these factors to reach the wood’s surface, and thus, perhaps suppressing the generation of radicals from the wood. These actions would suppress the production of coloring substances caused by the radicals, resulting in the suppression of discoloration. Furthermore, the increase in the film’s strength by the addition of CNFs would have enhanced the stability of overall the paints with a CNF-containing undercoat. These effects might have contributed not only to the prevention of discoloration but also to the prevention of the occurrence of minute cracks caused by various weather deterioration factors.

Modelling and optimization of metals (As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Pb) and Ethylene glycol butyl ether in paints using response surface method

Response surface methodology (RSM) and principal component analyses (PCA) modelling tools have been used in this study to quantitatively describe the interaction effects of more than one factor on system response for the modelling and optimization of experimental data. In Nigeria, there are no stringent policies in place by the government on paint production and this has led to unregulated paint products by producers in the commercial markets. Water-based paints currently available in Nigerian market were sampled. Experimental data of Metals (As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Pb) and Ethylene glycol butyl ether (Volatile organic compounds (VOC)) measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionisation Detector (GC-FID), respectively was used to develop a mathematical model. The principal component analyses were explained with a cumulative variance of 82% for the VOC and 76% for metals based on manufacturers. Estimated responses were compared with the experimentally determined responses and prediction capabilities of Response Surface Methodology. In the RSM, the 2 developed model had R value of 0.9569, with optimized value at 0.10 % (1000ppm) of Ethylene glycol butyl ether and concentration (ppm) ranges of As (383.0-1,930.0), Ca (614.0-10,400.0), Cd (98.0-2,000.0), Cr (10.3- 225.0), Cu (133.0-1,840.0), Fe 742.0-2,910.0, Mg (4,000.0-99,510.0), Pb (170.0-3,230.0). The correlation and optimization study employed are applicable for assessing the impact of hazardous air pollutants on indoor air quality and a good applicability in paint industries to produce products within the set limit of international standards. For the purpose of reducing sick building syndrome and protecting public health, it was important to investigate paints and sealers extensively.
 Keywords: VOCs; Paint; metals; Ethylene glycol butyl ether; Response Surface Method

Investigating the surface wettability and surface free energy of sodium silicate-impregnated poplar wood

The surface free energy of wood is an important property that influences later manufacturing process, such as wood gluing and finishing. Sodium silicate modifications of poplar wood inevitably alter wood’s surface free energy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various impregnation times on the resulting surface free energy of radial and tangential sections of poplar wood specimens. The contact angles of standard probe liquids (i.e. distilled water, diiodomethane, formamide) on the surface of the wood were measured by contact angle goniometer, and a geometric average method and acid–base interaction method were applied to calculate and analyze the changes in the surface free energy. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the changes in the functional groups on the wood surface; after finishing the wood surface with water-based or oil-based paint, the paint film adhesion properties were also evaluated. The results indicate that sodium silicate modification can effectively improve the surface wettability and surface free energy of poplar wood. The modification treatment gradually creates hydrophilic groups (e.g. hydrogen bonds, free hydroxyl groups) on the wood surface, and their contents increase with increasing impregnation time. Additionally, by introducing Si-O–C moieties, the polarity, dispersion, and acid–base components of the wood surface all increase to varying degrees. Finally, the sodium silicate modification treatment worsens the adhesion of the paint films on the wood surface, although not to a significant extent.

Formulation of water-based white colour paint from waste titanium dioxide

This work explains the production and synthesis of white paint pigment colour from waste titanium dioxide (TiO2). Pigments are widely employed in paper, plastic, and paint production. A white pigment called TiO2 is responsible for about seventy percent of pigments used today. Even though minerals that contain TiO2 within the earth's crust are relatively abundant, the production of virgin TiO2 for industrial application consumes enormous energy and can lead to an environmental problem. Hence, a need arises for the paint industry to seek an alternative to replacing virgin TiO2 pigment that is commonly utilised in formulating paints. This study was conducted to examine the probability of using secondary TiO2 pigments as an alternative to virgin pigments to formulate white paint from industrial waste. In this study, the prospect of using waste TiO2 to formulate white paint pigment in different ratios is compared with the paint industry. The paint industry and TiO2 pigments were characterised by utilising thermo quantitative analysis TGA, XRD, and FTIR analysis. The obtained result showed 20% TiO2 formulated paint provide the best result for the adhesion test that testify the optimum pH and viscosity for the paint with the classification of 3B which is comparable to paint industry performance.

Adhesion of water-based paint on plasma-treated high-density polyethylene sheets

In this study, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surfaces were treated with plasma to enhance the adhesion of a water-based paint. A custom-built cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet (CAPPJ) device using a neon transformer as its power source was developed and used in the surface treatment. The jet nozzle of the device was made from polytetrafluoroethylene with two bare stainless-steel electrodes positioned laterally through the nozzle and opposite each other with a 1 mm gap. Gas was allowed to pass through the nozzle, exiting through a 1 mm diameter hole where a plasma jet is ejected through the arc from the electrodes. The effect of plasma treatment on HDPE surfaces was determined. Air and nitrogen were used as the process gases and exposure times were also varied. Hydrophilicity of the surface increased with longer plasma exposure with a corresponding 50% increase in surface free energy compared to the untreated surface. From Fourier transform infrared and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, it was seen that plasma treatment introduced oxygen containing functionalities onto the surface. Increase in adhesion of a water-based paint was observed for plasma-treated HDPE sheets.

Preparation and Performance of Thermochromic and Self-Repairing Dual Function Paint Film with Lac Resin Microcapsules and Fluorane Microcapsules.

Microcapsules with lac resin as the core material and urea-formaldehyde resin as the wall material were prepared by in situ polymerization, and then the lac resin microcapsules and fluorane microcapsules were added into a water-based primer or topcoat, respectively, to prepare water-based coatings with dual functions of thermochromic and self-repair. The effects of different methods of adding microcapsules on the optical properties, mechanical properties, self-repairing properties, and the aging resistance of water-based paint film were investigated, so as to prepare water-based paint film with the best discoloration and self-repairing functions. The results showed that the paint film with 10.0% fluorane microcapsules in the topcoat and 5.0% lac resin microcapsules in the primer had better comprehensive properties, and the paint film changed from yellow to colorless at 32 °C, with a color difference of 68.9, hardness of 3H, adhesion grade of 0, impact resistance of 13.0 kg∙cm, and elongation at break of 20.0%. The resistance of the paint film to NaCl, ethanol, and detergent was grade 2, with slight discontinuous marks, and the resistance to red ink was grade 3, with slight marks. The lac resin microcapsules have good aging resistance, which can enhance the aging resistance of the paint film with fluorane microcapsules. The gap width of the paint film was repaired by 2.1 µm, the self-repairing rate was 12.3%, and the paint film with lac resin microcapsules had a better crack inhibition effect. The results have provided a reference for multifunctional wood coatings.

Hygroscopicity and Ultraviolet (UV) Deterioration Characteristics of Finished Woods

This study investigated the hygroscopicity and UV deterioration characteristics of 3 domestic and 4 imported woods using natural oil, stain, and varnish paints. In terms of hygroscopicity, it was found that the hygroscopicity of the painted wood was lower than that of the unpainted wood, and that as the number of coatings increased, the hygroscopicity decreased. In terms of anti-absorption, oil-based chemical paints showed higher resistance than water-based paints, and natural oils showed results comparable to oil-based paints. As for the UV deterioration, the amount of color change of the painted wood was lower than that of the unpainted wood, and there was no significant difference according to the number of times of painting. The amount of color change was found to be low in oil-based paints and hardwoods. Through this study, we confirmed effective moisture blocking and small color changes during painting using paints, and it is believed that wood can be protected from internal and external defects through selective and efficient painting based on data for excellent painting performance.