Water-based Binder Research Articles

Electrochemical properties of novel FeV2O4 as an anode for Na-ion batteries

Spinel based transition metal oxide – FeV2O4 is applied as a novel anode for sodium-ion battery. The electrochemical tests indicate that FeV2O4 is generally controlled by pseudo-capacitive process. Using cost-effective and eco-friendly aqueous based binders, Sodium-Carboxymethylcellulose/Styrene butadiene rubber, a highly stable capacity of ~97 mAh∙g−1 is obtained after 200 cycles. This is attributed to the strong hydrogen bonding of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups indicating superior binding with the active material and current collector which is confirmed by the ex-situ cross-section images of the electrode. Meanwhile, only ~27 mAh∙g−1 is provided by the electrode using poly(vinylidene difluoride) due to severe detachment of the electrode material from the Cu foil after 200 cycles. The obtained results provide an insight into the possible applications of FeV2O4 as an anode material and the use of water-based binders to obtain highly stable electrochemical tests for sodium-ion battery.

Dispersion Homogeneity and Electrochemical Performance of Si Anodes with the Addition of Various Water-Based Binders

Four binders, sodium alginate (SA), guar gum (GG), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and a mixture of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and CMC, are used for aqueous processed Si anodes, and the effects of their addition on the homogeneity of dispersion, electrode adhesion properties, and cell performance of constructed lithium-ion batteries are compared. The addition of CMC not only leads to the best dispersion of the electrode constituents, but also provides the best adhesion for the electrode on the current collector and the best cycle life and rate capability; these properties are better than those found when using the more popular binders SA and GG. Although the Si active powder used in this investigation is micro-sized, a battery using CMC as the binder in the Si anode achieves high capacities of 2930 and 1380 mAh g−1 at currents of 420 and 3360 mA g−1, respectively, during delithiation. Interestingly, with the combined use of CMC and SBR, the mentioned properties deteriorate significantly; this is primarily attributed to the increased impedance caused by the poor distribution of SBR in the electrode.

Scalable Green Synthesis and Full-Scale Test of the Metal-Organic Framework CAU-10-H for Use in Adsorption-Driven Chillers.

The demand for cooling devices has increased during the last years and this trend will continue. Adsorption-driven chillers (ADCs) using water as the working fluid and low temperature waste energy for regeneration are an environmentally friendly alternative to currently employed cooling devices and can concurrently help to dramatically decrease energy consumption. Due to the ideal water sorption behavior and proven lifetime stability of [Al(OH)(m-BDC)] ∙ x H2 O (m-BDC2- = 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate), also denoted CAU-10-H, a green very robust synthesis process under reflux, with high yields up to 95% is developed and scaled up to 12 kg-scale. Shaping of the adsorbent is demonstrated, which is important for an application. Thus monoliths and coatings of CAU-10-H are produced using a water-based binder. The composites are thoroughly characterized toward their mechanical stability and water sorption behavior. Finally a full-scale heat exchanger is coated and tested under ADC working conditions. Fast adsorption dynamic leads to a high power output and a good power density. A low regeneration temperature of only 70 °C is demonstrated, allowing the use of low temperature sources like waste heat and solar thermal collectors.

Synthesis of water-resistant thin TiOx layer-coated high-voltage and high-capacity LiNiaCobAl1-a-bO2 (a > 0.85) cathode and its cathode performance to apply a water-based hybrid polymer binder to Li-Ion batteries

Titanium oxide (TiOx) coating was treated on a surface of LiNiaCobAl1-a-bO2 (a > 0.85, NCA) cathode material, which exhibited high capacity of 200 mAhg−1, but the charge/discharge capacity of which degraded seriously after contacting with water, to use the NCA with a water-based binder in the cathode preparation of lithium ion battery. The formation of TiOx layer on the NCA surface was conducted using a wet method and the TiOx layer formed was characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): The TiOx coating layer is 2–3 nm in thickness and Ti atoms are distributed over the whole NCA particle surface. The cathode electrode fabricated with TiOx-coated NCA and water-based TRD202A binder was found to compete in terms of cycle and rate performance with the cathode composed of pristine NCA particle and organic solvent-based PVdF binder even after it was exposed in the water-based slurry for 7 days in the cathode preparation. The results demonstrate that TiOx-coated NCA particles are promising as cathode materials with a water-resistant property and therefore water can be used as solvent for preparing the cathode slurry solution in the fabrication of lithium ion battery cathodes.

A comparative study of aqueous and organic processed Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 Li-rich cathode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries

The influence of the solvent used in the processing of Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 Li-rich electrodes has been thoroughly studied using complementary chemical, structural and electrochemical characterization techniques. Structural characterization has demonstrated that the bulk chemical composition and the structure of the material remain unchanged when processing the electrode in organic and aqueous media. 6Li solid state NMR measurements revealed that no perceptible variations of the signal positions and intensities were observed for the different samples, indicating the absence of H+/Li+ ionic exchange upon water exposition. Full coin-cells with the waterborne and organic processed Li-rich cathodes and graphite anodes delivered exceptional capacity retention during more than 250 cycles at 100% depth of discharge. This study proves that water-based binders can be used both for the anode and the cathode formulations of the next generation of Li-ion batteries.

Vpliv dodatka vodotopnega veziva na tehnološke lastnosti suspenzije silicijevega karbida

Vpliv dodatka vodotopnega veziva na tehnološke lastnosti suspenzije silicijevega karbida

Extensively interconnected silicon nanoparticles via carbon network derived from ultrathin cellulose nanofibers as high performance lithium ion battery anodes

Silicon is a good alternative to conventional graphite anode but it has bad cycling and rate performance. To overcome these severe problems, extensively interconnected silicon nanoparticles using carbon network derived from ultrathin cellulose nanofibers were synthesized. Ultrathin cellulose nanofibers, an abundant and sustainable material, entangle each silicon nanoparticle and become extensively interconnected carbon network after pyrolysis. This wide range interconnection provides an efficient electron path by decreasing the likelihood that electrons experience contact resistivity and also suppresses the volume expansion of silicon during lithiation. In addition, Ultrathin cellulose nanofibers are carboxylated and therefore adhesive to silicon nanoparticles through hydrogen bonding. This property makes ultrathin cellulose the perfect carbon source when making silicon composites. As a consequence, it exhibits 808 mAh g−1 of the reversible capacity after 500 cycles at high current density of 2 A g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 99.8%. Even at high current density of 8 A g−1, it shows a high reversible discharge capacity of 464 mAh g−1. Moreover, extensively interconnected carbon network prevents the formation of a brittle electrode with a water-based binder. Therefore, this remarkable material has a huge potential for LIBs applications.

Silica-free investment casting molds based on calcium zirconate

Investment casting allows the near net shape production of complex cast parts, but the investment casting of high melting and highly reactive titanium alloy melts is very difficult. Calcium zirconate (CaZrO3) is a novel ceramic refractory material, which is particularly stable in a highly reducing atmosphere and in contact with extremely reducing titanium alloy melts such as Ti6Al4V. Besides the refractory, the choice of the binder is equally important because conventional silicate binders significantly impair the corrosion resistance. Although there have been successful attempts to develop CaZrO3 investment casting molds, silica-free CaZrO3 investment casting molds using a water-based binder have not yet been reported.For the first time, CaZrO3 investment casting molds using a silica-free water-based binder system were successfully produced. Moreover, the rheological behavior of the slips and the chemical, physical and microstructural properties of the molds were extensively described. Investment casting of Ti6Al4V led to an exceptionally low hardness increase of the cast part, suggesting that only a slight corrosion reaction took place. Thus, the silica-free CaZrO3 investment casting molds contributed to an improved investment casting of titanium alloys.

Modified 3D printed powder to cement-based material and mechanical properties of cement scaffold used in 3D printing

Additive manufacturing is a common technique used to produce 3D printed structures. These techniques have been used as precise application geometry in different fields such as architecture and medicine, and the food, mechanics and chemical industries. However, in most cases only a limited amount of powder has been used to fabricate scaffold (structure). In this study, a unique mix of cements (calcium aluminate cement passed through a 150μm sieve and ordinary Portland cement) was developed for Z-Corporation’s three-dimensional printing (3DP) process. This cement mix was blended and the resulting composite powders were printed with a water-based binder using a Z-Corporation 3D printer. Moreover, some samples were added lithium carbonate to reduce the setting time for the cement mixture. The aims of the study were to firstly, find the proper cementitious powder close to the targeted powder (Z-powder); and secondly, evaluate the mechanical properties of this material. Cubic specimens of two different batches with varying saturation levels were cast and cured in various scenarios to enhance the best mechanical properties. The samples were characterised by porosity analyses, compression tests, Olympus BX61 Microscope imaging, 3D profiling Veeco (Dektak) and the Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM). The maximum compressive strength of the cubic specimens for cementitious 3DP was 8.26MPa at the saturation level of 170% for both the shell and core. The minimum porosity obtained was 49.28% at the saturation level of 170% and 340% for the shell and the core, respectively.

Preparation of Water-Resistant Surface Coated High-Voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode and Its Cathode Performance to Apply a Water-Based Hybrid Polymer Binder to Li-Ion Batteries

Water-resistant LiNi0.5Mn1.5O2 spinel cathode was prepared by surface coating with carbon, Al2O3 and Nb2O5 to use a water-based hybrid polymer (TRD202A, JSR, Japan) as a binder and to form the cathode film on an Al current collector. The surface composition and degree of the surface coverage of carbon, Al2O3 and Nb2O5 were characterized with field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O2 particles not only exhibited water-resistant property but also showed no decrease in discharge capacity and only a small degradation of discharge rate performance. In addition, the coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O2 particles, that were exposed to water-based binder solution for one week, exhibited the same charge/discharge cycle performance as observed for the cathode of the pristine LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles, suggesting that the coated particles are promising as cathode materials with a water-resistant property and therefore water can be used as solvent for preparing the cathode slurry solution in the place of e.g., carcinogenic N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone which is used actually.

Validation of Surface Temperature Measurements on a Combustor Liner Under Full-Load Conditions Using a Novel Thermal History Paint

The ever-increasing requirements on gas turbine efficiency and the simultaneous demand for reduced emissions, necessitate much more accurate calculations of the combustion process and combustor wall temperatures. Thermal history paints (THPs) is an innovative alternative to the established measurement techniques, but so far only a limited number of tests have been conducted under real engine conditions. A typical THP comprises oxide ceramic pigments and a water-based binder. The ceramic is synthesized to be amorphous and when heated it crystallizes, permanently changing the microstructure. The ceramic is doped with lanthanide ions to make it phosphorescent and as the structure of the material changes, so do the phosphorescent properties of the material. By measuring the phosphorescence, the maximum temperature of exposure can be determined, enabling postoperation measurements at ambient conditions. This paper describes a test in which THP was applied to an impingement-cooled front panel from a combustor of an industrial gas turbine. The panel was instrumented with a thermocouple (TC), and thermal paint was applied to the cold side of the impingement plate. The THP was applied to the hot-gas side of this plate for validation against the other measurement techniques and to evaluate its resilience against the reacting hot gas environment. The durability and temperature results of the three different measurement techniques are discussed. It is shown that the THP exhibited greater durability compared to the conventional thermal paint. Furthermore, the new technology provided detailed measurements indicating local temperature variations and global variations over the complete component.

The Application of a Water-Based Hybrid Polymer Binder to a High-Voltage and High-Capacity Li-Rich Solid-Solution Cathode and Its Performance in Li-Ion Batteries

Recently, water-soluble and aqueous polymers (water-based polymers) have attracted much attention as binders for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) because of the need for low-cost materials and environmentally compatible electrode fabrication processes. For example, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), which is listed as a carcinogenic chemical with reproductive toxicity is often used as a solvent to prepare a slurry (cathode material particle/conducting carbon additive/conventional polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF) binder/ NMP solvent) employed in the fabrication process of electrode films on current collectors; this slurry should be recycled without releasing it to the atmospheric environment. Therefore, switching from a nonaqueous-based fabrication process to an aqueous-based process has been widely investigated. The hurdles in developing water-soluble and aqueous polymer binders for use in cathodes in LIBs are still high; improvements are necessary to increase the resistance to electrochemical oxidation and dissolution of metal oxide surfaces in water. In order to overcome these problems, a variety of polymer materials have been applied in the fabrication of cathodes with water-based slurries. In recent years, Li-rich solid-solution layered cathode materials comprising layered LiMO2 (M: transition metals) and Li2MnO3 have attracted much interest because some materials exhibit capacities as high as 250 mAh g-1 in the voltage range of 2.0 and 4.8 V. These materials are charged to above 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li+) to fully activate the Li2MnO3 component, and after activation, the cathodes are charged to 4.5 V to reach discharge capacities over 250 mAh g-1. To use these promising high-voltage and high-capacity cathodes in the next-generation Li-ion batteries prepared in environmentally compatible electrode fabrication processes with a water-based binder, water-based binders having high resistances to electrochemical oxidation during charging process should be developed. In this study, an aqueous hybrid polymer (TRD202A, JSR), which was composed of acrylic polymer and fluoropolymer, was selected as a binder for the Li-rich solid-solution layered cathode material Li[Ni0.18Li0.20Co0.03Mn0.58]O2. A cathode prepared with Li[Ni0.18Li0.20Co0.03Mn0.58]O2 particles, TRD202A binder, CMC and conductive carbon additive was tested and analyzed for charge/discharge capacity, cycle stability, rate performance, mechanical resistance, resistance of electrochemical oxidation, and changes of the surface composition and structure after water-treatment used for preparing water-based slurry. The water-based TRD202A cathode binder is a water-based emulsion and is designed with a unique hybrid polymer developed from acrylic polymer and fluoropolymer to satisfy both the requirements of high adhesion and chemical and electrochemical resistances. Wu and co-workers have already reported an application of the TRD202 binder in a Li-rich solid-solution cathode. They mentioned that the TRD202A binder can be used for high-voltage cathodes in the voltage range of 2.0-4.6 V [1], and its thermal stability is equivalent to that of PVdF. However, they have not examined the water-based binders for charge/discharge capacities, long cycle stability, rate performance, mechanical resistance, resistance of electrochemical oxidation, or changes of the surface composition and structure after water-treatment used for preparing the water-based slurry. We have examined in depth the above points with the Li-rich solid-solution cathode (3/5)Li2MnO3·(1/5)Li[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2 ·(1/5)Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2. [1] Wu Q, Ha S, Prakash J, Dees DW, Lu W (2013) Electrochim. Acta 114:1-6

Influence of polymer binder structure on the properties of the graphite anode for lithium-ion batteries

This paper discusses the impact of the structure and properties of three different polymer binders: polyvinylidene fluoride, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol, on the electrochemical properties of spherical graphite anodes for Li-ion batteries. Electrochemical tests indicate that the nature of polyvinylidene fluoride contributes in decreasing the cycle life of graphite electrodes in contrast to effective water-based binders. This study demonstrates the possibility of manufacturing graphite-based electrode for Li-ion batteries that cycle longer and use water in the processing, instead of hazardous organic solvents like N -methylpyrrolidone, thereby improving performance, reducing cost and protecting the environment.

Water-Based Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Coating for a High-Performance Separator

With the development of electric vehicles, the traditional polyolefin separators can not meet the increasing requirements of lithium ion batteries with high power density, high energy density, and high safety performance. Herein, a novel water-based binder is synthesized by grafting carboxyl groups onto cellulose diacetate. When the polyethylene (PE) separator is coated by this binder and SiO2 nanoparticles, the thermal shrinkage of the modified separator is observed to be almost 0% after exposure at 200 °C for 30 min. The puncture strength significantly increase from 5.10 MPa (PE separator) to 7.64 MPa. More importantly, the capacity retention of the cells assembled with modified separators after 100 cycles at 0.5 C increase from 73.3% (cells assembled with PE separator) to 81.6%, owing to the excellent electrolyte uptake and the good compatibility with lithium electrode. Besides, the modified separator shows excellent surface stability after 100 cycles. Considering the above excellent properties, this c...

Coating paint for dyes removal: Performance and characteristic

A coating paint (CP) was used as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution that can be coated on any surfaces. The CP was formulated from a natural adsorbent, binder and a carrier. In the experimental study, the CP coated on the interior surface of glass beakers before tested for adsorption performance. The characterization study of CP has been carried out using SEM and XRF. Among the tested adsorbents and binders, clay-based adsorbent and water-based binder resulted as the most suitable ingredients for CP formula since they performed within shorter time and gave higher percentage dye removal. The mechanism of treatment is based on charge interaction between both materials, CP and Methylene Blue (MB). The net negative charges of CP give capabilities to adsorb positively charges of MB dye. For batch adsorption study, the MB dye uptake by the CP was increased as the initial dye concentration and contact time increase. The percentage removal of MB was found to achieve 99% for 20–100mg/L concentration and>60% for 200–500mg/L upon equilibrium within 24h. The current study revealed the potential of CP as a feasible and practical coating adsorbent for future wastewater treatment technology.

Benefits of Water-Based Binder Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Leclanché implements the innovative water-based production process; applied to all cell electrodes, it results in cost effective large format 30Ah LTO- and 43 Ah graphite-based cells, while minimizing environmental impact of manufacturing and ensuring very high cell performances and lifetime stability. Some of the benefits of water-based binder electrodes are: No more usage of organic (toxic) solvents in the mixing and coating processes. Reduced manufacturing cost of aqueous vs. solvent processing. Elimination of expensive solvent recovery steps, reduction of capital cost for coating equipment and elimination of expensive inactive components. Simplification of machinery (no EX requirements). Machinery size reduction (water extraction is faster than NMP one, therefore the drying section for coating line is reduced). Fast drying speed and low drying temperature require less electric power and yield to higher production rate. No dry room required for cell assembly, only humidity control is required during electrolyte filling, etc. The innovative high-quality manufactured electrodes lead to very high mechanical and electrochemical stability during cycling, e.g. Leclanché large-capacity LTO lithium-ion batteries allow for tenths of thousands full-DoD cycles to be reached, even in highly demanding conditions (see Fig.1). The lifetime estimation exceeds 20.000 cycles and is little affected by C-rate. Fig. 1: Lifetime characteristics at RT (21°C); influence of C-rate and lifetime estimation of 16 Ah cell Figure 1

Effect of glycerol concentrations on the mechanical properties of additive manufactured porous calcium polyphosphate structures for bone substitute applications.

This article addresses the effects of glycerol (GLY) concentrations on the mechanical properties of calcium polyphosphate (CPP) bone substitute structures manufactured using binder jetting additive manufacturing. To achieve this goal, nine types of water-based binder solutions were prepared with 10, 12.5, and 15 wt % GLY liquid-binding agent, mixed, respectively, with 0, 0.75, and 1.5 wt % ethylene glycol diacetate (EGD) flow enhancer. The print quality of each of the solutions was established quantitatively using an image processing algorithm. The print quality analysis narrowed down the solutions to three batches containing 1.5 wt % EGD and variable amount of GLY. These solutions were used to manufacture porous CPP bone substitute samples, which were characterized physically to determine shrinkage, porosity, microstructure, and compression strength. The 12.5 wt % GLY, 1.5 wt % EGD solution resulted in the highest mechanical strength after sintering (34.6 ± 5.8 MPa), illustrating similar mechanical properties when compared to previous studies (33.9 ± 6.3 MPa) of additively manufactured CPP bone substitutes using a commercially available binder. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 828-835, 2017.

Fabrication of a highly ordered hierarchically designed porous nanocomposite via indirect 3D printing: Mechanical properties and in vitro cell responses

Abstract Design and development of biodegradable scaffolds with highly uniform and controlled internal structure that stimulate tissue regeneration are the focus of many studies. The aim of this work is to apply a modified three-dimensional (3D) printing process to fabricate polymer-matrix composites with controlled internal architecture. Computationally-designed plaster molds with various pore sizes in the range of 300–800 μm were prepared by employing 3D printing of a water-based binder. The molds were converted to e-polycaprolactone (PCL) and PCL/bioactive glass (BG) composite scaffolds by solvent casting and freeze drying methods. Optical and electron microscopy studies revealed that the pore structure was retained without shape distortion of the scaffolds. The wall structure of the pores was composed of a homogeneous fibril interconnected porous surface. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds were evaluated by uniaxial compression and nano-indentation tests. In vitro cell studies by MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblast cells showed that the prepared 3D scaffolds supported cell adhesion, tissue growth and cell differentiation. The effect of pore geometry and bioactive glass particles on the mechanical properties and tissue growth were evaluated. The results of mechanical examinations and in vitro cell responses determined the potential of the process for the fabrication of non-load bearing 3D scaffolds.

Effects of Adding HPC to Si-Alloy Anode Slurry of Lithium Secondary Battery

This study was carried out to analyze the effects of adding hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) on the rheology and dispersibility of the slurry and battery characteristics when fabricating an anode slurry containing Si alloy as the active material, a water-based binder, and deionized water as the solvent. The addition of HPC resulted in a reduction in the viscosity and excellent dispersion in the slurry. In the battery, the adhesiveness of the electrode and current collector was improved, and the initial capacity, polarization resistance, and cycling performance were improved. In addition, the expansion in thickness decreased. This was because HPC suppressed coagulation by steric hindrance and simultaneously acted as a binder by being adsorbed on the particle surfaces of the Si alloy and Ketjen black.

High performance of MoS2 microflowers with a water-based binder as an anode for Na-ion batteries

The electrochemical performance of MoS2 microflowers with different binders is evaluated through conversion reaction. The MoS2 microflowers with Na-alginate show the highest cycling stability, delivering a capacity of 595 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles.