Abstract
Spinel based transition metal oxide – FeV2O4 is applied as a novel anode for sodium-ion battery. The electrochemical tests indicate that FeV2O4 is generally controlled by pseudo-capacitive process. Using cost-effective and eco-friendly aqueous based binders, Sodium-Carboxymethylcellulose/Styrene butadiene rubber, a highly stable capacity of ~97 mAh∙g−1 is obtained after 200 cycles. This is attributed to the strong hydrogen bonding of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups indicating superior binding with the active material and current collector which is confirmed by the ex-situ cross-section images of the electrode. Meanwhile, only ~27 mAh∙g−1 is provided by the electrode using poly(vinylidene difluoride) due to severe detachment of the electrode material from the Cu foil after 200 cycles. The obtained results provide an insight into the possible applications of FeV2O4 as an anode material and the use of water-based binders to obtain highly stable electrochemical tests for sodium-ion battery.
Highlights
The commercialization of Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) by Sony in 1991, paved the way for the development of portable devices[1]
This study focuses on the (i) preparation of a novel anode material FeV2O4 and (ii) preliminary analyses of its electrochemical properties for Na – battery systems with the incorporation of non-aqueous (PVdF) and aqueous (CMC/Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)) binders
When the temperature was raised to 450–500 °C, impurity peaks situated at ~25°, 33° appeared which are attributable to V2O3 impurity (JCPDS # 00-001-1293)
Summary
The commercialization of Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) by Sony in 1991, paved the way for the development of portable devices[1]. Na-alloying type anodes, such as Sn, Sb, P, Ge and In have been reported to deliver high reversible capacities[22,24,25] Howbeit, these materials suffer from large volume change during electrochemical tests which results in electrode pulverization, loss of contact with the current collector, and subsequent capacity fading[24,26]. Iron is a highly abundant element with a comparable price to commercial activated carbon, making it economically viable for industrial-scale applications[42] With these advantages provided by iron and vanadium oxides, Fe-V-O compound is expected to exhibit notable electrochemical performance for SIBs applications. This study focuses on the (i) preparation of a novel anode material FeV2O4 and (ii) preliminary analyses of its electrochemical properties for Na – battery systems with the incorporation of non-aqueous (PVdF) and aqueous (CMC/SBR) binders
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