Water-alcohol Extracts Research Articles

Investigation of antibacterial and anticancer activities of biosynthesized metal-doped and undoped zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Over the past 10 years, nanotechnology has emerged as a very promising technique for a wide range of biomedical applications. Green synthesized metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are cheap, easy to produce in large quantities, and safe for the environment. Currently, efforts are being made to dope ZnO in order to improve its optical, electrical, and ferromagnetic qualities as well as its crystallographic quality. Actually, doping is one of the simplest methods for enhancing an NP's physicochemical characteristics because it involves introducing impure ions into the crystal lattice of the particle. In this study, the biosynthesis of zinc oxide NPs (ZnONPs) and metal-doped (Mg2+ and Ag+) ZnONPs was carried out by using aqueous and water-alcoholic extracts of Cynara scolymus L. leaves, Carthamus tinctorius L. flowers, and Rheum ribes L. (RrL) plant, which are rich in phytochemical content. Plant extracts act as a natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent in the production. The produced NPs were characterized using a variety of methods, such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The produced metal-doped and undoped ZnONPs exhibited characteristic absorption peaks between 365 and 383nm due to their surface plasmon resonance bands. SEM analysis revealed that the NPs were oval, nearly spherical, and spherical. In the FTIR spectra, the Zn-O bonding peak ranges from 400 to 700cm-1. The peaks obtained in the range of 407-562cm-1 clearly represent the Zn-O bond. In addition, the FTIR results showed that there were notable amounts of phenol and flavonoid compounds in both the prepared extract and ZnONPs. According to DLS analysis results, the size distribution of produced NPs is between 120 and 786nm. The antibacterial properties of green produced NPs on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus RN4220) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli DH10B) bacterial strains were investigated by agar well diffusion method. In studies investigating the anticancer activities of biosynthesized NPs, mouse fibroblast cells (L929) were used as healthy cells and human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) were used as cancer cells. Only the produced Ag-ZnONPs showed potent dose-dependent antibacterial activity (at concentrations higher than 100µg/mL) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. RrL-ZnONP-600 and RrL-ZnONP-800 NPs produced with water-ethanol extract of RrL plant and calcined at 600 and 800°C were effective at high concentrations in healthy cells and at low concentrations in HeLa cancer cells, showing that they have the potential to be anticancer agents. The study's findings highlight the potential of green synthesis techniques in the production of medicinal nanomaterials for the treatment of cancer and other biological uses.

The investigation prospect application of alcohol-water extract of lingonberry as antimicrobial, anti-fungi and antioxidant pharmaceutical

Infection diseases is a worldwide important problem for medicine and pharmacy. Every year 13.7 million people die from bacterial infections in the world. Thus, the search of new compounds with antimicrobial and anti-fungi activity is topical for today. The object of the study was lingonberry leaf 60% extract. The content of phenylpropanoids derivatives was evaluated by spectrophotometric method of analysis, whereas organic acids by alkalimetric method; antioxidant power was found by potentiometric method; antibacterial and antifungal activity was assessed by the method of “wells”. According to the results of the study, it was shown that the lingonberry leaf extract is inferior to the green tea leaf extract in terms of the content of phenolic compounds, catechins, hydroxycinnamic and organic acids, but flavonoids dominate in the lingonberry extract. The study found that lingonberry leaf extract has a high level of antioxidant activity. When comparing the levels of antioxidant action of lingonberry extract with green tea extract and the «gold standard» – аepigallocatechin-3-O-gallate in one concentration of 0.03 mol/L, it was found that lingonberry extract had the best result. Escherichia coli bacteria was the most sensitive to the extract whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant. This work shows that 60% ethanolic lingonberry leaf extract has potent antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal effects. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that 60% V. vitis-idaea leaf extract is promising for the development of new antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant pharmaceutical.

The Potential of Hemp Extracts to Modify the Course of Oxidative-Stress Related Conditions.

The leaves of industrial hemp, which have long been considered as a waste product, have been proven to contain numerous compounds that possess potential biological activity. One of the most interesting groups of compounds present are polyphenolic compounds, which, due to their specific structure, have a pronounced antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential. This study aimed to detect biological activity, including antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential, of water and water-alcoholic extracts of five commercially available hemp teas, followed by phytochemical profiling. Hemp aqueous and ethanolic extracts demonstrate potent antioxidant properties. Ethanol extracts are better scavengers of DPPH• and OH•, while aqueous extracts neutralize NO• better. Both types of extracts exhibit antioxidant potential in the catalase test and moderate XOD inhibition. Furthermore, aqueous extracts are potent α-amylase inhibitors, while ethanolic extracts demonstrate stronger anti-α-glucosidase activity, suggesting therapeutic potential for chronic diseases like insulin resistance or diabetes. Further detailed chemical characterization and in vivo studies are needed to validate these findings.

THE METHOD OF QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF FLAVONOIDS IN THE FLOWERS OF GIANT CEPHALARIA

Giant cephalaria (Cephalaria gigantea (LEDEB.) BOBROV) is a powerful perennial whose height reaches two meters. This plant is found in Southern Europe, Western and Central Asia, as well as in North and South Africa. It is cultivated in the Botanical garden of Samara University. The extracts of giant cephalaria have been used in traditional medicine for many years due to their antimicrobial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antipyretic activities, which may be due to various biologically active compounds. It is known that the leaves contain triterpenoids, phenolic carboxylic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, and the flowers contain flavonoid compounds: luteolin, quercetin, cynaroside, quercimeritrin and gigantoside A. The article describes the development of a technique for quantifying of the amount of flavonoids in the flowers of giant cephalaria. Spectrophotometric analysis of water-alcohol extracts from giant cephalaria flowers allowed us to establish that the main contribution to the absorption curve of their UV-spectra in the presence of AlCl3 is made by flavonols having a free OH group at the C-3 position, and in the differential version, the maximum absorption of the tested solution is close to that of the standard sample of quercetin (428±2 nm). Optimal conditions for the extraction of flavonoids in giant cephalaria flowers were determined: extractant 70% ethyl alcohol; the ratio "raw material-extractant" – 1 : 50; extraction time – extraction in a boiling water bath for 60 minutes, the degree of grinding of raw materials – 2 mm, analytical wavelength – 426 nm. It was determined that the content of the total flavonoids calculated on quercetin in the flowers of giant cephalaria varies from 1.58±0.05% to 2.63±0.05%. The error of a single determination with a 95% confidence probability is ±1.75%. The obtained results were used in the development of the FS project for a new type of medicinal plant raw materials "Cephalaria giant flowers" for introduction into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.

The development of methods for determination the total flavonoids in buds of Populus alba L.

White poplar (Populus alba L., family Saliaceae ) has a similar chemical composition with other species of the genus Populus L. and it can consider as a promising source of raw materials containing phenolic compounds, in particular flavonoids. The pharmacological activity of the buds of pharmacopeial species of genus Populus L., and also of the white poplar is caused by biologically active compounds, mainly of a phenolic nature, including flavonoids (pinostrobin, piriocembrin, quercetin, etc.), phenylpropanoids (caffeic acid, etc.) and simple phenols (salicin).. One of the most well-known biologically active compounds of white poplar is quercetin, for which an antihistamine, anti-inflammatory action has been demonstrated. Differential spectrophotometry carried out in accordance with the OFS was used as a research method.1.2.1.1.0003.15 "Spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet and visible regions". Spectral characteristics of water-alcohol extracts were evaluated on a Specord 40 spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena AG, Germany) in cuvettes with a layer thickness of 10 mm. It was determined that in all electronic spectra of the water-ethanolic extractions from the buds of the white poplar there are two absorption maxima in the area of 290 nm and 370 nm, due to flavanones and flavonols, respectively. It was established that in the electronic spectra of the water-ethanolic extractions from the buds of the white poplar, a significant bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength band in the presence of aluminum chloride is observed, which confirms the presence of flavonoids. Under the conditions of differential spectrophotometry UV spectrum of the water-ethanolic extractions from the buds of the white poplar, an absorption maximum is observed at wavelength of 430 nm, which indicates the expediency of using quercetin in the analysis technique, which has an absorption maximum at a wavelength of 430±2 nm. As a result of the study, the method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in the buds of white poplar using differential spectrophotometry calculated on quercetin at an analytical wavelength of 430 nm. The optimal parameters of extraction of raw materials were determined: extractant – 90% ethyl alcohol, the ratio of "raw material-extractant" – 1:30, extraction time – 60 minutes. The content of the total flavonoids calculated on quercetin in the buds of the white poplar is varied from 0,45±0,02 % to 0.69 ± 0.03%

Whitening and antioxidant activities of Inonotus sanghuang Extract and development of primary whitening gel products.

Polysaccharides and flavonoids have excellent antioxidant properties and tyrosinase inhibitory effects. In this paper, the antioxidant capacity of Inonotus sanghuang extract and its inhibition kinetics on mushroom tyrosinase were investigated to determine the preparation process of Inonotus sanghuang primary whitening gel. By conducting experimental studies on the effects of water extract and alcohol extract of Inonotus sanghuang on antioxidant capacity and tyrosinase activity, their inhibitory ability and types of inhibitory effects were determined. The single factor experiment was used to determine the preparation process of Sanghuang primary whitening gel. This study has proven that the extract of Inonotus sanghuang possesses antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory capabilities. It also identified the preparation process for the primary whitening gel of Inonotus sanghuang, thereby providing a theoretical and experimental basis for the development of whitening products utilising Inonotus sanghuang.

Isolation, identification and quantification of flavonoids from the flowers of <i>Staphylea pinnata</i> L.

Introduction. Search for new plant species containing biologically active substances (hereinafter – BAS) is one of the leading tasks of pharmacognosy as a science. The search for flavonoid glycosides in plant raw materials is especially relevant, since they have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunostimulating, as well as weak fungicidal and bacteriostatic action. Staphylea pinnata L. is an endemic plant of the Caucasus, cultivated not only in Georgia, but also in the Russian Federation in the Northern and Northwestern Caucasus. In foreign literature there are studies of antioxidant, antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of leaf extracts of several species of S. pinnata L., as well as inhibitory activity of COX-1, COX-2 and LTB4 formation. Meanwhile, no serious Russian-language scientific studies on either the chemical composition or pharmacological action of generative organs of S. pinnata were found in the literature. This work is part of a comprehensive phytochemical study of S. pinnata. The aim of the work is to study the qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoids in the studied object.Aim. To isolate, identify and quantify flavonoids in flowers and buds of Staphylea pinnata L.Materials and methods. Alcohol-water extracts from dried generative organs of the studied plant were used as analyzed solutions. Solutions were analyzed on a spectrophotometer SF-2000 (LLC "OKB Spectr", Russia) after sample preparation with aluminum chloride and on an HPLC Nexera-i LC-2040 (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan) equipped with a column and sample thermostat, degasser and autosampler using an individually selected elution gradient of the mobile phase (0.1 % orthophosphoric acid/acetonitrile solution). The primary data were processed using LabSolutions Single LC software (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan). Compounds from the flavonoid group were identified by retention times. Detection was carried out using a UV detector with an absorption wavelength of 365 ± 2 nm.Result and discussion. Alcohol-water extracts from flowers and buds of S. pinnata L. were obtained. Quantitative evaluation by spectrophotometry for flavonoid content was carried out. A gradient elution mode for HPLC was selected for simultaneous determination of 7 flavonoid glycosides. These chromatographic conditions allowed the identification and quantification of astragaline, cynaroside, cosmosiin, narcissin and rutin in flowers and buds of Staphylea pinnata L. Flavonoid glycosides: raponticin and kaempferol were not detected.Conclusion. Flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the generative organs of S. pinnata L., a technique for quantitative determination of flavonoid glycosides in alcohol-water extracts was developed, astragalin, cynaroside, cosmosiin, narcissin and rutin were detected and quantified.

Apple Tree Leaves (Malus domestica Borkh) as a Valuable Source of Polyphenolic Compounds with a High Antioxidant Capacity

The aim of the study was to compare the antioxidant activity and polyphenol content in extracts prepared from freeze-dried leaves of three apple cultivars: Ligol, Gala, and Gloster, using different solvents and extraction methods. The content of total polyphenols was determined using the Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent method, and a qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenols was performed using the HPLC method. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was determined using the DPPH radical method. The colour parameters (in the CIEL*a*b system) of the obtained extracts were also determined. The antioxidant activity of apple leaf extracts increased with increasing polyphenol content. Water–alcoholic extracts from apple leaves were characterised by a significantly higher antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content in comparison with water extracts. The best solvent was a mixture of water and methanol (80%). Among the phenolic compounds identified in the extracts, the most common was phloridzin. The highest content of phloridzin (105.0 mg/1 g of dry weight) was found in water–methanol extracts from the leaves of the Ligol variety obtained with ultrasound-assisted extraction. The extracts with the highest antioxidant activity (131.2 μmol of Trolox/1 g of dry weight) and polyphenol content (81.9 mg GAE/1 g of dry weight) were water–methanol from the leaves of the Ligol cultivar, obtained by shaking them with a solvent.

Current state of research in the field of lollipop adjusted dosage form and the possibility of using alcohol-water extract from hawthorn fruits in this dosage form (review)

Lollipops are a solid dosage form obtained by pouring, containing one or more active ingredients evenly distributed in an appropriate base, and intended for oral disintegration in order to provide a topical effect in the oral cavity and pharynx. As a rule, lollipops have a round shape and a smooth and uniform surface. Technological solutions for obtaining lollipops involve pouring. As a basis for the production of lollipops, a mixture of sucrose and a mixture of glucose, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (liquid glucose) are most commonly used (in an approximate ratio of 60:40). The range of this dosage form is small. These are mainly lollipops and lozenges with sage («Natur Produkt Europe B. V.», the Netherlands, OOO «Valent», Russia), hematogen candy (OOO «Vozrozhdenie and Razvitie», Russia), Lasolvan lozenges (Ambroxol) (AO «Sanofi Russia», Russia, «Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH», Germany). Purpose of the study: to summarize the available literature data on lollipops as a dosage form and the possibilities of their use. Materials and methods. We conducted a literature review of scientific papers over the last 20 years, using the resources of the PubMed and eLIBRARY search engines with the key words below. For this meta-analysis, we used articles that provided evidence on the most current issues regarding lollipops as a dosage form. Results. Lollipops are a convenient adjusted dosage form. The list of available drugs included in this dosage form is limited. The introduction of alcohol-water extract from hawthorn fruits is a promising way to expand the range of dosage forms containing hawthorn. Conclusion. The result of the research was the establishment of prospects for expanding the range of dosage forms through the development of lollipops containing an alcohol-water extract from hawthorn fruits.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ ПАРМЕЛИИ (PARMELIA)

The analysis of the literature data shows the growing interest of researchers in the search for new medicinal plant raw materials. There is scientific evidence demonstrating the prospects for the use in medical practice of parmelia layers containing lichen acids as part of a fraction of polyphenolic substances and water-soluble polysaccharides. Representatives of the Parmeliaceae family have a wide habitat in the Russian Federation, growing on trunks and branches of various tree species, most often deciduous, less often coniferous, but also fixed on rocky surfaces and stones. The lack of modern regulatory documentation for this raw material undoubtedly prevents the introduction of parmelia layers into widespread medical practice. The results of the identified important BAS indicate the relevance and prospects of further studies of parmelia aimed at the subsequent inclusion of selected techniques in the regulatory documentation being developed. The purpose of this work is to conduct a preliminary chemical analysis of the raw materials of parmelia, aimed at identifying and quantifying the main groups of BAS. To carry out qualitative reactions, the analyzed raw materials were crushed, after which aqueous extracts were prepared in accordance with the GPA.1.4.1.0018.15 "Infusions and decoctions". Water-alcohol extracts were prepared in accordance with the GPA.1.4.1.0019.15 "Tinctures". In the course of the study, the authors identified such BAS groups as polysaccharides, polyphenolic substances and peptides in the raw materials of the parmelia stratum. The quantitative determination of the amount of water-soluble polysaccharides was carried out by gravimetric methods, polyphenolic substances by the Folin-Chicalteu method.

OPTIMIZATION OF CONDITIONS FOR OBTAINING URTICA DIOICA L. EXTRACT AND THE STUDY OF ITS ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES

The purpose of the presented study was to select optimal conditions and develop a technology for obtaining nettle extract, which in the future can be used in food technologies. Nettles were harvested in May before the appearance of inflorescences. The place where the plant is collected is a forest near the village of Lvovka in the Shigonsky district of the Samara region. Mathematical optimization of the conditions for obtaining water-alcohol extract of nettle dioecious was carried out. Nettle extraction was carried out in the traditional way, with ultrasound treatment and ultrahigh frequency currents. To obtain an extract with the highest yield of extractives, it is recommended to use 75% ethyl alcohol as an extractant at a hydromodule of 1 : 10, a temperature in the range from 45 to 55 °C, and an extraction time of 2 hours. In addition, it is possible to use ultrasonic radiation or microwave processing to obtain the extract, which also contribute to an increase in the yield of dry substances. Nettle extract, prepared with the help of ultrahigh frequency currents, showed the greatest antioxidant activity. This extract contains 1309.9 mg of gallic acid and 322.9 mg of catechin per 100 g of feedstock, and its antioxidant activity is 2.5 mg/ml. At the same time, with the help of a microwave field, the extract can be obtained in a minimum time.

COMPARATIVE CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND SPECTRAL STUDY OF THE ALKALOID COMPOSITION OF THE BIOMASS OF TISSUE CULTURE AND THE HERB OF GLAUCIUM FLAVUM

Introduction. The culture of plant cells and tissues is an effective technology for obtaining various secondary metabolites, including for use in the pharmaceutical industry. Compounds synthesized in callus and suspension cultures may be identical to plant ones, and the yield of secondary metabolites, in some cases, exceeds plant sources. In this regard, yellow hornpoppy (Glaucium flavum Crantz.) is of great interest, containing glaucin, which has a unique antitussive effect and is a source of a number of medications. The purpose of this study is a comparative phytochemical study of the alkaloid composition of the tissue culture and the herb of Glaucium flavum. Material and methods. Callus tissue cultures of yellow hornpoppy yellow hornpoppy (Glaucium flavum Crantz.) were obtained in the laboratory of the Institute of Pharmacy of Kazan State Medical University. The herb of the Glaucium flavum cultivated on the territory of the Botanical Garden of Samara University was collected during the flowering period of plants in 2021. A comparative study of the alkaloid composition of the callus culture and the herb of Glaucium flavum was carried out by methods of luminescent microscopy on an Altami LUM-2 microscope (Russia), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on Sorbfil-PTSH-AF-A-UV plates, as well as spectrophotometry. A mixture of solvents n-butanol-acetic acid-water 4:1:2 was used as a solvent system. The detection of separated substances was carried out by scanning chromatographic plates in UV light at a wavelength of 366 and 254 nm, followed by the manifestation of Dragendorf reagent. The identification of the isolated glaucin hydrochloride was carried out on the basis of UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy data. 1H NMR spectra were obtained on the "JNM-ECX 400" device (399.78MHz), 13C NMR spectra were obtained on the "JNM–ECX 400" device (100.52 MHz). The spectra were recorded using a Specord 40 spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena AG, Germany) in the wavelength range of 190-500 nm. Results. During the luminescent analysis of the tissue culture of the Glaucium flavum Crantz., as well as intact plants, the type of luminescence characteristic of isoquinoline alkaloids was noted. Using TLC analysis, isoquinoline alkaloids, including glaucin, were found in samples of callus cultures and the aerial parts of Glaucium flavum, however, a lower glaucin content was noted in the sample of the callus culture compared to that of the intact plant. The spectrophometric analysis of the studied samples showed that the nature of the absorption curve in intact plants and crops of the so-called Glaucium flavum has both common and distinctive features. The UV spectrum of water-alcohol extraction from a sample of Glaucium flavum tissue culture has a similar spectrophotometric profile, however, it contains only one absorption maximum (288 nm), coinciding with that of the UV spectrum of water-alcohol extraction from the herb of this plant. Conclusions. Therefore, the final conclusion regarding the content of glaucin in the studied samples can be made only during the preparative isolation of substances from the biomass of Glaucium flavum using column chromatography

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF THE HERBS OF SOME SPECIES OF THE GENUS ACHILLEA L.

The article presents the results of a comparative study of the component composition of herbs of some species of the genus Achillea L. growing in the Samara region - common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), cartilaginous yarrow (Achillea cartilaginea (Ledeb. ex Rchb.) and noble yarrow (Achillea nobilis (L.). Spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography were used as methods of investigation.
 As a result of comparative spectrophotometric analysis of water-alcoholic extracts of common yarrow herbs, yarrow cartilaginous herbs and noble yarrow herbs revealed that the absorption curve of their UV spectra is due mainly to hydroxycinnamic alcohols, in particular chlorogenic and caffeic acids (290 sh. and 330 nm). When aluminum (III) chloride solution was added to the water-alcoholic extracts of yarrow herb from the studied species, a bathochromic shift of the long-wave band at 400 nm was observed due to the flavonoids.
 The content of total flavonoids in the plant raw material is: common yarrow - 0.68±0.01%, cartilaginous yarrow - 0.65±0.02%, noble yarrow - 0.69±0.02%.
 Chlorogenic acid, cynaroside, cosmosiin, apigenin and luteolin were identified in water-alcoholic extracts from the above described species using HPLC method. In addition, the presence of caffeic acid was detected in the water-alcoholic extracts of noble yarrow herbs.
 The content of cosmosiin in the plant raw material is: common yarrow - 0.61±0.01%, cartilaginous yarrow - 0.56±0.02%, noble yarrow - 0.62±0.02%.
 The results of the study can be used in the development of regulatory documentation for medicinal plant material "Yarrow herb" for inclusion in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial ac- tivity of the extracts of oregano and marsh cinquefoil against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

One of the most critical problems in animal husbandry and public health is antibiotic resistance, associated with the widespread use of antibiotic drugs. As a result, pathogenic microorganisms develop antibiotic resistance, which creates the need to either increase their dosage or replace them with other medications. Phytobiotics are a promising alternative to antibiotic drugs. Phytobiotics are active substances of medicinal plants that exhibit antimicrobial properties against pathogenic microorganisms. The primary sources of antimicrobial activity of phytobiotics are phenolic and polyphenolic compounds. The research aimed to study the antimicrobial activity of oregano (O) extracts and marsh cinquefoil (MC). Alcohol extracts (AE) were prepared from dry raw materials by water-alcohol extraction, and then alcohol-free extracts (AFE) were obtained using vacuum distillation. The content of polyphenolic compounds was studied in the obtained extracts, and the hole method against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica evaluated their antimicrobial properties. The results showed that in O AFE, the content of polyphenolic compounds was 1.487 mg/ml, in O AE 1.166 mg/ml, in MC AFE 1.349 mg/ml, and MC AE 1.074 mg/ml. All studied extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The most significant zones of suppression (1.86 cm) were formed around the wells with O AFE, which were significantly (P<0.01) larger than in the samples with O AE. About gram-negative cultures, zones of suppression were found only in alcoholic extracts, which is most likely a demonstration of the antibacterial activity of ethanol.

Recycling primary lithium batteries using a coordination chemistry approach: recovery of lithium and manganese residues in the form of industrially important materials.

In this study, we have investigated the potential use of post-consumer primary lithium metal batteries (LMBs) commonly used in portable electronic devices to recover lithium and manganese in the form of industrially important materials. A direct reaction of lithium-containing electronic waste with a naturally sourced ester, methyl salicylate, combined with a wide range of aliphatic alcohols has been used as a general method for recovering lithium in the form of lithium aryloxides of different nuclearities [Li(OAr)(HOMe)2] (1), [Li(OAr)(HOAr)] (2), [Li(OAr)(HOEt)]2 (3), [Li(OAr)(H2O)]2 (4), [Li4(OAr)4(EGME)2] (5), [Li6(OAr)6] (6-8) for ArOH = methyl salicylate (1, 2, 4, 6), ethyl salicylate (3, 7), 2-methoxyethyl salicylate (5, 8), and EGME = 2-methoxyethanol. The hydrolysis of 7 was then used to synthesize lithium salicylate [Li(Sal)(H2O)]n (10), which is an important antioxidant in the production of oils and grease. The discharged cathode material of Li-MnO2 batteries was investigated as a source from which LiClO4, Li2CO3, LiMn2O4, and Mn2O3 can be recovered by means of water-alcohol extraction or calcination. Particular emphasis was placed on the detailed characterization of all battery components and their decomposition products. LMBs were completely recycled for the first time, and materials were recovered from the cathode and the anode.

ANTIRADICAL ACTIVITY OF WATER-ALCOHOL EXTRACTS OF RHODODENDRON ADAMSII R., GROWING IN YAKUTIA

Classes of extractive substances of rhododendron Adams, growing in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), contained in an aqueous extract and extracts based on 20, 40, 70 and 95% ethyl alcohol were studied. It is shown that these are mainly phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids. Moreover, the maximum amount of them is contained in an extract based on 40% ethyl alcohol.
 The HPLC method revealed the presence of chlorogenic, caffeic, gallic acids, rutin, quercetin and dihydroquercitin in extracts.
 In model reactions with a free stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, the antiradical properties of water-alcohol solutions of Adams rhododendron were studied. The results of the DPPH test showed that the antiradical activity (ARA) is minimal for an extract based on 95% alcohol and increases from 46.7% in the case of an aqueous extract to 60.2% for a 40% aqueous alcohol extract, which is due to the peculiarity of their chemical composition. It is shown that the antiradical activity of extracts correlates well with the content of phenolic compounds in their composition (correlation coefficient 0.98).
 According to the size of the ARA, water-alcohol extracts can be arranged in the following row: 40% extract > 20% extract > 70% water-alcohol extract > water extract > 95% alcohol extract.

Comparative phytochemical study of white poplar (<i>Populus alba</i> L.) and black poplar (<i>Populus nigra</i> L.)

Aim – to conduct a comparative phytochemical study of leaves, wood buds, shoots, bark of two representatives of the genus poplar – white poplar and black poplar.
 Material and methods. For the experiment, we have chosen leaves, wood shoots, buds, bark of black poplar (Populus nigra L.), white poplar (Populus alba L.) and also reference standards (RS). The thin-layer chromatography was carried out on the plates Sorbfil-PTSH-AF-A-UV in the systems n-butanol-acetic acid-water (4:1:2) and chloroform-ethyl alcohol-water (25:18:2). The spectrophotometry was carried out on a Specord 40 spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena) in cuvettes with a layer thickness of 10 mm in the wavelength range from 190 to 500 nm. The comparison solution was ethyl alcohol of 96% concentration.
 Results. In the water-alcohol extracts of the leaves of poplar species the presence of rutin and other phenolic compounds was detected. Pinostrobin and pinocembrin were observed in wood shoots, buds and bark of the plants. The bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength line in the ultraviolet spectra of the studied extracts solutions indicated the presence of flavonoids.
 Conclusion. In all cases, flavonoids made the greatest contribution to the absorption curves of the spectra, in particular: flavanones (pinocembrine, pinostrobin, and others), and phenylpropanoids (caffeic acid and other cinnamic acids). The leaves, wood shoots and buds of the plants contained substances of a phenolic nature, including flavonoids. The composition of the bark of the white poplar was mainly represented by phenolic compounds – phenylpropanoids and simple phenols.

The phytochemical study of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim) leaves in hydroponics and soil culture

Background: In the medical fieldEleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim) (E. senticosus) or Siberian ginseng is known as a natural adaptogen and immunomodulator. All parts of E. senticosus: roots, stems, leaves, and berries, have medicinal properties. In medicine, E. senticosus is used to treat depression, Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebral ischemia, and diabetes. The adaptogenic properties of the plant are related to its rich composition of biologically active compounds (phenylpropanoids, eleuterosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, vitamins, etc.). E. senticosus activates the body’s protection mechanisms, directly affecting tissue metabolism. It increases mental and physical performance, immunity, and protects from stress, making its use important in sports medicine and the military. The use of E. senticosus in food and dietary supplements has become popular in recent years, whereas some studies suggest that its potential benefits are the reduction of stress and enhancement of immune system function. Objective: To study the content of the main biologically active compounds of medicinal raw material (leaves) of E. senticosus, cultivated in outdoor hydroponics and soil conditions during different stages of growth and development. Methods: The spectrophotometric method was used to determine the content of total phenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and eleutherosides in a 70 % water-alcohol extract from E. senticosus dry leaves at different phases of vegetation period. The spectra were recorded using an Agilent Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Moreover, the content of extractive substances was determined, and the content of vitamin C, and β-carotene in fresh leaves (State Pharmacopoeia 2015).Results:The results of our study showed that levels of phenolic compounds in the leaves of E. senticosus obtained in hydroponics and soil culture are the highest during the flowering phase (August-September). It was observed that during the flowering period, the content of total phenols, phenolic acids, and eleutherosides was 1.3 times higher, and flavonoids - 1.2 times higher compared to the vegetative phase. It is worth noting that the content of vitamin “C”, β-carotene and extractives was also higher during the flowering period. Hydroponic plants had higher content of vitamin “C”, β-carotene, and extractives, respectively by 1.4, 1.2 and 1.2 times compared to soil plants. This could be due to several factors such as the optimal content of nutrients (N=200 mg/L, P=65 mg/L, K=350 mg/L), and the high content of oxygen in the hydroponic system. Conclusion: According to the results of a phytochemical study of E. senticosus leaves grown in outdoor hydroponics and soil culture in the Ararat Valley, the highest content of biologically active compounds (eleutherosides, phenols, phenolic acids, vitamins) is recorded in hydroponic plants in the flowering period. In general, the research has practical importance,since the E. senticosus plants grown in hydroponic conditions can be a rich source for the production of natural food and dietary supplements. Keywords:biologically active compounds, adaptogen, eleutherosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, medicinal raw material

UPLC-Q-Exactive/MS based analysis explore the correlation between components variations and anti-influenza virus effect of four quantified extracts of Chaihu Guizhi decoction

Ethnopharmacological relevanceChaihu Guizhi decoction (CGD) is a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescription for the treatment of influenza and fever, composes of Bupleuri Radix (Chaihu), Cinnamomi Ramulus (Guizhi), Scutellariae Radix (Huangqin), Codonopsis Radix (Dangshen), Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle (Zhigancao), Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum (Fabanxia), Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens (Shengjiang), Paeoniae Radix Alba (Baishao) and Jujubae Fructus (Dazao) in the ratio of 12:4.5:4.5:4.5:3:6:4.5:4.5:4. The efficacy of TCM, if there are differences, depends on the different extraction methods and extracted components. Aim of the studyThis study was to evaluate the anti-influenza virus effect of CGD extracts with different extraction methods, analyze the components and explore their correlation. Materials and methodsCGD were prepared with four extraction methods respectively, the traditional decoction (TD), two steps alcohol-water extraction (AWE), alcohol reflux extraction (AE) and water reflux extraction (WE). Based on the influenza mouse model, the efficacy of anti-influenza virus in vivo of the four CGD extracts were evaluated with the therapeutic index of body weight, rectal temperature, lung index, thymus index and lung viral load of mice. The chemical components in four CGD extracts, and compounds absorbed in rats blood with prototypes or metabolites were identified by UPLC-Q-Exactive/MS. The partial least squares (PLS) method was used to explore the correlation between the components variation in CGD extracts and the comprehensive efficacy index. The potential effective components were further accessed by molecular docking. ResultsComparing with the other three extracts, AWE has the best anti-influenza effect. It could ameliorate the symptoms caused by influenza virus infection in mice, increase body weight and rectal temperature, reduce the lung index and virus load in lung tissue. 129, 144, 140 and 129 components were identified from TD, AWE, AE, and WE respectively. The identified components were mainly including flavonoids, terpenoids, organic acids, phenylpropanoids, amino acids, nucleosides, phenols, alkaloids, etc. 43 prototypes and 49 metabolites of CGD were detected in rat plasma after oral administration. Seven components, cinnamaldehyde, wogonoside, baicalin, baicalein, gallic acid, oroxylinA-7-O-glucuronide and coumarin, showed significant correlation with anti-influenza effects, all of which had good binding activity with NA, IL-6, STAT3, AKT1, EGFR and TNF. ConclusionTwo steps alcohol-water extraction was optimal for CGD preparation. Cinnamaldehyde, wogonoside, oroxylinA-7-O-glucuronide, coumarin, gallic acid, baicalein and baicalin play a certain essential role in anti-influenza effects and may be taken as a potential maker compounds for quality evaluation of CGD.

Exploration of plant metabolomics variation and absorption characteristics of water-extracted Rheum tanguticum and ethanol-extracted Rheum tanguticum by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS.

The herb Rheum tanguticum (RT), a member of the Polygonaceae family, is listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and has been widely used to treat cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disease. The research aimed to identify the different substances from two kinds of RT extraction methods and the in vivo biotransformation of RT components. In this study, by using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), we have investigated the metabolomic variation and the in vivo metabolism of RT. A post-acquisition data processing software, PeakView, was applied to an accurate qualitative analysis of the chemical components in RT. Through plant metabolomics analysis, 24 related, differentially expressed metabolites of RT water extract and alcohol extract were obtained. Combined with novel identification strategies and systematic in vivo metabolism analysis, a total of 101 compounds were discovered or tentatively identified in rat serum (including 15 prototype compounds and 86 metabolites). In this study, a combination of extraction methods, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology, and in vivo animal metabolism studies have been established for the screening, identification, and research of chemical active components of natural medicines. LC-MS analysis combined with plant metabolomics was used to study the differential metabolites between different extraction methods of RT. Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technology, the composition and metabolism of rat plasma before and after RT administration were analysed in vivo, and 15 prototype components and 86 metabolites were detected.