Wastewater Company Research Articles

A spatial analysis of villagers' satisfaction with services provided by Rural Water and Wastewater Company (A case study of Fazl Dehestan, Neyshabur County)

A spatial analysis of villagers' satisfaction with services provided by Rural Water and Wastewater Company (A case study of Fazl Dehestan, Neyshabur County)

Influential third party on water right conflict: A Game Theory approach to achieve the desired equilibrium (case study: Ilam dam, Iran)

Allocating water to organizational stakeholders poses a vital challenge to water managers. Organizations which benefit from water as the primary factor input attempt to achieve their objectives using cost-effective and quick-return strategies, such as increasing the water rights. In such circumstances, lack of water probably results in the conflict. Recognizing the management approaches, organizational priorities, and the stakeholders' influence power can play a dominant role in analyzing the future of such conflicts. In this paper, we analyzed the conflict of water allocation in Ilam dam among organizational stakeholders. We defined the strategies based on the background of the game and organizational objectives. The influence power of stakeholders and the numerical weights of strategies were quantified based on the expert judgment method. The relative priorities of strategies were then calculated for each state of the conflict. We used the GMCR+ model to study the actions of stakeholders. Results suggest that the Jihad Agriculture Organization and the Water and Wastewater Company withdraw more water; hence, there exists no water to meet the environmental water right. In this case, the participation of the third party, such as the Governorship and the Justice can change the future of the conflict, and result in moving to the optimal state. However, results from Inverse GMCR analysis demonstrate that Justice is the most influential third party that can move the conflict towards a desired equilibrium (optimal case).

Business Management, a Combination of Internal and External Management

Management is an educational-experiential approach that should be studied for months or even years and gain experience in order to achieve sustainable management. To manage the management of a company, especially large corporations, it's always necessary to review various management practices. In this area, one of the best practices is to distinguish between different aspects of management in a company. In this paper, we have tried to address two dimensions of this set: internal management and external management. In-house management is based on the management of operating factors and, in a simpler language, human resource management, while external management is based on the factors involved in the company. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the management within the management of the Rural Water and Wastewater Company, and to manage the business management. In the end, superior management, disruption management, along with the company's personnel and along with the scheduling schedule, is also followed by the company's hierarchy of workshop.

An investigation of desalination by nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and integrated (hybrid NF/RO) membranes employed in brackish water treatment

BackgroundAs an appropriate tool, membrane process is used for desalination of brackish water, in the production of drinking water. The present study aims to investigate desalination processes of brackish water of Qom Province in Iran.MethodsThis study was carried out at the central laboratory of Water and Wastewater Company of the studied area. To this aim, membrane processes, including nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), separately and also their hybrid process were applied. Moreover, water physical and chemical parameters, including salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electric conductivity (EC), Na+1 and Cl−1 were also measured. Afterward, the rejection percent of each parameter was investigated and compared using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis separately and also by their hybrid process. The treatment process was performed by Luna domestic desalination device, which its membrane was replaced by two NF90 and TW30 membranes for nanofiltration and reverse osmosis processes, respectively. All collected brackish water samples were fed through membranes NF90-2540, TW30-1821-100(RO) and Hybrid (NF/RO) which were installed on desalination household scale pilot (Luna water 100GPD). Then, to study the effects of pressure on permeable quality of membranes, the simulation software model ROSA was applied.ResultsResults showed that percent of the salinity rejection was recorded as 50.21%; 72.82 and 78.56% in NF, RO and hybrid processes, respectively. During the study, in order to simulate the performance of nanofiltartion, reverse osmosis and hybrid by pressure drive, reverse osmosis system analysis (ROSA) model was applied. The experiments were conducted at performance three methods of desalination to remove physic-chemical parameters as percentage of rejections in the pilot plant are: in the NF system the salinity 50.21, TDS 43.41, EC 43.62, Cl 21.1, Na 36.15, and in the RO membrane the salinity 72.02, TDS 60.26, EC 60.33, Cl 43.08, Na 54.41. Also in case of the rejection in hybrid system of those parameters and ions included salinity 78.65, TDS 76.52, EC 76.42, Cl 63.95, and Na 70.91.ConclusionsComparing rejection percent in three above-mentioned methods, it could be concluded that, in reverse osmosis process, ions and non-ion parameters rejection ability were rather better than nanofiltration process, and also better in hybrid compared to reverse osmosis process.The results reported in this paper indicate that the integration of membrane nanofiltration with reverse osmosis (hybrid NF/RO) can be completed by each other probably to remove salinity, TDS, EC, Cl, and Na.

Verifying relationship of knowledge management initiatives and the empowerment of human resources

PurposeThis paper was aimed at investigating the impact of knowledge management (KM) procedures on enriching human resources in Water and Waste Water Company in East Azerbaijan, Iran.Design/methodology/approachThe samples used in this study included the employees of Water and Waste Water Company in Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran. A questionnaire was used for collecting data from the employees of the abovementioned company. Its reliability and validity were first examined and checked. Then, Smart partial least squares 2.0 was used for analyzing the structural model.FindingsThe results acknowledged the validity of the introduced model for enriching human resources. The findings indicated that five variables, namely, kind of knowledge, top managers, information technology, culture and organization of knowledge, have significant impact on enriching human resources.Research limitations/implicationsIt is undoubtable that research studies might have specific limitations which should be pointed out and addressed in future studies. The followings are the major limitations of the study: because the present study was carried out in Water and Wastewater Company in Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, hence, generalizing the findings of this study to other professional contexts and organizations should be made with caution. In fact, the present study need to be replicated in other context to find whether the same or different results are obtained. In other words, different cultural, contextual and professional conditions might result differently from the ones reported here. Inasmuch as the present study was a cross-sectional study and the data were collected via questionnaire, a longitudinal study with a longer observation and investigation might shed more light on the efficacy of KMS in organizations. The present study focused on a specific dependent variable (human resource empowerment) which was explained by different dimensions of an independent variable, i.e. KM. However, the impact and efficacy of KMS can be investigated on other organizational variables and parameters. In this study, due to certain logistic and real-life limitations such as the limited time of the staff members of the target organization, we had to use only one data-collection instrument. Nevertheless, future studies can use data triangulation so as to better capture professional contexts of the study. Furthermore, another limitation of the study is related to the individual variables of the employees which remained untouched. That is, whether employees’ personal, emotional and cognitive variables can modify the impact of KM on human resource empowerment was not investigated in the present study.Practical implicationsOrganizational managers are recommended to provide the background for employees to share their experiences. Organizations should invest on designing and developing patterns and strategic perspectives in human resource empowerment as a key factor toward becoming knowledge-based organizations.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the few applied studies which acknowledged the relationship between knowledge management initiatives and empowering human resources. It addresses the gap between knowledge management and human resource empowerment.

THE EFFECTS OF WORKPLACE SOCIAL SUPPORT ON WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT (CASE STUDY: RURAL WATER AND WASTEWATER COMPANY EMPLOYEES KERMANSHAH, IRAN)

The main objective of the current study is to investigate the relationship between workplace social support and work-family conflict among employees who were married, living with a partner, or had at least one child or dependent living at home and worked a minimum of 20 h/week in Rural Water and Wastewater Company employees Kermanshah, Iran. The relation between workplace social support and work–family conflict (WFC) was examined using a two-dimensional measure of WFC and both global and summed facet measures of workplace social support (perceived coworker support and perceived supervisor support (pss). Data were gathered from 158 employees. The results indicated that workplace social support related significantly to both types of WFC, but the relation was significantly stronger to perceived coworker support than to perceived supervisor support (pss). When considering all three forms of conflict simultaneously (time-based, strain-based, and behavior-based), regression results revealed that behavior-based was the only form of conflict significantly related to workplace social support. The results underscore the importance of considering both the form and direction of WFC. The study population included 158 employees. It used the improved Leiden Quality of Work Life Questionnaire by Van der Doef and colleagues and the work-family conflict questionnaire by Kelloway and colleagues to measure participants' responses. One-way ANOVA and Pearson linear correlation coefficient were used for data analyses. Results: There was a negative relation between Workplace Social Support and work-family conflict. Respondents experienc!ed higher levels of work-to-family conflict than family-to-work conflict. There were significant negative relations between Perceived Coworker Support with work-family conflict and Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS) with work-family conflict. work-family conflict of employed women could be reduced by rearranging Workplace Social Support and conditions. JEL: A39, J81, E23, J21 Article visualizations:

Safety Assessment of Zanjan Drinking Water System Using Water Safety Plan

Background: The best way to assure the quality of drinking water is implementing a comprehensive and integrated management system with cooperation of all the related organizations Therefore, the purpose of this study is the assessment of safety in drinking water supply system of Zanjan. Methods: This investigation was performed by WSP-QA Tool software and WHO and IWA manual of water safety plan on water supply of Zanjan city in 2016. For this purpose, software checklist (containing 85 questions) were provided and completed according to the history of Zanjan Water and Wastewater Company and interviewing the experts of this company. Results: Data indicated that from all phases investigated, 52.95% was adjusted with WSP. System Description with the highest score, showed highest percentage of adjustment with the water safety plan (100%) and the phase related to verification and control with the lowest score, showed lowest percentage of adjustment with the water safety plan. Conclusion: Meanwhile, water distribution system is provided with a relatively average safety level and there is the potential of various pollutions caused by identified risks in water distribution system, therefore changing the present approach is suggested.

Analysis of temporal and spatial variations in groundwater nitrate and development of its pollution plume: a case study in Karaj aquifer

Considering the importance of groundwater resources in water-supply demands in arid and semiarid areas such as Iran, it is essential to investigate the risk of groundwater pollution. Nitrate is one of the main pollutants that penetrate into the groundwater from various sources such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and domestic and industrial sewage. Unfortunately currently, nitrate contamination of the aquifers is a serious problem in Iran. The Karaj aquifer is not exempted, and the nitrate pollution zone, with concentrations far beyond the permitted limit (50 mg/L), expands fast. In this paper, the long-term groundwater-quality data (from 2000 to 2013) collected from Alborz Province Water and Wastewater Company were analyzed using ArcGIS10 and statistical software, and the spatial and temporal patterns of nitrate pollution in drinking-water wells in the Karaj plain and effective parameters (such as depth to groundwater level, hydraulic gradient, land use, precipitation, and urban, agricultural and industrial wastewater) were investigated. The authors also investigated the status of nitrate concentration variation using the concepts of geostatistics, based on determinations from 62 to 194 surveyed wells with a suitable distribution across the plain. With respect to the relationship between quality parameters, hydrogeological status of the aquifer and land usage, causes of the increase in the concentration of nitrate in the water and its trend were investigated as well. Results revealed that the nitrate levels in the northern portion of the study area were the highest with maximum concentrations of 181.7 mg/L from 2000 to 2013. Based on nitrate concentration distribution maps, the levels of nitrate increased from 2006 onwards to 26–100 mg/L. Unfortunately from 2008 to 2012, a pollution zone with a nitrate water concentration of 101–150 mg/L has been observed and even a concentration of 180 mg/L has been determined. In 2000, the entire aquifer area has been drinkable but with the increase in nitrate concentration, the area with undrinkable water has expanded to 21% in 2003, 24% in 2005, 33% in 2007, 39% in 2009, 43% in 2011 and 44% in 2013. The results of this study could provide valuable information with on the status of nitrate water concentrations in the Karaj plain which demands proper strategies and qualitative approaches in the future.

Investigate the Role of Education for Increasing Citizens’ Awareness in the Implementation and Operation of Wastewater Collection System

This study aimed to investigate the role of education in promoting citizens’ awareness about the issue of wastewater network and facilities in order to reduce the technical, economic, social and environmental problems. This is a descriptive-survey research. Questionnaire was used to collect data. Citizens of district 1 of Water and Wastewater of Mashhad were population of this research including 384 people. SPSS 18 was used to analyze data both descriptive and inferential statistics. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for testing normality of the data. One-sample t-test, chi-square test and Spearman rank correlation test, were used to test hypotheses of research. Both of hypotheses of research were confirmed. Hypotheses are effective including raising awareness of citizens in the implementation and proper operation of wastewater network. The results show there is a direct relationship between knowledge level and education level. Due to management, economic, cultural problems, lack of trust and lack of citizen satisfaction, as well as their low level of awareness, implementation and operation of the facility are faced with a problem. According to the results, developing an educational program for citizens and its implementation by public relations and public education by water and Wastewater Company seems essential.

Odense – A City with Water Issues

In the City of Odense we have plenty of water issues, but we do not have any real “burning platforms” that can turn the focus of our politicians and other relevant people in our direction. We experience pressure from all sides: Annual mean precipitation have increased 100 mm (15%) during the last 140 year. Extreme rains occur more often and they are becoming more intense. Surface runoff causing flooding in streams and rivers or from storm surges in the fjord area. Sometimes both occur at the same time. Rising groundwater level caused by increased recharge, diminishing needs for potable water / lesser water abstraction and by reducing the amount of excessive waters, e.g by restoring leaky sewers, which hereby stop acting as drains. In this article, we will highlight some of the issues we encounter as seen from two different parties with their own points of view. On one side there is the municipal authority and on the other the water and wastewater company. One of the greater issues during the last several decades is the rising groundwater level beneath the city. The quality of this groundwater is also slowly deteriorating. This is of growing concern for both parties. The cause of these problems stem from many different activities that either interact or counteract each other. They can be divided into natural conditions and those caused by human activities. Examples of natural conditions are geology, geography, climate and relief difficulties. The human activities are urban development, exploitation of resources (groundwater abstraction, gravel excavation, drainage), infiltration, SUDS. One of the key elements is that the natural conditions and the human activities often act in conjunction, causing greater problems rather than less problems. The rapid and expanding urbanization during the 20th century, have forced a deployment of well fields from early urban locations to more rural locations. This have affected the groundwater level beneath the city, so it is significantly higher today. Urbanization also affects the natural water cycle by increasing and accelerating the surface runoff, which puts further strain on the older joint sewage system under the central parts of the city, causing local flooding during heavy rains. When you consider the predicted climate changes in the future with increased intensity and volumes of water, these problems will only become worse. We believe that the solution to many of these problems are a greater awareness because when interfering with the natural water cycle, will cause a wide array of consequences. Therefore, it is imperative to reduce the gap between two different worlds - the underground specialists on one side and the surface planners, decision makers and politicians on the other. There is a strong need for positive interaction and sharing of knowledge between all involved parties. It is important to acknowledge the given natural conditions and work closely together to develop a smarter city, preventing one solution causing even greater problems for other parties.

RISK ASSESSMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES IN GROUNDWATER IN SIWA OASIS, EGYPT.

30Nov 2016 RISK ASSESSMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES IN GROUNDWATER IN SIWA OASIS, EGYPT. Ibrahim H. Saleh , Amira M. Elnaggar and Hesham Z. Ibrahim. Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduated Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Elhorrya Avenue 21526 P.O. Box 832 El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt. General Management of Quality and central labs, Matrouh Water and Waste water Company, Holding Company of water and waste water, Matrouh, Egypt.

Survey the Current State of Quality Potable Water Clearing Supplied to the Distribution System and the Role of Water & Wastewater Company And the Distribution of Network and Improve Its Quality Case Study in Shahrood City

Survey the Current State of Quality Potable Water Clearing Supplied to the Distribution System and the Role of Water & Wastewater Company And the Distribution of Network and Improve Its Quality Case Study in Shahrood City

Asurvey on fluoride, nitrate, iron, manganese and total hardness in drinking water of Fereydoonkenar city during 2008-2013

The purpose of present study was to evaluate fluoride, nitrate, iron, manganese and total hardness in drinking water of wells and reservoirs in Fereidonkenar, Mazandaran, Northern Iran and compare the results with national and international standards. This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on data during five years from the spring of 2008 until the autumn of 2013. Studies were performed on 430 samples in the different seasons and years taken from water and wastewater company (WWC). The results showed that the average fluoride, nitrate, iron, manganese, total hardness concentrations obtained were 0.42, 10.2, 0.136, 0.03, 382.28 mg/l, respectively. The analysis showed a negative correlation between nitrate and fluoride, iron and manganese and a positive correlation with the hardness. The mean fluoride concentration was less than the standard. Total hardness value was more than recommend standard. Nitrate was below 50 mg/l, in accordance with national and international standards. The amount of iron and manganese in drinking water were acceptable. So, except for low fluoride and high total hardness, there was no any problem in other investigated parameters.

Studying Performance of Water and Wastewater Company Using the Approach of EFQM Excellence Model in Guilan Province - Iran

Studying Performance of Water and Wastewater Company Using the Approach of EFQM Excellence Model in Guilan Province - Iran

Investigating factors affecting psychological empowerment of employees

Empowerment, which means authorizing, giving autonomy or legal power to the person, is a process by which people beliefs in their effectiveness are improved, and more sense of responsibility of employees for better organizational performance. The main purpose of this study, which is a survey research, is investigating factors affecting the increase in psychological empowerment of employees in Qazvin Province Water and Wastewater Company. This is a survey research. According to Morgan table, 125 individuals were selected from the statistical population of 195 people through convenience sampling method. The level of variable validity is confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The results of the statistical hypothesis testing show that sense of competence, sense of independence, sense of effectiveness, sense of value, and sense of confidence have an impact on the level of psychological empowerment. Meanwhile, prioritizing the factors affecting psychological empowerment by the Shannon entropy shows that sense of effectiveness and sense of independence, respectively have the highest and lowest priority from the employees’ view.

Constraints on the Adoption of Adaptive Water Management Principles: the Case of Greater Tehran

Adaptive Water Management (AWM) could provide a sustainable route to address the existing complex problems of urban water management such as continued water shortage and flooding through the future. The AWM application could be a new alternative path in water management especially in developing countries which suffer from common weakening features such as unreliable infrastructure and poor institutional organisations. The AWM distinguishing characteristics such as polycentric governance, organisational flexibility and public participation are considered for feasibility study of the AWM implementation. The paper investigates whether AWM could be applied to a developing-country city in order to deal with future uncertainties of water supply/demand. The required data was collected from the water professionals of Tehran Province Water and Wastewater Company (TPWW Company), which is in charge of water supply and management of 12 million people of the Province. The key elements of AWM performance are transformed to a multi criteria decision model of Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) in order to facilitate quantification of the influence of corresponding qualitative elements derived from semi-structured interviews held in the Company, and for further analysis of urban water managers’ views in a structured way. The research findings show that despite the lack of structural adaptability there are positive attitudes towards inter departmental communication and linking to the external decisive actors such as the Company’s consumers. As a generalising result, the AWM concept would be applicable to the similar developing-country cities particularly located in the Middle-East region while simultaneously promoting technical and institutional performances.

Identification and Evaluation of Parameters Influencing the selection of Finance Project Contractors of Mashhad Water and Wastewater Company Using an AHP and Fuzzy Pramty

For managers and decision-makers, selecting the contractor is a key decision given this fact that the contractor plays a fundamental role in any outsourced project. So, identifying and evaluating the contractors selection criteria will result in eliminating inefficient contractors from the tender process. It is needed to collect and process these criteria in order to maximize the performance of selected contractors, and to minimize the errors and mistakes in fulfilling the society needs and organization standards. Obviously, many quantitative and qualitative indicators of different importance are involved in determining the contractors' eligibility. In this paper, we are to identify the factors affecting the selection of contractors, and then, to determine the importance levels of the factors and prioritize the contractors by combining the multi-criteria methods of fuzzy AHP and fuzzy PROMETHEE. This is the first time to implement this hybrid method for solving the contractor selection problem. In this regard, first, the criteria are identified and their weights are calculated using the fuzzy AHP technique, then premier contractor is selected using the fuzzy PROMETHEE method. A real application to select finance projects' contractor in the Water and Wastewater Company of Mashhad city is considered as the base problem.

Application of Statistical Model in Wastewater Treatment Process Modeling Using Data Analysis

Background: Wastewater treatment includes very complex and interrelated physical, chemical and biological processes which using data analysis techniques can be rigorously modeled by a non-complex mathematical calculation models. Materials and Methods: In this study, data on wastewater treatment processes from water and wastewater company of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad were used. A total of 3306 data for COD, TSS, PH and turbidity were collected, then analyzed by SPSS-16 software (descriptive statistics) and data analysis IBM SPSS Modeler 14.2, through 9 algorithm. Results: According to the results on logistic regression algorithms, neural networks, Bayesian networks, discriminant analysis, decision tree C5, tree C & R, CHAID, QUEST and SVM had accuracy precision of 90.16, 94.17, 81.37, 70.48, 97.89, 96.56, 96.46, 96.84 and 88.92, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: The C5 algorithm as the best and most applicable algorithms for modeling of wastewater treatment processes were chosen carefully with accuracy of 97.899 and the most influential variables in this model were PH, COD, TSS and turbidity.

Living organisms in water quality biomonitoring system

The typical living organisms used for biological monitoring of surface waters and their use in applications are presented in the paper. The main focus is on the characterisation and use of freshwater mussels. The paper discusses the role of biomonitoring in surface water supply systems. Three-stage biomonitoring system which has been functioning for 20 years in Water and Wastewater Company (ZWiK Sp. z o.o.) in Lodz is presented as an example. The system employs living organisms such as mussels, perch and luminescent bacteria.

Technology Competence with Process Approach and its Relationship with Group Learning in Service Organizations

The present study evaluated the effect of process-based technology competence and its dimensions on group learning and also investigated the relationship between two variables in good consistency process of service organizations with environment and society. After determining reliability and validity, for data collection, Lall (2001) technology competence and Neefe (2001) group learning questionnaires were applied. The study population was all the employees of water and Wastewater Company, regional water company and regional electricity company of Sistan and Baluchestan province. The sampling method was based on stratified as the employees with above associate degree were chosen and after distribution of questionnaire, the numbers of questionnaires being returned were 149 in three populations. After data analysis by SPSS 19 and Lisrel and regression statistical coefficient and Spearman correlation coefficient, it was found that there is a positively significant association between process-based technology competence and group learning. There is a positively significant association between three dimensions of process-based technology competence (investment competence, production competence and communicative competence) with group learning.