Wastewater Purification Plants Research Articles

Lutetium-177 Therapy in Italy: Environmental Impact Assessment in Anticipation of Its Widespread Use in Prostate Cancer Treatment.

This article addresses the evolving state of lutetium-177 radiopharmaceutical therapies in Italy, focusing on the importance of the definition of patient management practices regarding the approved treatments based on [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE for neuroendocrine tumors and [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Italian medical facilities are facing new challenges with the increase in the demand for such therapies while transitioning from restrictive hospitalization requirements to more flexible outpatient options. Therefore, four management strategies are described here, varying from immediate discharge after the administration to 24-h hospitalization, and their environmental and radiation safety implications are evaluated through simple models aimed at assessing the effective doses on the local population and wastewater purification plant workers. Results show that, while higher effective doses may be caused by an immediate discharge-based modality, they remain within acceptable limits, particularly when dealing with a smaller number of patients. Prolonged hospitalizations guarantee superior radiation safety levels but might not be sustainable with the expected increase in patient volumes in the future.

Ultrafast dyeing wastewater purification by high-performance and reusable lignin-derived activated porous carbon filter

Achieving ultrafast purification during filtration while maintaining high adsorption capacity and low-cost filter production is a critical challenge that must be addressed immediately to promote large-scale water filter applications, particularly in remote areas without wastewater purification plants. Herein, low-cost, renewable lignin was used as a carbon source precursor to produce a high-performance, reusable activated porous carbon filter for ultrafast dye wastewater purification. Lignin-derived active porous carbon (LAPC) can achieve a high specific surface area (2276 m2/g) by using a lower amount of KOH (a mass ratio of 0.4 KOH to precursor) during the activation process, which not only meets the requirements of water transport and dye adsorption, but also reduces manufacturing costs. Owing to the pore-filling effect and electrostatic interaction, the LAPC particles displayed a high removal capacity of 1800 mg/g in the static adsorption, higher than most of the reported porous carbon. Furthermore, LAPC filters assembled from a flow of LAPC particles achieve significant dye removal (99.82 % in 30 s) during the dynamic adsorption process. Both anionic and cationic dyes can be removed and clean water can be produced simultaneously by simple dynamic filtration. Moreover, the LAPC filter could be reused for wastewater purification with a high removal efficiency (more than 95 % after 7 cycles of regeneration and use). This continuous operation, strong absorption versatility, and high efficiency of LAPC filter device for complex hybrid dyes system make it have a bright prospect in industrial dyeing wastewater treatment fields.

Need of wastewater purification for sustainability: A mini review

AbstractPurpose In addition to agriculture, energy production, and industries, potable water plays a significant role in many fields, further increasing the demand for potable water. Purification and desalination play a major role in meeting the need for clean drinking water. Clean water is necessary in different areas, such as agriculture, industry, food industries, energy generation and in everyday chores.Design/methodology/approach The authors have used the different search engines like Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed to find the relevant articles and prepared this mini review.Findings The various stages of water purification include coagulation and flocculation, coagulation, sedimentation and disinfection, which have been discussed in this mini review. Using nanotechnology in wastewater purification plants can minimize the cost of wastewater treatment plants by combining several conventional procedures into a single package.Social implications In society, we need to avail clean water to meet our everyday, industrial and agricultural needs. Purification of grey water can meet the clean water scarcity and make the environment sustainable.Originality/value This mini review will encourage the researchers to find out ways in water remediation to meet the need of pure water in our planet and maintain sustainability.

Modernization of Anaerobic Bioreactor for Waste Water Purification Plant

Analysis of literature sources suggests that the use of anaerobic treatment methods is especially effective for high concentrations of contaminants in wastewater, as well as for large volumes of water supplied for treatment, which is typical for industrial wastewater. In biotechnological production and food industry, waste water has a high level of pollution with organic compounds, it is advisable to use anaerobic treatment methods. Anaerobic wastewater treatment processes are characterized by low energy consumption and the ability to recover energy through the combustion of methane. To ensure the required temperature regime for the operation of the bioreactor, a new design of the heat exchange device of the anaerobic bioreactor with immobilized microorganisms has been developed. This design of the bioreactor can provide the required degree of wastewater purification at significantly lower costs for construction, operation, and material and energy resources. For clarity, the design features were designed bioreactor with a plane load of bundled software SOLIDWORKS and a mathematical model of the processes of anaerobic wastewater treatment.

Review of manufacturing three-dimensional-printed membranes for water treatment.

With the exacerbation of industrialization, water treatment has become a necessary step for the eradication of dyes, heavy metals, oils, pharmaceuticals, and illicit drugs. These pollutants pose an impending threat to the health of humans by causing chronic or acute poisoning. Albeit they are noxious, the presence of some metals in lower concentrations is indispensable for human health. 3D printing (additive manufacturing) (3DP) can contrive nearly any complicated geometric form in a wide array of objects among various scales by a layer-wise method of manufacturing, which is more indubitably designed than any other conventional method. 3DP could remodel the existing patterns of membrane housing and possibly trim down the power demand and chemical use in saltwater desalinating and wastewater purification plants. Membranes that are 3D printed with correctly arranged apertures and shapes enhance material transport and flow athwart the surface of the membrane and at once lessen membrane soiling. This kind of technology forges membranes of polymers, biopolymers, alloys, metals, and ceramics via computer-aided design (CAD). A polylactic acid porous super-hydrophobic membrane with pore size in the range 40-600 μm showed 99.4% oil-water separating power and 60 kL h-1 m-2 flux when the pore size was tuned to 250 μm via CAD-aided 3D printing technology. This review focuses on the ability of 3D-printed membranes for the efficient removal of toxic pollutants from wastewater. Graphical abstract 3D-printed membranes for water treatment.

Wastewater purification technology by two­stage treatment in electrical device of a compact local installation

Wastewater generated at industrial and communal facilities is treated within the limits of permissible values established by law. The drains of transport and tourism infrastructure in most cases are cleared with local treatment facilities. For wastewater purification, the biological method is most often used, which is implemented on complex and bulky wastewater purification plants located in large areas. It is proposed to carry out wastewater purification from small objects locally using physical and electrochemical technology with compact equipment. A design of a device for treating wastewater with cylindrical electrodes located coaxially with the device casing has been developed. It is shown that at the first stage of municipal wastewater purification in a laboratory setup with the appropriate parameters (plane tilt angle in a thin-layer sedimentation tank=45° and voltage on the 1st electric device with a soluble anode=12 V), the purification degree from weighted to 95 is ensured, 8 %. The purification of municipal wastewater in the second stage of purification (the 2nd electric device with an inert anode at 10 V and filtering through the clinoptilolite zeolite layer) increases the purification degree from suspended to 96.1 %. Wastewater purification of a car wash in the first electric device in front of a thin-layer sedimentation tank and in the 2nd electric device with an inert anode at a voltage of 10 V and filtering through a layer of clinoptilolite zeolite increases the degree of their purification from oil products to 95.6 %. The technology with the participation of developed electrical appliances leads to an increase in the degree of wastewater purification in terms of COD to 97.0 %. which allows to reduce the pollution discharge into the environment at the level of 50–70 %.

Adsorption of Paracetamol in Hospital Wastewater Through Activated Carbon Filters

In recent years, pharmaceutical products have been causing a serious environmental problem in hospital wastewater and water purification plants. The elimination of these pollutants is difficult due to their resistance to biological degradation. Paracetamol has been detected in higher concentrations in hospital wastewater than in other buildings. Activated carbons are a good material for removing paracetamol from hospital wastewater. One of the starting materials to obtain activated carbons is kenaf, which is an easy plant to cultivate. To study the elimination of paracetamol from hospital wastewater by activated carbon, the textural and chemical characterization of activated carbon, as well as the kinetic study and the analysis of the paracetamol adsorption mechanism by the adsorbent, have been carried out. The activated carbon samples studied are micro-mesoporous, with high specific surface values. The chemical composition with presence of oxygen groups favours the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics were adjusted to a pseudo-second order model. The adsorption mechanism followed the intraparticular diffusion model, carried out in two stages: a fast first stage on the surface of the adsorbent and a slow one inside the pore. Based on the kinetic study, the use of this type of carbon is a good application for the removal of paracetamol from hospital wastewater.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF AN INNOVATIVE PLANT FOR THE WASTEWATER PURIFICATION IN THE BEVERAGE INDUSTRY

Nowadays, efforts to reduce the resource depletion and environmental emissions from the anthropic activities, are mandatory for sustainable development pattern. Among the key resources to save, pure water is as important as critic due to its scarcity and its essential role for life and growth. Furthermore, during the last decades, rising attention from institutions and industries is toward solutions for the water intensity decrease and wastewater recovery. This paper proposes the environmental assessment of an innovative wastewater collection and purification plant tailored to a mid-size beverage industry aiming at locally closing the loop of the water chain, allowing its recirculation and local reuse. After the description of the functional module features, sizes and design, based on a prototype actually working in Italy, the paper follows the ISO 14040 standards to develop an environmental

Two different purification systems at Istanbul-Tuzla and Adana-Kozan, their characterizations.

In most developed countries, wastewater treatment plants are presently utilizing efficient purification technology meeting the sufficiency requirements of quality and quantity. However, in developing countries, the number of wastewater treatment plants is limited. As a result, the establishment of a connection between the wastewater collection system and wastewater purification plants is increasingly becoming a top priority for researchers. The aim of this article is to analyze wastewater collection and purification systems and establish the links between these two processes. In the present study, the efficiency of the present purification system at the Istanbul-Tuzla and Adana-Kozan plants was investigated with the aim of enhancing their performance. The findings pertaining to the model sewage system revealed a decrease in NH3-N by 20-70%, total nitrogen (T-N) by 25-75%, biological oxygen demand (BOD5) by 50-60%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 35-55% and suspended solids (SS) by 55-85%. As a result of studies performed in the Tuzla sewage treatment system, we can confirm that T-N decreased by 50-75%, suspended solid particles by 24-57%, and BOD5 by 34-57%, while 35-55% of COD was removed. Similarly, in the canal exit at Kоzan, BOD5 decreased by 40-55%, COD by 30-50%, SS by 25-45% and T-N by 5-40%.

Steroids contents in waters of wastewater purification plants: determination with partial-filling micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and UV detection

ABSTRACTPartial-filling micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (PF-MEKC) with UV detection was applied for determination of human-based steroids in water samples of Finnish wastewater treatment plants. The samples were purified with solid-phase extraction (SPE) on octadecyl substituted polymer sorbents obtaining analyte enrichment of 20,000-fold. The steroids studied were androgens, estrogens, and progesterone. Three of the steroids could be quantified with the PF-MEKC method. The detection and quantification limits were 0.05–1.06 μg/mL and 0.15–3.2 μg/mL, meaning in the SPE concentrates as 2.5–53 pg/L and 7.5–160 pg/L, respectively. In the influent waters, the total amount of testosterone glucuronide, androstenedione, and progesterone was up to 350 ng/L. In effluent water samples the total steroid quantity was maximum at 320 ng/L. Remarkably high quantity of androstenedione was quantified in both influent and effluent water samples. The cleanest effluent waters were produced in Western Finland. Correspondingly, the highest quantities were located near the largest lake and river areas in South-Eastern Finland. The concentration variation in effluent waters was explained with differences in the purification materials and processes at the plants and with steroid adsorption on soil and organic material suspended into water.

Public Water in Private Hands: A Case Study on the Safeguarding of Public Values in the First DBFMO in the Dutch Water Sector

In DBFMO projects, public procurers transfer to private consortia the responsibility for designing, building, financing, maintaining, and operating public assets. Although DBFMOs are criticized for their possible threat to the safeguarding of public values, the Dutch government recently procured Europe’s biggest waste water purification plant according to DBFMO principles. This article poses two questions: to what extent are transparency, responsibility, and quality safeguarded in the waste water case and what factors are influential in this. The findings provide grounds for modest optimism. Tools such as output specifications, the long-term contract, performance monitoring, and the adequate way in which cooperation between the procurer and consortium has been managed have provided considerable opportunities for the safeguarding of all three values.

Safety related rule violations investigated experimentally

Previous research in Human Factors has shown that improving safety in organizations requires the investigation of the interplay between organizational and person-related factors affecting rule violations. Two prestudies were conducted to test the validity of a newly designed experimental setting for investigating the influence of safety audits (organizational factors) on operators’ rule compliance behaviour in a simulated process control environment. The simulation environment simulates a production year of a waste water purification plant ( WaTrSim-Annual). The process requires the operator to decide in every simulated week (48 in total) whether to start-up the plant using the mandatory safe start-up procedure or to use an illegitimate start-up procedure, which leads to a higher individual income. Two notable observations were made. Astonishingly, in the first prestudy (N = 5), participants used the illegitimate start-up procedure i.e. 76% of all cases (27 of 36 possible violations), despite the fact there was a fine if participants’ violations were uncovered by the safety audit. To reduce the use of the illegitimate procedure, in the second prestudy (N=10), the training of the procedures was revised and the fine was raised. These modifications led to a less frequent use of the illegitimate procedure, but simultaneously led to more "soft violations" in terms of "fine-tuning" the mandatory procedure to scrape the safety limits. As a preliminary conclusion, the prevention of violations should include a just in time on the job training for refreshing the skills required to follow the rules.

Monitoring and Analysis of Tabuk Sewage TreatmentPlant

The increasing need for water in the arid areas of the world has resulted in the emergence of wastewater application for agriculture and landscape. This study aims to determine the mechanism and the functioning of waste water purification plant in the city of Tabuk, and see if the water was purified by the station impacted positively on the environment surrounding human beings, as well as determine if we can re-use the treated water in the various human uses. The objective of this research was to establish the operational parameters of Influent and effluent such as temperature, pH, TSS, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), TN, TP, and oil & grease (O&G). Three years of data (2010-2012) were manually collected at both the inlet and outlet. The results indicated that the pH was in between 6.213 to 7.493. Municipal wastewater showed that the TSS, BOD and COD were within the Saudi standards.It was revealed from the performance study that efficiency of the treatment plant was good with respect to removal of parameters like total suspended solids, BOD and COD. The overall performance of the wastewater treatment plant effectively removed TC, FC, and FS. The treated effluent can be safely discharged or it can be reused for irrigation of a fodder crops, golf course, green way, parks, for landscaping and for groundwater recharge. This work has confirmed that, the plant efficiency is comparable to that of other Saudi’s wastewater plants using the same or different type of biological treatment. Finally, based on this analysis, we proceed to identify niches in which wastewater reuse could be increased.

Examination Possibilities of Waste Water Purification Originate from Animal Waste Process

During my work I analyzed a wastewater purification plant, which clears mostly industrial wastewater. The experimental reactor I planed and created was similar to the purification plant regarding basic parameters and the wastewater I would clean regularly came from the purification plant. My purpose was to develop a purification process, achieving minimal pollution components in the wastewater.

Influence of plant tillering and root volume on flow pattern and water purification of vertical down flow wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment

Four kinds of plants with tap, tuber and fibrous root system were chosen and their root volume was manipulated by tillering control in this study. Plant tillering could be described by Logistic function, means that controlling the initial planting density in the wetland is unnecessary. Therefore, the minimum planting density for each plant could be considered, and this will have cost benefits for planting wetlands. There is a positive correlation between plant tillering and root development, especially on reed and Juncus effusus L, coefficient of association between above-ground plant weight and root weight, as well as plant tillering and root volume of which reached 0.93-1.Those coefficient of association of Cannaceac and Cyperus alternifolius L were in the range 0.43-0.69. In the process that root breakthrough the substrate, root could open up the clogged soil, which increased porosity of substrate by 3-44% than the non-planted one, although root also occupied the space in the substrate. The adjoint transverse pressure of root growth would homogenize the substrate, which randomly increased Peclet number of substrate by 6-90% than the non-planted one. No regularity correlation was found between wastewater purification and above-ground plant biomass or root volume. Root plays more role on porosity improvement than substrate homogenization and water purification in VF for domestic wastewater treatment.

Oxidative stress responses in bivalves ( Scrobicularia plana, Cerastoderma edule) from the Oued Souss estuary (Morocco)

The aim of this work was to study the responses of oxidative-stress biomarkers (catalase: CAT, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances: TBARS) in bivalves ( Scrobicularia plana and Cerastoderma edule) from the Oued Souss estuary (Morocco). This estuary, subjected to large amounts of sewage discharges and industrial effluents, do not receive since November 2002 any waste outlets due to their connection to a wastewater purification plant. High CAT and TBARS values were recorded in both species collected before the implantation of wastewater treatment. These results confirm that these bivalves were submitted to various contaminants generating oxidative stress and membrane lipid peroxidation. The diminution of these two biomarkers following the setting up of the purification plant indicates probably a reduction in contaminants in the Oued Souss estuary. We recommend the use of CAT and TBARS as oxidative-stress biomarkers in S. plana and C. edule.

Response of Nereis diversicolor (Polychaeta, Nereidae) populations to reduced wastewater discharge in the polluted estuary of Oued Souss, Bay of Agadir, Morocco

Field investigations on the population dynamics of Nereis diversicolor were carried out from January 2002 to December 2003 in the estuary of Oued Souss (southwestern Morocco) to determine the changes caused by setting up of a domestic and industrial wastewater purification plant (M'zar) before and after by the end of wastewater discharges in November 2002 on the structure of the ecosystem. Samples of N. diversicolor were collected monthly in the intertidal zone at low tide before (during 2002) and after (during 2003) the end of wastewater discharges. Separation of cohorts using the Algorithm EM method (McLachlan, G.J., Krishnan, T., 1997. The EM algorithm and extensions. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Wiley, New York, 274 pp.) allowed determination of the growth rate (mm day −1) by cohort and the annual production. The data showed significant differences between populations of Nereis diversicolor before and after the end of wastewater discharges. During the wastewater discharge period (2002), the population had a mean annual density of 1992 ind m −2, a mean annual biomass of 75.52 g DW m −2 and an annual secondary production of 141.3 g DW m −2 with a P/ B ratio of 1.87. After the end of discharges (2003), density, biomass and secondary production decreased significantly. The annual averages for these parameters were 740 ind m −2, 14.16 g DW m −2 and 23.83 g DW m −2, respectively, with a P/ B ratio of 1.68. The important decrease observed in density, biomass and secondary production of Nereis diversicolor may be attributed (a) to the environmental changes observed after the end of wastewater discharges in the estuary of Oued Souss, namely the increase of salinity and the decrease of organic matter content, and (b) to the migration of this species towards other areas.

Tolerance and biomarkers as useful tools for assessing environmental quality in the Oued Souss estuary (Bay of Agadir, Morocco)

The aim of this study was to assess aquatic environmental quality of Oued Souss (Agadir, Morocco). This estuary has been subjected for a long time to large amounts of sewage discharges and industrial effluents. Since November 2002, no waste outlets have been discharged in this site due to their connection to a wastewater purification plant. Firstly, we have compared metal tolerance of the annelid polychaete ( Nereis diversicolor) originating from Oued Souss and a relatively clean site (Oualidia, Morocco). Secondly, we have evaluated with a multi-marker approach (acetylcholinesterase [AChE], glutathione- S-transferases [GSTs], catalase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARs]) responses of worms to the pollution gradient. Results have shown that worms from Oued Souss have acquired tolerance to copper and zinc due to a long-term sub-lethal metal exposure and this metal tolerance was maintained in spite of the end of wastewater discharges in this site. Higher catalase, GSTs and TBARs values have been observed in worms from Oued Souss sampled before implantation of wastewater treatment. The multi-marker approach confirms that these worms have been submitted to various contaminants. In contrast, high inhibition in AChE activities measured in worms from Oued Souss could be explained by the continuous agricultural influence of nearest areas. The level of contamination was probably maintained since biomarker values were generally higher in worms from Oued Souss when compared to Oualidia.

Siemens Lands Large Instrumentation Contract in Berlin

This article announces that the Siemens Industrial Solutions and Services Group has contracted with Berliner Wasserbetriebe to equip four wastewater purification plants in Berlin, Germany, and a surface water treatment plant near Berlin's Tegel airport with a new uniform instrumentation and control system. The goal of the project is to integrate the automation solutions being used by the individual plants and to standardize operator control of these solutions. Under the $4 million contract, the new instrumentation and control system will enable central monitoring of all facilities (in accordance with applicable laws) and will lay the foundation for coordinated operations control.

분지덕트 내의 유동특성

The flow characteristics in a bifurcated duct are investigated experimentally. Physical properties such as mean velocity vectors, mean vorticity, and total pressure distributions are obtained for three different Reynolds numbers (578, 620, 688) using PIV measurements and CFD analysis. Also, two different dividing ducts (90˚, 60˚) were selected for study. The results of this study would be useful to the engineers designing flow systems for heating, ventilation, air conditioning and waste-water purification plants.