Waste Plastic Bottles Research Articles

Pembuatan Hidroponik Sistem Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) dengan Memanfaatkan Limbah Botol Plastik untuk Tanaman Pakcoy di Dusun Nunggal II Desa Dakung Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

Packaging waste for products or goods that are no longer used can still be recycled into goods that are useful and economically valuable. In general, inorganic waste is very difficult to decompose naturally. The problem of increasing waste volumes needs to be handled wisely so that environmental pollution can be avoided, especially inorganic waste in the form of plastic bottles. The state of society in handling waste, especially plastic bottles, is still very low. One way that can be done is by providing education and direct assistance to the public regarding techniques for managing inorganic waste, especially used bottles or other plastic containers into more useful products. Utilizing used bottles as a medium for hydroponic plants is an effective way to raise public interest and awareness about the importance of managing plastic bottle waste. This activity is also a means of learning and motivating the community about hydroponic business opportunities using plastic bottles. Apart from that, this can be a very productive alternative activity for society.

RECYCLING OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT AGGREGATES AND WASTE PLASTIC BOTTLES IN ADDITION TO HOT-MIX ASPHALT PRODUCTION: ADEQUATE RECYCLING RATE

This study focused on the recycling of asphalt pavement aggregates and waste plastic bottles (WPB) in addition to hot-mix asphalt (HMA) production. To achieve this objective, non-probable sampling methods were used to gather samples from the study locations. Crushed stone aggregate (CSA), bitumen, mineral filler, reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate (RAPA), and WPB were the ingredients employed based on the requirements in the standard specification for asphalt concrete production. Initially, the Marshall Stability Test was then carried out using CSA with 6% and bitumen levels of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6% by weight of the total mix to ascertain what the bitumen content should be with RAPA with replacement rates of 10, 20, and 30% and that of WPB with 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14%. In the Marshall Stability Test, which consisted of three trials of 195 samples and 60 mix designs, 45 were for the control mix and 150 for the replacement proportion. In the Marshall Stability Test, the ideal value for CSA was 5.1%; for RAPA, 5.1%; and for WPB, 7.7, 5.5, 5.4, 5.0, 5.5, and 5.4% optimum bituminous content (OBC). 20% RAPA and 10% WPB by weight of OBC in the stability-modified asphalt mix satisfies Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA) and American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM) specifications for all qualities tested. Finally, for improved asphalt mix performance, a combined 70% CSA, 20% RAPA, and 10% WPB should be used in asphalt mixes at 5.0% OBC. These experimental Marshal Stability Test findings satisfy the necessary specifications of ERA and ASTM for all tests used in HMA production. Thus, this proportion is strongly advised.

Additive manufacturing for sustainability, circularity and zero-waste: 3DP products from waste plastic bottles

Polymers and their composites are now widely used in several industrial sectors, owing to their flexibility in developing customized products. The significant surge in plastic usage has led to a severe challenge in managing end-of-life plastic waste. Millions of tons of plastic waste produced annually mainly end up in landfills, leaking into the environment and posing severe threats to ecosystems. Innovative solutions to reuse/recycle/repurpose plastic waste are desired to address these global challenges. Therefore, in this study, a sustainable route to converting plastic waste into additive manufacturing (AM) feedstock is presented, where waste plastic bottles (mainly Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET) are recycled using an in-house 3D-printed filament extrusion system to produce filaments for fused filament fabrication (FFF) process. In addition to the recycled PET (rPET), virgin carbon fiber reinforced polyamide-6 (PA6-CF) polymer composites were also used to produce hybrid feedstock filaments. The rPET and rPET/PA6-CF composite filaments were extruded using an in-house filament extruder setup. The produced rPET-based filaments were characterized for their chemical and thermal properties. Subsequently, mechanical characterization was performed on 3D-printed specimens. The mechanical analysis revealed better tensile strength for rPET/PA6-CF than rPET; however, the rPET demonstrated better failure strain and young modulus, demonstrating their potential as viable materials for industrial and consumer applications. The outcomes of this study revealed promising results to promote sustainable production and consumption, complementing the circular economy practices with a straightforward production route to convert plastic waste into AM feedstock.

The Effect of HCl Activator on PET Adsorbent to Reduce Phosphate Content in Laundry Waste

<strong>Abstract.</strong> Plastic waste is waste that cannot be decomposed so it will cause serious problems to the environment. The National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN) reported that in 2020 plastic waste was found to be 17.2% of the total waste collected. Several types of plastic can become porous charcoal through the heating process in a furnace so that it can be used as an adsorbent for liquid waste from the laundry industry. Laundry liquid waste containing excess phosphate will disrupt the environment such as eutrophication. This research aims to determine the effect of the HCL activator on carbon from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottle waste to reduce phosphate levels in liquid laundry waste. This research uses varying concentrations of HCl as a carbon activator, namely 1M, 5M, and 10M. The activated carbon is added to the liquid laundry waste and stirred at a speed of 100 rpm. Phosphate content analysis was carried out using a spectrophotometer in liquid laundry waste before and after the adsorption process and BET (Brunauer-Emmet-Teller) analysis on activated carbon with activator HCL 10 M. The greatest decrease in phosphate levels was 10 M HCL concentration of 52.87%, with a carbon surface area of 203.1222 m<sup>2</sup>/g and a particle size of 29.53 nm. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon with a 10 M activator is 0.1499 mg/g

Circular closed-loop supply chain network design considering 3D printing and PET bottle waste

AbstractOne of the most critical pillars of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) is Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D Printing technology. This transformative technology has garnered substantial attention due to its capacity to streamline processes, save time, and enhance product quality. Simultaneously, environmental concerns are mounting, with the growing accumulation of plastic bottle waste, offering a potential source of recycled material for 3D printing. To thoroughly harness the potential of AM and address the challenge of plastic bottle waste, a robust supply chain network is essential. Such a network not only facilitates the reintegration of plastic bottle waste and 3D printing byproducts into the value chain but also delivers significant environmental, social, and economic benefits, aligning with the tenets of sustainable development and circular economy. To tackle this complex challenge, a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) mathematical model is offered to configure a Closed-Loop Supply Chain (CLSC) network with a strong emphasis on circularity. Environmental considerations are integral, and the primary objective is to minimize the overall cost of the network. Three well-known metaheuristics of Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are employed to treat the problem which are also efficiently adjusted by the Taguchi design technique. The efficacy of our solution methods is appraised across various problem instances. The findings reveal that the developed model, in conjunction with the fine-tuned metaheuristics, successfully optimizes the configuration of the desired circular CLSC network. In conclusion, this research represents a significant step toward the establishment of a circular supply chain that combines the strengths of 3D printing technology and the repurposing of plastic bottle waste. This innovative approach holds promise for not only reducing waste and enhancing sustainability but also fostering economic and social well-being.

Functional upcycling of waste PET plastic to the hybrid magnetic microparticles adsorbent for cesium removal

Accumulation of mismanaged plastic in the environment and the appearance of emerging plastic-derived pollutants such as microplastics strongly demand technologies for waste plastic utilization. In this study, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from waste plastic bottles was directly utilized to prepare a matrix of an adsorbent for cesium (Cs+) removal. The organic matrix of PET-derived oligomers obtained by aminolysis depolymerization was impregnated with bentonite clay and magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), playing the roles as a major adsorptive medium for Cs+ removal and as a functional component to primarily provide efficient separation of the hybrid adsorbent from aqueous system, respectively. The obtained hybrid composite microparticles were next tested as an adsorbent for the removal of Cs+ cation from aqueous solutions. The adsorption process was characterized by fast kinetics reaching ca. 60% of the equilibrium adsorption capacity within 5 min and the maximum adsorption capacity toward Cs+ was found to be 26.8 mg/g. The adsorption process was primarily dominated by the cationic exchange in bentonite, which was not significantly affected by the admixture of the competing mono- and divalent cations (Na+, K+, and Mg2+). The proposed approach here exploits the sustainable utilization scenario of plastic waste-derived material to template complex multifunctional nanocomposites that can find applications for pollution cleaning and environmental remediation.

Conveyor Roll Manufacturing Conveyor Roll Manufacturing

Field work practice is a form of educational and vocational implementation that is participated in by students. Practical work aims to prepare students to become productive people and can work directly in their respective fields. Students can also experience the production atmosphere and can help deal with several problems experienced by professional engineering in factories. Conveyor systems can be said to be part of the equipment mechanics that transport materials from one place to another. This system is useful when goods need to be transported and moved from one place to another. Its existence makes the process easier, faster and more comfortable. In various industries, conveyors are very important. This system is designed to withstand heavy workloads and extreme weather conditions. The ability to adjust certain angles to help move materials. Design is divided into two, namely planning and conceptualizing. Planning this research focused on designing the conveyor for the can and plastic bottle waste sorting machine, then the consumer needs for the conveyor for the can and plastic bottle waste sorting machine were arranged as follows: a) The conveyor is easy to operate. b) Does not endanger the operator. c) Easy maintenance. d) Energy efficient conveyor from carrying out practical field work at CV. According to Agung Widodo's source, it can be concluded as follows: Industrial Automation or Industrial Automation is basically technology related to the application of mechanical, electronic and computer-based information systems to operate and control production.

Manufacturing of Roll Conveyors

Field work practice is a form of educational and vocational implementation that is participated in by students. Practical work aims to prepare students to become productive people and can work directly in their respective fields. Students can also experience the production atmosphere and can help deal with several problems experienced by professional engineering in factories. Conveyor systems can be said to be part of the equipment mechanics that transport materials from one place to another. This system is useful when goods need to be transported and moved from one place to another. Its existence makes the process easier, faster and more comfortable. In various industries, conveyors are very important. This system is designed to withstand heavy workloads and extreme weather conditions. The ability to adjust certain angles to help move materials. Design is divided into two, namely planning and conceptualizing. Planning this research focused on designing the conveyor for the can and plastic bottle waste sorting machine, then the consumer needs for the conveyor for the can and plastic bottle waste sorting machine were arranged as follows: a) The conveyor is easy to operate. b) Does not endanger the operator. c) Easy maintenance. d) Energy efficient conveyor from carrying out practical field work at CV. According to Agung Widodo's source, it can be concluded as follows: Industrial Automation or Industrial Automation is basically technology related to the application of mechanical, electronic and computer-based information systems to operate and control production. Key words: conveyor, roll, as roll.

Application of machine learning and statistical approaches for optimization of heavy metals (Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) adsorption onto carbonized char prepared from PET plastic bottle waste

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the probable use of carbonized char prepared from PET plastic bottles for heavy metals (HMs) adsorption (Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+). The prepared adsorbent is characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Batch adsorption experiments were conducted with the influencing of different operational conditions: contact time (1–180 min), adsorbate concentration (25–300 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.5–6 g/L), pH (3–7), and temperature (25–60 ºC). High coefficient value [Cd2+ (R2 = 0.99), Pb2+ (R2 = 0.97), Cu2+ (R2 = 0.94), and Zn2+ (R2 = 0.98)] of process optimization model suggest that this model was significant, where pH and adsorbent dose expressively stimulus removal efficiency including 86.68, 73.66, 67.10, and 57.04% for Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ at pH (7), respectively. Furthermore, ANN and BB-RSM revealed a good association between the tested and projected values. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ was 263.157, 78.740, 196.078, and 84.745 mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-second-order was the well-suited kinetics, where Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm could explain better for equilibrium adsorption data. Thermodynamic study shows HMs adsorption is favorable, exothermic, and spontaneous.

Plastic as a Soil Stabilizer

Soil stabilization is any process which improves the physical properties of soil, such as increasing shear strength, bearing capacity etc. which can be done by use of controlled compaction or addition of suitable admixtures like cement, lime and waste materials like fly ash, phosphogypsum etc. The cost of introducing these additives has also increased in recent years which opened the door widely for the development of other kinds of soil additives such as plastics, bamboo etc. This new technique of soil stabilization can be effectively used to meet the challenges of society, to reduce the quantities of waste, producing useful material from non-useful waste materials. Use of plastic products such as polythene bags, bottles etc. is increasing day by day leading to various environmental concerns.Therefore the disposal of the plastic wastes without causing any ecological hazards has become a real challenge. Thus using plastic bottles as a soil stabilizer is an economical utilization since there is scarcity of good quality soil for embankments. This project involves the detailed study on the possible use of waste plastic bottles for soil stabilization. The analysis was done by conducting plate load tests on soil reinforced with layers of plastic bottles filled with sand and bottles cut to halves placed at middle and one-third positions of tank.The comparison of test results showed that cut bottles placed at middle position were the most efficient in increasing strength of soil. The optimum percentage of plastic strips in soil was found out by California Bearing Ratio Test and using this percentage of plastic, plate load test was also performed. The size and content of strips of waste plastic bottles have significant effect on the enhancement of strength of the soil].

Flexural Behavior of Plastic Bottle Waste Fiber Reinforced Concrete: A Comparative Study between Continuous Fiber and Strip Fiber

Flexural Behavior of Plastic Bottle Waste Fiber Reinforced Concrete: A Comparative Study between Continuous Fiber and Strip Fiber

Characteristics physical and chemical properties of fuel from plastic waste for mineral water glasses

This research aims to convert plastic waste, especially plastic cups for packaging mineral water, into fuel oil through a pyrolysis process. The experimental method used is with the following stages: first, 1kg of plastic raw material is chopped before being put into a pyrolysis tube. Next, the tube is heated to change the plastic into a liquid form which then evaporates. The hot steam from this plastic is channeled to a heat exchanger to be condensed. Cooling is carried out using water flowing in the opposite direction to the direction of the steam. The results of plastic vapor condensation are collected to analyze their physical and chemical properties. Testing of physical and chemical properties includes specific gravity, heating value, kinematic viscosity, flash point, ash, lead and sulfur content. The result is that fuel from plastic bottle waste has a density value of 742 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity of 1.76 cSt, lower heating value of 43.28 MJ/kg, flash point of 1OC, ash, lead and sulfur content respectively of 0.003905%, 0.0000231%, and 0.000462%.

Estudio experimental del uso de residuos de botellas de plástico en el hormigón convencional

Improper management of plastic bottle waste is harming the environment. Recycling this waste for inclusion in the concrete matrix is a viable alternative for its final disposal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of conventional concrete with the addition of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers, designed according to the procedures established by the American Concrete Institute for a strength of 20 MPa. The analyzed properties of the concrete included consistency, density, compressive strength, and flexural strength. Sixty cylindrical and 60 prismatic specimens with PET fiber additions of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight of cement were prepared for testing at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. The results indicate that maximum compressive and flexural strengths of 22.79 MPa and 3.19 MPa are achieved at 28 days by adding 2% and 6% PET fibers. Therefore, its application is recommended up to a proportion of 4%, where the corresponding dosage is 15.78 kilograms of PET fibers per cubic meter of concrete with a workable consistency.

Remediation of multifarious metal ions and molecular docking assessment for pathogenic microbe disinfection in aqueous solution by waste-derived Ca-MOF.

The present study demonstrates an eco-friendly and cost-effective synthesis of calcium terephthalate metal-organic frameworks (Ca-MOF). The Ca-MOF were composed of metal ions (Ca2+) and organic ligands (terephthalic acid; TPA); the former was obtained from egg shells, and the latter was obtained from processing waste plastic bottles. Detailed characterization using standard techniques confirmed the synthesis of Ca-MOF with an average particle size of 461.9 ± 15nm. The synthesized Ca-MOF was screened for its ability to remove multiple metal ions from an aqueous solution. Based on the maximum sorption capacity, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ ions were selected for individual parametric batch studies. The obtained results were interpreted using standard isotherms and kinetic models. The maximum sorption capacity (qm) obtained from the Langmuir model was found to be 644.07 ± 47, 391.4 ± 26, and 260.5 ± 14mgg-1 for Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+, respectively. Moreover, Ca-MOF also showed an excellent ability to remove all three metal ions simultaneously from a mixed solution. The metal nodes and bonded TPA from Ca-MOF were dissociated by the acid dissolution method, which protonated and isolated TPA for reuse. Further, the crystal structure of Ca-MOF was prepared and docked with protein targets of selected pathogenic water-borne microbes, which showed its disinfection potential. Overall, multiple metal sorption capability, regeneration studies, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity confirmed the versatility of synthesized Ca-MOF for industrial wastewater treatment.

Improving the Bearing Capacity of Clay Soil Using Plastic Bottle Waste

With the increase in industry and industrial products, quantities of waste have increased worldwide, especially plastic waste, as plastic pollution is considered one of the wastes of the modern era that threatens the environment and living organisms. On this basis, a solution must be found to use this waste and recycle it safely so that it does not threaten the environment. Therefore, this research used plastic waste as an improvement material for clay soil. In this research, two types of tests were conducted, the first of which was a laboratory test, where the undrained shear strength (cohesion), compression index (Cc), and swelling index (Cr) of the improved and unimproved soils were calculated (plastic was added in proportions (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2)%. The second part of the examination was done through physical modeling, where 2% of plastic was used, considered the optimal percentage in this research, and the calculation of the carrying capacity-settlement relationship for both the improved and unimproved soils. Using this percentage of plastic showed an improvement in the relationship between the bearing capacities of soil vs. subsidence, as an increase in the amount of stress was observed from 405 KPa to 459 kPa at 10% of subsidence.

Menumbuhkan Budaya Hidup Bersih Siswa dengan Memanfaatkan Media Ecobrick di Sekolah Dasar

Ecobrick is one of the creative ways to manage plastic waste and turn it into useful objects, reducing pollution and toxins caused by plastic waste. The function of ecobrick is not to destroy plastic waste, but to extend the life of the plastics and process them into something useful, which can be used for the benefit of people in general. Ecobrick is a waste management technique made from used plastic bottles filled with clean plastic waste until full, then compacted until it becomes hard. After the bottles are full and hard, they can be assembled with glue. These assembled bottles can be turned into tables, simple chairs, building materials for walls, towers, small stages, and even potentially assembled into fences and foundations for simple playgrounds. The utilization of plastic waste at SDN Kondangjaya III is through the making of ecobricks. This activity is due to problems related to plastic waste, such as the abundance of waste in the school environment that has not been utilized, the presence of a specific plastic bottle waste bin in the school environment that is not being utilized, and the lack of understanding and knowledge in waste management to be utilized into something useful. From these various problems, it can be concluded that many elementary school students have not learned to recycle waste. The methods used are observation, demonstration, and direct practice in making ecobricks. The result of this activity is an increase in knowledge and understanding about the utilization of plastic waste and an improvement in the skills and creativity of students in managing plastic waste into useful objects.

Potential Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregate and Waste Plastic Bottles for Sustainable Asphalt Pavement Production

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate (RAPA) and waste plastic bottles (WPBs) for sustainable asphalt pavements production in hot weather conditions. To enhance the adhesion between neat bitumen, RAPA, and WPBs-coated aggregates, a rougher surface texture is created for aggregate particles in the modified asphalt mix. This improvement enhances asphalt mix engineering properties, rutting resistance, and stability. However, bituminous mixtures containing 20% RAPA exhibit tendencies toward strip resistance, this mixture is weak in terms of strength and incapable of supporting loads when utilizing the RAPA. Therefore, due to the moisture susceptibility of the RAPA, it is advised to employ several types of aggregates in future studies to determine the optimal aggregate that can resist stripping and, at the same time, handle heavy loads. Finally, for better asphalt mix performance, it is recommended to use a combination of 70% crushed stone aggregate, 20% RAPA, and 10% WPBs in asphalt mix with a 5.0% optimum modifier content. The experimental results for tensile strength ratio, proportional rut depth, and mean rut depth meet the required specifications of the Ethiopian Road Authority for all properties tested. Therefore, this combination is strongly advised for use in hot mix asphalt production.

Penerapan Konsep Ekonomi Sirkular Dalam Pengelolaan Sampah Untuk Menunjang Green Economy di Desa Nelayan Kondangmerak, Kabupaten Malang

Waste management remains a challenge in Indonesia to this day. Several regions, including the fishing village of Kondangmerak in Malang Regency, East Java, still face obstacles in the waste disposal process. Due to its distance from the village's administrative center, 20 households in Kondangmerak are compelled to manage their own waste. Efforts involve waste incineration, but this poses new issues due to incomplete combustion. The objective of this initiative is to enhance the knowledge and well-being of the community through waste management activities. Various methods are employed, such as waste management and recycling training, the creation of plastic bottle waste bins, and the development of infographic banners on waste. The outcomes encompass improved community skills in waste management, the utilization of dedicated plastic waste bins, and the dissemination of information through infographic banners at various locations along the Kondangmerak Beach.

Production of Highly Efficient Activated Carbons for Wastewater Treatment from Post-Consumer PET Plastic Bottle Waste.

Chemical activated carbons (PET-H2SO4 and PET-KOH) were prepared from post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes using pyrolysis under moderate reaction temperatures by changing pyrolysis time and chemical activating agents. The produced carbons were characterized and tested in adsorption reactions of manganese, chromium, and cobalt ions in aqueous solutions. Results showed a high percentage removal of these inorganic ions from water: 98 % for Mn2+, 87 % for Cr3+, and 88 % for Co2+. Freundlich isotherms gave a better fit to the experimental data obtained with good correlation coefficient values in the range of 0.99-1 compared to other isotherms. The pseudo-second order kinetic model best described the chemical adsorption process as an exchange of electrons between the carbon and inorganic ions in solutions. The diffusion models showed that the process is controlled by a multi-kinetic stage adsorption process. In summary, this work demonstrates that the production of activated carbon from PET waste bottles is a potential alternative to commercial activated carbon and can be considered a sustainable waste management technology for removing these non-biodegradable plastic wastes from the environment.

Comparative Study on Various Properties of Paver Block Produced from Municipal Plastic Waste

In order to lower the cost of paver blocks and use waste plastic bottles in the manufacturing process instead of using conventional concrete paver blocks, this study proposes to substitute coarse aggregates with plastic trash in paver blocks. The project’s goals are to make paver blocks more affordable while also reducing environmental pollution and plastic waste in a beneficial way. For the experiment, three different types of nine paver blocks, each measuring 220 x 180 x 70 mm and 240 x 120 x 60 mm, were created. In this study, we combined various amounts of plastic trash with coarse gravel and sand. After the paver blocks were assembled and put through testing, the findings showed improved compressive strength and water absorption. Hydrocarbons, which can be obtained from a variety of sources including coal, oil, and certain minerals, are used to make plastic. There are many different types of plastic, such as Low Thickness Polyethylene (LDPE) and High Thickness Polyethylene (HDPE). These leftover polymers are then to be effectively utilized in the production of paver squares. To produce high-quality blocks with warm and sound protection qualities to deal with contamination and to lower the overall cost of development, low-thickness polyethylene is spotlessly mixed with the sand and aggregate at different rates. This is probably the most ideal approach to prevent the collection of plastic waste.