Waste Milk Research Articles

Differences in the fecal microbiota of dairy calves reared with differing sources of milk and levels of maternal contact

The practice of rearing cows and calves together is gaining popularity on dairy farms, with different systems currently under assessment in mainland Europe, the United Kingdom, and Oceania. Research into the effects of cow–calf rearing has primarily focused on direct health and welfare implications, and little work has examined the role of different rearing paradigms on calf microbiota. We trialed a cow–calf rearing system on a Canadian dairy farm and compared fecal microbiota of these calves with the microbiota of calves reared according to the conventional practice of the same farm (separated from the dam and fed waste milk). At 4 wk, the conventionally reared calves had reduced relative abundance of Lactobacillus and higher relative abundance of other taxa, including Sutterella, Prevotella, and Bacteroides. We also detected predicted functional differences, such as reduced l-tryptophan biosynthesis in conventionally reared calves. These results suggest that maternal contact may influence the calf microbiota, but the observed differences are also likely related to other aspects of the rearing environment independent of maternal contact (e.g., potential exposure to antibiotic residues in waste milk). These findings provide preliminary evidence of the effects of early rearing environments on the establishment of the dairy calf fecal microbiota. This research is needed, given the critical role of the bovine gut microbiome in behavioral, metabolic, and immune development.

Effects of forage presentation and addition of molasses-based liquid feed on dairy calf dietary selection and feed sorting of mixed diets

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of including a molasses-based liquid feed on sorting of a mixed diet of starter and hay, and to compare the nutrient composition of the ration consumed by calves offered hay and starter according to different feed presentations. Holstein bull and heifer calves were exposed for the first 8 wk of life to 1 of 3 feed presentation treatments: (1) starter and hay provided in separate buckets (n = 15), (2) a mixed diet of 80% starter and 20% hay (n = 16), or (3) a mixed diet containing the same ratio of starter and hay, with inclusion of 10% (as-is basis) liquid molasses (n = 14). Calves received 8 L/d of pasteurized waste milk and were weaned over a 10-d period beginning at 42 d of age. Intake was recorded daily and calves were weighed weekly. Fresh and refused feed were sampled on 3 consecutive days during wk 4 and 6 of the preweaning period and wk 8 immediately postweaning. Sorting was assessed through nutrient analysis of the feed samples, with additional sorting indices reflective of sorting for starter and hay components calculated based on weighted averages of individual nutrient intakes as a percent of predicated intakes. Dry matter intake and average daily gain did not differ among treatments. During the preweaning period, addition of molasses to the mixed diet did not affect the extent of feed sorting, with calves provided both mixed diets sorting, on average, in favor of starter and against hay. Postweaning, addition of molasses tended to reduce the extent of feed sorting, although calves on both treatments persisted in sorting for starter and against hay. Across treatments, there was an association between the pre- and postweaning extent of feed sorting, suggesting a degree of individual consistency in sorting behavior. Calves provided starter and hay separately consumed a diet consisting of approximately 18 to 19% hay preweaning and 14% hay postweaning, and generally had greater fiber intake and lower intake of nonfiber carbohydrates compared with calves provided a mixed diet. These results indicate that addition of molasses slightly reduced sorting during the postweaning period only. On average, calves provided both mixed diets sorted their feed in favor of starter and against hay, which mirrored dietary selection exhibited by calves offered hay and starter separately.

PREPARATION OF WATER RESISTANT GLUE FROM MILK PLASTIC

In this process of extracting Milk Plastic Water Resistant Glue from the casein 3 type of milk soya milk, fresh cow milk and the pastured milk were used. Casein was extracted and vinegar was added while milk was getting heated. Casein was separated, and dried for 2-3 days. Milk Plastic that was obtained was heated with distilled water. A pinch of papain is added and made it hot for 4 hours and then 1N of NaOH is added and heated for few minutes. The collected sample is centrifuged at 12000 rpm and the glue was obtained. The glue is stored at -200C. 2 card board pieces was stacked together by using this glue and dipped in water to check the water resistance. It was stable for about 10 minutes and then it was loosened. It is little expensive comparing to other glues when it was did with pure milk while if it is done with waste milk product its cost will be low.

Selection of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in the gut of calves experimentally fed with milk containing antibiotic residues

In the bovine sector, the spread of Enterobacterales producing extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamases (ESBL/AmpC) mostly concerns veal calves, and the use of waste milk containing antibiotic residues has been recurrently incriminated. In this study, calves were experimentally fed with milk containing either 2,000 μg/L or 20,000 μg/L of the critically important antibiotic cefquinome. The total counts of enterobacterales and ESBL-producing E. coli were monitored using non-selective and selective media. Our data highlighted the important combination of two main factors (cefquinome exposure and initial ESBL colonization level) in the ESBL selection and amplification process in the gut of calves. Results also proved the dose-independent effect of cefquinome administration on the selection and amplification of ESBL-producing E. coli. Finally, the blaCTX-M-1/IncI1 ST3 plasmid was systematically recovered after cefquinome exposure, highlighting its epidemic success. Altogether, this work is one of the rare experimental studies providing quantitative information on the impact of waste milk containing antimicrobials on the ESBL load in calves’ microbiota, and the first one using cefquinome. These data emphasise the need for global guidelines on the use of waste milk on dairy farms in order to decrease the antimicrobial resistance burden in this sector.

THE FOLIAR SPRAY APPLICATION OF SELECTED ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SELECTED PLANTS – A REVIEW

The organic fertilizer or manures like banana peel, coconut peat and waste milk tea (TW) are highly rich in nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus etc. (Vu, H. T., et al., 2018; Khan, M.Z., et al., 2019; Sial, T.A., et al., 2019). The sandy soil is one of the most severe conditions which negatively affect the growth of plant. The aim of the study is to report the foliar spray effect of milk tea waste extract, banana peel extract, coconut peat extract, on the growth of coriander and spinach plants. In this analysis different pots for various organic fertilizers were used to check their effect on plant growth and to investigate the improvement of biochemical properties of sandy soil (Vu, H. T., et al., 2018; Khan, M.Z., et al., 2019; Sial, T.A., et al., 2019).According to review, using various fertilizers growth parameters like plant height, numbers of leaves, shoot moisture content, NPK content present selected in plants can be compared. This review describes the best organic fertilizer among banana peel, coconut peat and waste milk tea and their effect on the growth parameters of coriander and spinach plant. KEYWORDS: Banana peel, Coconut peat, Waste milk tea, Fertilizer, Plants growth, Soil analysis.

Implementation of management recommendations in unweaned dairy calves in western Germany and associated challenges

To improve the welfare of livestock, it is important to assess management practices on farms and to identify areas where current scientific recommendations are rarely implemented. Differences in the implementation of recommendations might be explained by the individual farm as well as the characteristics of survey respondents and their attitude toward animal welfare. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess dairy calf management practices, compare them with current scientific recommendations, and to explore factors that influence implementation of the recommended management practices. A 1.5-h interview was performed with stockpersons on 42 dairy farms (mean herd size ± SD = 149.9 ± 16.6cows) distributed across western Germany in 2018to2019. We observed that the management of unweaned calves varied greatly from farm to farm in aspects such as milk-feeding protocols; timing of grouping and disbudding; and access to water, roughage, and concentrate. Major deviations from management recommendations were (1) cleaning calving pen only by removal of bedding without a following disinfection before restocking on 23.8% farms, cleaning of teat buckets without detergents and disinfection (23.8 and 11.9% of farms, respectively), and failure to disinfect navels (29.3% of farms); (2) separating calf and dam after only 5to8h postpartum for calving at night in 97.6% farms and unchecked colostrum quality by 23.8% of survey respondents; (3) feeding waste milk by 72.4% of the farms surveyed; and (4) removing supernumerary teats and disbudding without local anesthesia (90 and 80% farms surveyed, respectively). The number of implemented recommendations on the farms surveyed correlated with who was responsible for calf rearing, and whether prioritizing animal welfare was considered important by the respondents. This study indicated that limitations of individual housing systems, time management, the stockperson's knowledge, and the stockperson's ability to relate to animals posed challenges in implementation of the recommendations. Further research on challenges in calf management and how to overcome them would be helpful to improve calves' welfare in current husbandry systems.

Short communication: Comparison of the fecal bacterial communities in diarrheic and nondiarrheic dairy calves from multiple farms in southeastern Pennsylvania

Diarrhea is a major cause of illness and death in preweaned calves and causes significant economic losses to producers. A better understanding of the fecal microbiota in diarrheic and nondiarrheic calves could lead to improved treatment and prevention strategies. The purpose of this study was to compare the fecal microbiota of diarrheic and nondiarrheic calves to improve our understanding of what constitutes a healthy fecal microbiota in preweaned calves. At each of 7 farms, fecal samples were obtained from 1 to 3 diarrheic Holstein dairy calves (2 to 17 d old at sampling time) and age-matched (within 5 d) nondiarrheic controls for a total of 20 samples. Calves were fed either acidified bulk milk, pasteurized or unpasteurized waste milk, or milk replacer depending on farm. Fecal samples were extracted for genomic DNA, PCR-amplified for the V1-V2 region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene, sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) platform, and analyzed using QIIME2. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla in both groups; Fusobacteria was numerically more abundant in the diarrheic group, whereas Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were numerically more abundant in the nondiarrheic group. At the genus level, Bacteroides was the most abundant genus in both groups and was numerically more abundant in the nondiarrheic group. Results from the mixed-effects regression model showed that Faecalibacterium and Butyricimonas were more abundant in the nondiarrheic calves, whereas Clostridium and Peptostreptococcus were more abundant in the diarrheic calves. Our results indicate that commensal bacteria acquired in the neonatal period may have been replaced with potential pathogens in diarrheic calves, which may have contributed to the incidence of diarrhea either directly or indirectly.

The potential of Biogas Sludge Dairy Cattle with Fortification of Expired Milk Powder Waste and Eggshell as a Planting Media of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) on Mycelium Growth

This study aimed to determine the nutrient content of the growing media of sludge biogas waste from dairy cattle and expired milk waste and the growth of white oyster mushroom mycelium (Pleurotus florida). This study uses mixed media from dairy cattle biogas sludge waste and expired milk powder with different concentrations divided into 4 media treatments, 4 treatments then performed 3 repetitions to obtain 12 experimental units, the treatment is given code P0, P1, P2, P3 which has a media composition in the form of sawdust, biogas sludge, expired milk powder waste and eggshell, each treatment is distinguished in different concentrations of sludge and expired milk powder with different proportions namely P0 (0%: 0%), P1 (50%: 50%), P2 (25%: 75%) P3: (75%: 25%), P0 is used as a control because it does not use the two combination ingredients but uses bran as a source of nutrients and is a proportion commonly used by oyster mushroom farmers. Each media was then tested for its chemical content including water content, organic matter, crude fiber, C-organic, nitrogen, P-Total, and potassium. Then for the growing mycelium variable observed were the mycelium length, the percentage of growth of oyster mushroom mycelium, the first time to grow, and the time to fulfill mycelium. The data was processed using analysis of Variance-Completely Randomized Design Unidirectional and the average difference was tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Mushroom media nutrient content test results showed that the best results were in the planting media of sludge biogas waste from dairy cattle and expired milk waste in P3 treatment (75% dairy biogas sludge: 25% of expired milk waste) was able to increase nutrient in a c-organic variable, crude fiber, C / N ratio, and potassium are 19.61%, 57.43%, 3.179%, and 0.887%. The best results of mycelium growth in this study were the planting media of dairy cattle biogas sludge waste and expired milk waste in P2 treatment (25% of dairy cattle biogas sludge: 75% of expired milk waste) which was able to produce the best growth of the average variables of the daily mycelium length, percentage of growth mycelium, first time to grow and time to fulfill mycelium is 3.73 cm, 27.42%, 4.33 days and 26.33 days. In this study, it can be concluded that the planting media from dairy cattle biogas sludge waste with the fortification of expired milk powder waste can be potentially used as an alternative media other than bran at the same time can increase the nutrient content in the mushroom media and stimulate the growth of mycelium better.

The Potential for Regenerated Protein Fibres within a Circular Economy: Lessons from the Past Can Inform Sustainable Innovation in the Textiles Industry

Humanity is currently facing a crisis of excess, with a growing population and the trend towards disposable goods, and the world’s resources are under tremendous pressure. This is especially evident in the textiles industry, with increasing consumer numbers and the trend of ‘fast fashion’ causing demand to be at an all-time high, with non-renewable feedstocks depleting and production of natural fibres also under strain. Considering the future of textile production, it can be beneficial to investigate our past for inspiration towards more sustainable approaches. Much of the research into regenerated protein fibres was performed out of necessity during wartime, and while this demonstrates the potential for food waste to be exploited as a resource, the manufacturing methods used at the time now present issues for a circular economy due to the high amounts of toxic waste produced. Using a range of historical and modern literature sources, including journal articles, patents and conference papers, this review presents the historical precedent and research performed into azlons, regenerated fibres produced from waste protein-rich materials. Historical evidence shows that the success of these azlon fibres was short-lived, partly due to negative associations with deprivation and hardship, alongside the emergence of alternative man-made fibres, which were devoid of these connotations with never-before-seen physical properties. The social and political climate leading to the creation, and ultimate demise, of azlons is explored along with the influence of evolving technologies and the marketing of these textile products to consumers. Although the creation of products from waste is not a new concept, the literature has identified that the synergy between the challenges faced in a time of resource scarcity and the current trend of problematic excess reveals an exciting opportunity to learn from our past to create a greener future. Lessons that could help with the current crisis within the textile industry are extracted and presented within the concept of a circular textiles economy. Our findings show that there is notable potential for one regenerated protein fibre, made from casein extracted from milk waste, to be manufactured within a localised, circular economy in conjunction with the principles of green chemistry and sustainable textiles technology.

Feasibility study of low density polyethylene modified bituminous mix in DBM layer of flexible pavement

An efficient and adequate system of transportation is inevitable for the development of any country. A high traffic intensity in terms of overloaded commercial vehicle, introduction of new axle configuration, significant variations of daily and seasonal temperature of the pavement are significant factors contributing to early development of distress symptoms like ravelling, rutting, cracking, bleeding, shoving and pot holing of bituminous surfacing, which demand a proper strengthening of pavements. The early development of distress in the pavement with the conventional mixes revealed the need of design specification based on performance tests. To overcome such kind of distress, properties of bitumen and bituminous mixes can be improved to meet the requirement of pavement with the incorporation of certain modifiers. The present study evaluates the Low-Density polyethylene (waste milk pouches) modified bituminous mix properties corresponding to the optimum binder content by conducting different performance test. Experimental studies demonstrated that waste milk pouches (6% by weight of the binder) modified bituminous mix gives the best result in terms of stability and durability. Experimental results indicated that using the waste milk pouches in bitumen is not only a cost-effective mix but also a very good solution in terms of improving bitumen pavement mix properties. The present paper aims to highlight the change in properties by addition of modifiers in bitumen and develop a procedure to estimate the reliability of a particular mix design. By considering these aspects, statistically it has been proved that the bituminous mix obtained experimentally, is also reliable to be used in real life scenario.

The Effects of Feeding Waste Milk Containing Antimicrobial Residues on Dairy Calf Health.

A number of studies have reported that there is a high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant faecal bacteria excreted by dairy calves. Although faecal shedding is influenced by a variety of factors, such as the environment and calf age, feeding milk with antimicrobial residues contributes significantly to an increased prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, such as extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. As a follow-up to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Opinion on the risk of AMR development in dairy calves published in January 2017, this review aims to illustrate more recent research in this area, focusing on the period 2016 to 2020. A total of 19 papers are reviewed here. The vast majority assess the commensal faecal bacteria, E. coli, isolated from dairy calves, in particular its antimicrobial-resistant forms such as ESBL-producing E. coli and AmpC-producing E. coli. The effect of waste milk feeding on the prevalence of pathogens such as Salmonella spp. has also been investigated. Current research findings include positive effects on daily liveweight gain and other advantages for calf health from feeding waste milk compared to milk replacer. However, the negative effects, such as the demonstrable selection for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, the shift in the intestinal microbiome and the possible negative consequences that these could have on global public health, should always be taken into consideration.

Carbonized waste milk powders as cathodes for stable lithium–sulfur batteries with ultra-large capacity and high initial coulombic efficiency

To explore the natural resources as sustainable precursors offers a family of green materials. The use of bio-waste precursors especially the remaining from food processing is a scalable, highly abundant, and cost-effective strategy. Exploring waste materials is highly important especially for new materials discovery in emerging energy storage technologies such as lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs). Herein, waste milk powder is carbonized and constructed as the sulfur host with the hollow micro-/mesoporous framework, and the resulting carbonized milk powder and sulfur (CMP/S) composites are employed as cathodes for LSBs. It is revealed that the hollow micro-/mesoporous CMP/S framework can not only accommodate the volume expansion but also endow smooth pathways for the fast diffusion of electrons and Li-ions, leading to both high capacity and long cycling stability. The CMP/S composite electrode with 56 wt% loaded sulfur exhibits a remarkable initial capacity of 1596 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, corresponding to 95% of the theoretical capacity. Even at a rate of 1 C, it maintains a high capacity of 730 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 72.6% after 500 cycles, demonstrating a very low capacity fading of only 0.05% per cycle. Importantly, the Coulombic efficiency is always higher than 96% during all the cycles. The only used source material is expired waste milk powders in our proposal. We believe that this “trash to treasure” approach will open up a new way for the utilization of waste material as environmentally safe and high performance electrodes for advanced LSBs.

Supplementation of dairy calves with digestive enzymes and fermentation products of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger

The effect of supplementation with Aspergillus oryzae and A. niger fermentation products and digestive enzymes on weight gain, growth, and health of Holstein (n=11) and Jersey (n=9) calves was evaluated. All calves, individually housed, were fed unpasteurized waste milk at 0600 (2 L) and 1800 (2 L) for 49 days. All calves were fed ad libitum a calf starter that contained 18% CP; 2.5% fat; 8% CF; 14% ADF; 1.5% Ca; 0.5% P; 0.20 mg/kg Se; 2,273 IU/kg vitamin A; and 66 g/Tm of Lasalocid. Treated animals (five Holsteins and four Jerseys) were fed 2 g of commercial mixture of A. oryzae and A. niger fermentation products and the digestive enzymes α amylase, pectinase, endoglucanase, β glucanase, xylanase, and mannanase. Weight and height were recorded weekly using a Nasco© measuring tape and measuring stick, repectively. There was no interaction of treatment by breed by period (P=0.9636). Treatment did not affect weight gain across periods (P≥0.7215). As expected, Holsteins were heavier than Jerseys (P=0.0284) and both breeds increased in weight over time (P<0.0001). Treatment did not affect the height at the hip (P=0.7971) or withers (P=0.4248). Holstein’s height at the hip for the treatment group (HT) was 80.8 cm ± 2.31 at 49 days and 80.5 cm ± 3.25 for the control group (HC). Jersey treatment group (JT) ended with 85 cm ± 1.98 whereas the control group (JC) ended with 82.1 cm ± 2.17 at the hip. Height at the withers for HT measured 75.3 cm ± 2.62 compared to 80.5 cm for HC. Moreover, calves in JT at the end of the experiment measured 79.9 cm ± 1.23 compared to JC 76.7 cm ± 2.59. Health status did not benefit from the supplementation of A. oryzae and A. niger in combination with enzymes (P=0.1444). Supplementation with A. oryzae and A. niger fermentation products and digestive enzymes did not increase weight gain, growth, or health status in Holstein and Jersey calves fed waste milk under the tropical conditions in Puerto Rico.

Extended transition milk feeding for 3 weeks improves growth performance and reduces the susceptibility to diarrhea in newborn female Holstein calves

Dairy calves may benefit from extending the duration of feeding transition milk (TM; the subsequent two to six milkings after parturition) to enhance performance and health during early life. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of replacing pasteurized waste milk (non-saleable milk containing antibiotic and/or drug residues) with pasteurized TM for 3 weeks on the growth performance and health of dairy calves. A total of 84 healthy newborn female Holstein calves were blocked by birth order and assigned randomly to 4 treatment groups with partial replacement of pasteurized waste milk by TM (second milkings after parturition) at 0 (0 l/day TM + 6 l/day milk), 0.5 (0.5 l/day TM + 5.5 l/day milk), 1 (1 l/day TM + 5 l/day milk), or 2 l (2 l/day TM + 4 l/day milk) for a 21-day period. From day 22 onward, all calves were fed individually with 6 l/day pasteurized waste milk. Calves were weaned on day 60 and monitored until day 90 of the study. Liquid feed DM intake (DMI) was increased with increasing levels of TM (P = 0.001). Starter feed DMI and total DMI (liquid feed DMI + starter feed DMI) were not affected by the treatment effect. Calves were fed 2 l/day TM gained more BW compared with those in the control group during the postweaning and overall periods. The average daily gain tended (P = 0.06) to be higher in calves fed 2 l/day TM compared with calves fed 0 (+ 65 g/day), 0.5 (+ 53 g/day), or 1 (+ 76 g/day) l/day TM during the preweaning period. Daily weight gain was also higher in calves fed 2 l/day TM compared with calves in the control group during the postweaning (+ 137 g/day; P = 0.04) and overall (+89 g/day; P < 0.01) periods, respectively. Calves fed 2 l/day TM had a higher feed efficiency compared with calves in the control group during all studied periods. The calves fed TM2 had a lower chance of having diarrhea compared with other treatment groups. Duration but not the frequency of diarrhea was lower in calves fed TM2 vs TM0 (2.5 vs 4.2days; P = 0.03). In general, partial replacement of waste milk with TM (2 l/day) may be recommended to feed dairy calves at an early stage of life to support a higher growth rate and health benefits.

Using discrete event simulation to explore food wasted in the home

ABSTRACT Food waste is an issue of global importance. Households generate more food waste than any other source in high- and middle-income countries. There are many solutions to reduce household food waste, but measurement of the impact of each solution is costly, and therefore usually not undertaken. This is a major barrier to decision makers adopting the most effective solutions. Discrete event simulation (DES) modelling is ideally placed to overcome these problems. This paper presents the most developed application of DES to household food waste to date: The Household Simulation Model (HHSM). The HHSM has the flexibility to model several food items. It includes many household dynamics that can affect food waste (e.g., purchasing, storage, consumption). The HHSM simulates a range of household types to reflect the diversity of the population in question (for this paper, the United Kingdom). This paper demonstrates the innovation of the HHSM: it provides a framework allowing different types of evidence to be brought together to help understand how food waste is influenced by a range of factors. To illustrate its usefulness, we provide an analysis of six potential interventions to reduce milk waste, covering both product innovation and behaviour change.

Protein Digestibility of Trembesi Leaf Fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum AK-3

This study aims to assess the digestibility of trembesi leaf protein fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum AK-3. Trembesi leaves are fermented by adding Lactobacillus plantarum AK 3 which is isolated from cow's milk waste. Then the protein digestibility was analyzed for ruminants. This research is descriptive so the data obtained is descriptive data about the level of digestibility of crude protein from fermented leaves. The conclusion obtained is the level of crude protein digestibility of the leaves of fermented trembesi Lactobacillus plantarum AK-3 by 71%.Key word: fermentation, trembesi leaf, protein digestibility, Lactobacillus plantarum AK-3

Effects of hydrolyzed cottonseed protein added to poor or good quality colostrum and milk on performance, health, and metabolism in Holstein dairy calves

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of supplementing colostrum and milk with a cottonseed protein hydrolysate (CSPH) as a peptide source on the performance, antioxidant status, blood hormones, and metabolites in calves. Fifty-six newborn Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with different colostrum quality (good or poor) and CSPH addition to colostrum and milk (0 and 2 % fresh-matter basis) fed to calves from birth to 14 days of age. All the calves received equal amounts of colostrum and pasteurized waste milk, were weaned at d 56 of the experiment, and remained in the study until d 70 of the trial. The interaction between CSPH addition and colostrum quality was significant for starter intake and CSPH supplementation increased starter intake only in calves receiving the poor-quality (P = 0.03), but not in those received good-quality colostrum. Body weight and skeletal growth parameters were not affected by colostrum quality or CSPH supplementation. The calves receiving good-quality colostrum recorded lower ear disposition scores (P = 0.03) while those received the CSPH exhibited lower (P < 0.01) nasal discharge and fecal scores throughout the study. Independent of the colostrum quality, CSPH supplementation resulted in a higher serum total antioxidant status (TAS) on day 2 and higher β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations (P = 0.04) during pre-weaning period compared to un-supplemented calves. Serum TAS tended to be higher in CSPH-supplemented calves during pre-weaning (P = 0.02) and post-weaning (P = 0.08) periods. Independent of CSPH supplementation, serum cortisol concentration at day 2 was lower (P = 0.04) and serum malondialdehyde concentrations at day 70 was tended to be lower (P = 0.07) in calves receiving good vs. poor-quality colostrum. In conclusion, addition of 2 % CSPH to colostrum and milk was found to improve a few health and metabolic indices in calves with more significant effects recorded in calves received poor-quality colostrum.

Características de carcaça, composição tecidual e análise sensorial da carne de bezerros aleitados com níveis crescentes de soro de queijo em pó

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do aleitamento com soro de queijo em pó associado ao leite em pó refugado de indústria sobre as características, rendimentos e qualidade da carne de bezerros de origem leiteira. Foram utilizados 40 bezerros machos distribuídos em quatro tratamentos e dez repetições: LI - leite de integral (controle); LP - 100% leite em pó; LPS1 – 80% leite em pó + 20% soro de queijo em pó e LPS2 - 60% de leite em pó + 40% de soro de queijo. Na carcaça, foram avaliados os valores de pH e temperatura ao abate e após 24 horas de resfriamento. Os parâmetros físico-químicos, atividade de água, acidez, umidade, cinzas, proteínas e lipídeos da carne foram avaliados no músculo Longissimus dorsi. O pH médio da carcaça pós-abate foi de 6,6 e o pH após resfriamento de 5,3. Os valores médios de umidade, proteína, extrato etéreo e cinzas foram: 73,36%; 23,03%; 2,00% e 1,06%, respectivamente. Na análise sensorial foram avaliados cor, maciez, sabor, suculência, impressão global e intenção de compra, não apresentou diferença significativa. As dietas testadas não interferiram nas características de carcaça, composição tecidual e nos atributos qualitativos da carne dos animais avaliados, sendo possível a substituição do leite integral por dietas a base de soro de queijo em pó e leite em pó, não apresentando prejuízos ao desenvolvimento de bezerros leiteiros em fase de aleitamento.

Combined Effect of Synthesized Waste Milk Scum Oil Methyl Ester and Ethanol Fuel Blend on the Diesel Engine Characteristics

Milk scum is a waste obtained in milk dairies, which can be used as a raw material for producing biodiesel by a transesterification process. In this research study, the biodiesel obtained from milk scum was blended with diesel to make binary blends (B20D80, B60D40 and B100). These binary blends were further blended with ethanol in different percentages to make ternary blends (B20E05D75, B20E10D70, B20E15D65). Physical and chemical properties of binary and ternary blends were investigated and compared. Degradation of physical properties of the prepared biodiesels with respect to time was studied, which is the salient part of the work. Engine performance test was conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Performance of the engine for different blends (both binary and ternary) was recorded and compared. Addition of 5% ethanol showed a decrease in fuel consumption, whereas higher content (15%) of ethanol showed rapid increase in fuel consumption as compared to that of binary blends. Ternary blend containing 5% ethanol showed higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) compared to D100 (diesel only), while ternary blends containing 10 and 15% ethanol gave lower BTE compared to 5% ethanol and D100. The blend B20E05D75 is considered as better alternative fuel upon comparing mass fuel consumption, air fuel ratio and brake thermal efficiency with all rest of blends tested in this study.

Systematic Assessment of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infections from 1911-2019: A Growth Analysis of Association with Human Autoimmune Diseases.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an understudied pathogen worldwide with continuous implications in human autoimmune diseases (ADs). The awareness of MAP appears to be low in many places and its research is at infant stage in many countries. The lack of worldwide coverage of the MAP research landscape calls for urgent research attention and prioritization. This present study aimed to assess MAP global research productivity with an emphasis on its implications in ADs via bibliometric and growth analytic frameworks from authors, countries, institutions, international, disciplines and collaboration network perspectives. MAP primary articles were retrieved from the Scopus database and the Web of Science from 1911 to 2019 via title-specific algorithm. Analytic results of dataset yielded a total of 3889 articles from 581 journals and 20.65 average citations per documents. The annual growth rate of MAP research for the period was 6.31%. Based on a country’s productivity (articles (%), freq. of publication (%)), the USA (887 (22.81%), 26.72%), and Australia (236 (6.07%), 6.07%) ranked the top 2 countries but Egypt and Germany had the highest average growth rate (AGR, 170%) in the last 3 years. MAP studies are generally limited to Europe, Australia, Asia, South America and few nations in Africa. It had positive growth rate (30%–100%) in relation to type 1 diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis ADs; food science and technology, immunology, agriculture, pathology, and research and experimental medicine, wildlife, environments, virulence, disease resistance, meat and meat products, osteopontin, waste milk and slurry/sludge digestion subjects; but negative growth (−130% to −30%) in ulcerative colitis and Parkinson’s disease and no growth in multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, thyroid disorders, psoriasis, and lupus. The mapping revealed a gross lack of collaboration networking in terms of authorship, (intra- and inter-) nationally and institutionally with a generalized collaboration index of 1.82. In conclusion, inadequate resources-, knowledge- and scientific-networking hampered growth and awareness of MAP research globally. The study recommends further research to strengthen evidence of MAP’s epidemiologic prevalence in ADs and proffer practical solution(s) for drug development and point-of-care diagnostics amongst other extended themes.