Waste Meal Research Articles

Growth performance and nutrient utilization of post fingerlings Clarias gariepinus fed varied levels of biscuit waste

The performance of local broiler turkeys fed dietary treatments in which palm kernel meal (PKM) replaced maize at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent was evaluated. The replacement levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent represented diets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. One hundred and eighty dayold unsexed turkey poults were allotted to the six dietary treatments. The treatments were replicated three times. Each replicate having ten poults. The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design experiment. The feeding trial lasted for 24 weeks. With the exception of mortality, significant differences (P 0.05) from that of diet 3 (40% replacement level) but were significantly higher (P 0.05) in the feed conversion ratio of turkeys fed diets 1, 2, 3, and 4. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in slaughter weight, dressed weight, breast, wings and back cuts of turkeys fed the various dietary treatments. Dressing percentage values were similar for birds fed diets 1, 2, 3, and 5. Abdominal fat of turkeys increased with increasing concentration of PKM at the expense of maize in the diets. The thigh weight of turkeys fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 6 were not significantly different (P>0.05) but were significantly higher than that of diets 4 and 5; whereas the drumstick weight of birds fed diets 2 to 6 were significantly higher than that of diet 1. Similarly meat-to-bone ratio of turkeys fed diet 3-6 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of diets 1 and 2. The spleen of turkeys fed diets 2 was higher than others. Palm kernel meal can replace maize up to 60 percent in the diet of local broiler turkeys for good growth and carcass performance. Keywords : Broiler Turkeys, Performance Palm Kernel Meal and maize

Growth performance and nutrient utilization of post fingerlings Clarias gariepinus fed varied levels of biscuit waste

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of biscuit waste meal on the growth performance and utilization of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. A total of 300 juveniles of average weight 8.85g were randomly divided into five Treatments, each Treatment had three replicates. Twenty juveniles were distributed into each happa (0.7m3). The happa were suspended to ¾ of their volume using kuralon ropes carefully tied round the bamboo poles across the concrete tanks. Five diets containing 40% crude protein were formulated in which maize was replaced with biscuit waste meal at treatment; Diet 1 (TD1) 0%, 25% (TD2), 50% (TD3), 75% (TD4), 100% (TD5) levels. The fish were fed at 3% body weight per day for 10weeks. The results showed that biscuit waste was most suitable as an energy supplement when incorporated at 25% replacement (TD2) with maize. TD1 had the highest weight gain followed by TD2, TD3, TD4 and TD5 respectively. There were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in the growth response in TD1 (0%), TD2 (25%) and TD3 (50%). It is therefore concluded that biscuit waste meal is a cheap source of non conventional energy source which can be used favorably to replace maize (25% inclusion level) as an energy source in the diets of C. gariepinus.

The replacement value of indomie waste meal for maize on performance, carcass traits, relative organ weight and cost and return analysis of broiler chickens

An eight week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the replacement value of indomie waste meal with maize on the performance, carcass traits, relative organ weight and cost and return of 90 day old Anak 2000 broiler chickens. Three experimental starter and finisher diets were formulated with diet 1 as control containing 0% Indomie Waste Meal, while diets 2 and 3 contains IWM at 50 and 100% inclusion levels for maize. The chicks were assigned to the treatment diets (1, 2 and 3) in Completely Randomized Design and each treatment group contained three replicates with ten chickens per replicate. Result on performance revealed that daily and weekly weight gain at finisher phase was significantly highest (P&lt;0.05) in birds fed 50% IWM (63.20g/bird). Feed conversion ratio was significantly lowest (P&lt;0.05) in birds fed 50% IWM (2.14). Carcass traits revealed that relative weight of back, head, neck and shank were significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced by the treatment diets. Relative weight of gizzard was also significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced. Cost and return analysis at starter and finisher phases showed that cost of feed consumed (N137.16) and cost of feed per kilogram weight gain were (N15.96) lowest in birds fed 50% IWM. Income (N1579.50) and net profit (N881.17) were highest in birds on 50% IWM. From the overall results it could be concluded that the inclusion of indomie waste meal in the diet of broiler chickens up to 50% improved the growth performance, better carcass quality and economic returns.

Blood constituents of broiler chickens as affected by biscuit waste based diets

An eight week feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of substituting maize with biscuit waste meal on the blood constituents of 144- day old Anak 2000 broiler chickens. Four experimental broiler starter and finisher diets were formulated with diet 1 serving as control to contain 0% Biscuit Waste Meal, while diets 2, 3 and 4 were formulated to contain BWM at 25, 50 and 75% inclusion levels for maize. The chicks were randomly assigned to the four treatment diets (1, 2, 3 and 4) in a completely randomized designed (CRD) and each treatment group contained three replicates with twelve chickens per replicate. Results on the blood constituents of broiler chickens fed treatment diets revealed that there is no significant (P&gt;0.05) variation in the haematological indices assayed in this study. However, serum chemistry showed that total protein (3.13), albumin (1.30), and globulin (1.83x10mg/100ml) were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in birds fed 75% BWM. Total bilirubin was highest (P&lt;0.05) in birds fed diet 20.39x10mg/dl and least in control diet0.30x10mg/dl. Serum aspartate transaminase was higher (P&lt;0.05) in birds that ate 25% BWM (76.67iu/g) though had values to 74.33 and 70.00iu/g in birds placed on diets 1 and 4, respectively. Serum alkaline phosphate 185.67 iu/g was also higher (P&lt;0.05) in birds fed the control diet and least (182.33 iu/g) in birds placed on diet 4. From the overall results it is concluded that the inclusion of BWM in the diet of broiler chickens up to 50% improved the blood quality of broiler chickens.

Effect of Feeding Quails with Mixture Feeds Composed of Crab Waste Meal, Leubim Fish Waste Meal, and Broken Rice Grains as Partly Substitution of Commercial Diet on Egg Quality

In rearing quails, many attempts have been done to reduce feed cost among other things by replacing partly commercial diet with numerous alternative feed sources such as crab waste meal (CWM), leubim fish (Canthidermis maculata) waste meal (LFWM), and broken rice grains (BRG). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using a mixture feeds composed of CWM + LFWM + BRG as a substitute for commercial laying chicken diets on the quality of quail eggs. This research was conducted at the Field Laboratory of Animal Husbandry and the Laboratory of Poultry Production Science, Syiah Kuala University. This study used 80 female quails (Coturnix-coturnix japonica) females aged 4 weeks. The treatment was feeding quails with the commercial diet of laying hen (324-1M) of which 0, 10, 20, and 30% of the diets was substituted by the mixture feeds composed of CWM + LFWM + BRG. The study was performed into block randomized design (BRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replicate blocks. The blocks were established based on the different initial body weights of 4-week ages of female quails. Each treatment was an experimental unit consisting of 5 female quails each. The measured parameters were Yolk Index (YI), yolk color, Albumen Index (AI), eggshell thickness, and egg weight. The results of the study indicated that using up to 30% mixture feeds composed of 7,5% CWM + 9,1% LFWM + 13,4% BRG as a substitute for commercial laying chicken diets most significantly increased yolk index and yolk color of quail eggs. However, the albumen index, eggshell thickness, and egg weight were not significantly affected.

Performan Ayam Broiler yang Diberi Ransum dengan Penggunaan Tepung Limbah Ikan Leubim (Canthidermis maculata)

The purpose of this study was to determine the performances of broiler chickens fed the diets containing leubim fish (Canthidermis maculata) waste meal. The research was conducted at the Field Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. As many as 80 broiler chicks of MB 202 strain, unsex, produced by PT Japfa, North Sumatra were used in the study. The chicks were fed experimental diets i.e. using leubim fish waste meal with the levels of 0, 4, 8, and 12%, respectively. The research was designed into Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications. Each replication was an experimental unit consisting of 5 chicks. The results of the study indicated that including leubim fish waste meal in the diet was very significantly increased (P<0.01) final body weight, average body weight gain, and feed consumption and decreased feed conversion of broiler chickens compared to the use of commercial local fish meal.

Performances of Broiler Chickens Fed the Commercial Diets Partially Substituted with Feeds Containing Fermented and Non Fermented Leubim Fish Meal (Canthidermis maculata)

The purpose of present study was to evaluate the performance of broilers fed the commercial diet partially substituted with leubim fish (Canthidermis maculata) waste meal (LFWM) treated by fermentation and without fermentation. As many as 100 broiler chicks, MB 202 strain, unsex, were reared up to 5 weeks in this study. The research was set up into randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 blocks with 5 birds each. Blocks were as replicate based on the body weights of the birds at the beginning of feeding experimental diets. The experimental diets were commercial diets partially replaced with LFWM administered by either fermentation or not with the level of 6 and 12% each, 6.5% and 13% yellow corn, and 0.5% topmix. The data was analyzed using an Analysis of Variance (AOV) and continued by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) only if significant effects were detected among the treatments. The result of recent study indicated that the inclusion of feeds containing LFWM treated by either or not fermented combined with yellow corn and topmix as partially substitution of commercial diets significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) FBW, BWG, feed intake, and protein intake compared to those fed full commercial diet. However, FCR and PER were not significantly affected. DMRT indicated there were no significant diferences in broiler performances fed the feeds containing LFWM treated by fermentation vs without fermentation.

Equilibrium studies of the sequential removal of Reactive Blue 19 dye and lead (II) on rapeseed waste

This study investigates the effect of pollutant initial concentration on the sequential biosorptive removal of Reactive blue 19 dye and Pb(II) ions on rapeseed waste. The initial concentrations of both organic and inorganic pollutants positively influence the sequential biosorption of the dye and metal ion under study on rapeseed meal waste. The most significant increase was found in the removal of Reactive blue 19 dye by using rapeseed previously loaded with lead ions. In this case, the increase of the initial concentration from 15 mg/L to 100 mg/L results in an increase of the biosorption capacity of almost 6.8 times. Taking into account the frequent quantification of the wastewater treatment efficiency through the biosorption capacity generated from equilibrium studies, the obtained experimental data have been modelled by using five two-parameters (Langmuir, Freundlich, Halsey, Temkin and Harkins-Jura) and five three-parameters (Sips, Redlich-Peterson, Toth, modified BET and Hill) nonlinear isotherms. Linearized forms of Langmuir and Freundlich were also discussed. The optimal description for the sequential biosorption of the reactive dye is provided by the Hill and Langmuir isotherms, whereas the retention of lead on rapeseed waste is provided by the Freundlich isotherm.

FISHING, PROCESSING, COMMERCIALIZATION AND A PROPOSE TO FISHERY WASTE REUSE OF SURURU Mytella falcata IN THE MUNDAÚ LAGOON, MACEIÓ – AL, BRAZIL

A diagnosis was made on the fishing, processing, commercialization and generation of residues of the sururu fishery in Mundaú lagoon, Maceió-AL. Thirty nine fishermen were interviewed and also incursions were made for observations. Furthermore, sururus were collected to perform biometry. Residue of the sururu processing was collected to the fabrication of sururu waste meal (SWM), posteriorilly its bromatological composition was analysed. Fishermens of sururus fish 4.56 times week-1 and each fishing excursion lasts 5h26min, yielding 18.61 cans (18.61 to 37.22 kg soft tissue). Besides the sururus, 77.92% also catch fish, shrimp, and other organisms to complement the income. Average selling price was R$ 6.92 per kg of edible and CPUE from 3.42 to 6.85kg edible day-1. The average size and weight are 33.21 mm and 1.62 g, with 782.53 g of waste being generated to produce 1.0 kg of meat. SWM contained 37.00% calcium. It was verified that there is a need to create a management plan capable of reducing environmental impact in the lagoon, implement fishing programs and waste management, as well as improve the structure for the processing of that mollusc. Studies of the use of SWM as a source of calcium in diets are also recommended.

Serum metabolites of broilers fed graded levels of beniseed (&lt;I&gt;Sesamum indicum L.&lt;/I&gt;) waste meal in place of maize (&lt;I&gt;Zea mays linn&lt;/I&gt;)

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary replacement of maize with beniseed waste meal (BSW) on the carcass characteristics, organs weights, hematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chicken. A total of 180 days old Marshal broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six treatments, each having three replicates of ten birds per replicate. Six experimental diets were formulated as follows; D1 (100% Maize: 0% BSW), D2 (80% Maize: 20% BSW), D3 (60% Maize: 40% BSW), D4 (40% Maize: 60% BSW), D5 (20% Maize: 80% BSW) and D6 (0% Maize: 100% BSW) for both broiler starters and finishers. The live weight, eviscerated weight, dressed weight, neck, thigh, wings and lower back weights were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. The highest percentage dressed weight (63.52) obtained in D3 (40% BSW) was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) different from 60.87 (0% BSW), 61.68 (20% BSW) 60.00 (60% BSW), 55.18 (80% BSW) and 56.52 (100% BSW). The organs (lungs, liver, kidney, intestine, gizzard and proventriculus) monitored were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. Heart, pancreas and spleen were similar among the treatments. The serum biochemistry and haematological parameters measured were not significantly (P &gt; 0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. It was concluded that maize could be safely replaced with beniseed waste meal up to 100% level (55% BSW) in broilers diets.&#x0D; Key words: beniseed waste meal, maize, broilers, barcass, health status

Inclusion of fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) fortified bread waste in broiler chickens\u2019 diets

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to produce a least-cost ration from the use of fluted pumpkin leaf meal and bread waste in broiler chickens’ diets. Fluted pumpkin leaves (FPL) were sourced in Akure and its environs. The leaves were air-dried and milled to produce fluted pumpkin leaf meal (FPLM), while bread wastes were collected from different bakeries in Ilara-mokin and Akure towns, Ondo State, Nigeria. The bread wastes were sun-dried and milled and tagged BWM. The fluted pumpkin meal and bread waste meal were mixed in ratio 1:9 (1 kg FPLM + 9 kg BWM) to produce the fortified bread waste meal (FBWM) and used as one of the feed ingredients in broiler chickens’ diets. The FBWM were included in the diets at 0, 5, 10 and 15% to serve as diets I, II, III and IV, respectively. Two hundred day-old Abor-acre broiler chicks were randomly allotted to the four (4) dietary treatments at fifty (50) chicks per treatment at five (5) replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets (starter and finisher) and freshwater were offered to the chicks ad libitum for fifty-six (56) days.ResultsThe results showed that the final weights and total weight gain were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. The highest final weight (2.12 ± 13.16 kg/bird) and the highest total weight gain (2.08 ± 13.14 kg/bird) were recorded in birds fed diet I, while the lowest final weight (1.73 ± 11.67 kg/bird) and the lowest total weight gain (1.69 ± 11.15 kg/bird) were recorded in birds fed diet IV. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the feed conversion ratio for all birds fed diets I–IV. The highest dressed weight (92.64 ± 8.30%) and the highest eviscerated weight (79.52 ± 6.50%) were recorded in birds fed diet I. The lowest cholesterol (21.23 ± 3.15 mg/dl) was recorded in bird fed diet IV and the highest (32.78 ± 3.78 mg/dl) in birds fed diet I. Highest net profit (N 683.27) was recorded in bird fed diet IV.ConclusionConceivably, within the limit of this study, the inclusion of FBWM in the diet of broiler chickens at 0% had better results than other test diets, but looking at the level of significant, up to 5% is practicable considering the final weight and weight gain. Bird fed 15% yielded the highest profit/bird produced.

Performance of an-estrus postpartum Bali cattle by additional feed of multiple nutrient molasses based on Indigofera

This study utilized Urea Multiplenutrient Molasses Block (UMMB) based on 40% of Indigofera flour to determine daily gain and performance of postpartum Bali Cattle. The parameters of the study were daily gain, chest depth, body length, and withers height. The UMMB consisting of rice bran, urea, coconut cake meal, shrimp waste meal, molasses, mineral, Indigofera flour, salt, and cement as an adhesive. This study was divided into two paddocks where each paddock consisted of 10 head an-estrus postpartum Bali Cattle. Subsequently, each paddock was arranged by different treatment consisted of control (without any treatments) and additional feed supplement of UMMB. The mean values of each parameter were compared by T-Test. The result revealed that the additional feed supplement of UMMB had significant effect on average daily gain (0,8 kg head day ) compared to the control treatment (0.2 kg head day ). The treatments had significant effect on chest circumference (0.2 ± 0.05 vs 0.3 ± 0.02 cm head day ) and body length (0.04 ± 0.01 vs 0.14 ± 0.05 cm head day ). In contrary, neither control nor additional feed supplement had no significantly effect (P = 0.55) to shoulder height of postpartum Bali Cattle (0.13 ± 0.03 vs 0.18 ± 0.06 cm head day ). Daily gain of an-estrus post-partum Bali cattle tended to be high by feed supplement of UMMB. Therefore, UMMB was appropriate for ruminant diet as a feed supplement.

Chemical composition of differently processed Cattle Hoof meal Waste as Feedstuff Ingredient

Waste generation at slaughter from ruminant has led to environmental concerns. Processing slaughter house waste will reduce the problem of disposal and possible utilisation in livestock feed. Subjecting Cattle hoof meal to different processing methods can help in enhancing its nutritive value. Cattle hoof were obtained from the slaughter house; raw hoof was subjected to processing methods by boiling; chemical treatment with 10 % soda ash + boiling; fermentation treatment in water + boiling; 10 % wood ash treatment in water + boiling; autoclave treatment and samples analysed for proximate composition, amino acid profile and mineral content analysis according to standard methods. The hoof proximal analysis ranged 9.30 ± 0.06 % – 12.39 ± 0.01 % moisture content; 0.34 ± 0.01 % – 2.50 ± 0.12 % ash; 0.31 ± 0.01 % – 1.47 ± 0.02 % crude fat; 0.19 ± 0.02 % – 12.71 ± 0.15 % crude fibre and 85.27 ± 0.20 % – 90.74 ± 0.26 % crude protein in all samples. The amino acids profile of the hoof showed significant difference among treated samples. Tryptophan an essential amino acid was below detectable limit in all processed samples and raw hoof. The essential and non-essential minerals content showed significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) among treatments with highest (Mg, Fe, K) in wood ash; (Cu) in raw hoof; (Ca, Na, P, Mn, Zn) in autoclaved samples. This study, suggest that Cattle hoof has the potential of being exploited as a source of animal protein for feed formulation in animal nutrition. This research concludes that the different processing methods affect the nutritive profiles of treated samples hence supplementation of limiting amino acids envisaged.

Metabolizable energy and nutrient digestibility of shrimp waste meal obtained from extractive fishing for broilers

The energy values and nutrient digestibility of shrimp waste meal (SWM), obtained from extractive fishing, were determined in 2 experiments with broiler chickens. In experiment 1, 180 broiler chickens were randomly distributed into 5 treatments of 6 replicates with 6 birds each. The corn-soybean meal basal diet (BD) and 4 test diets consisted of inclusion of 50, 100, 150 or 200 g/kg SWM were evaluated. In experiment 2, 240 birds were randomly distributed into 4 treatments (0, 50, 100, or 150 g/kg SWM) of 10 replicates with 6 birds each. Non-inclusion of SWM (0 g/kg) was consisted of a protein-free diet. The metabolizable energy (ME) and nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) of the test ingredient (SWM) were determined by the regression method. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and ash were 890, 326, 39, and 411 g/kg, respectively and the respective gross energy (GE) was 9.98 MJ/kg. The inclusion of SWM to the BD, linearly decreased (P < 0.05) dry matter intake, the digestibility of DM, Ca, and P, and the energy digestibility; however, nitrogen and sodium retention increased. Regressions of SWM-associated ME or MEn intake in Mj against SWM intake were: ME = 0.1858 + 6.524x, r2 = 0.98; MEn = 0.1290 + 5.467x, r2 = 0.91. The data indicated the respective ME, MEn values (MJ/kg of DM) of SWM were 6.524 and 5.467. The level of 100 g/kg provided the highest digestibility of crude protein and of the amino acids threonine and serine, besides energy availability on a DM basis. Shrimp waste meal obtained from extractive fishing showed nutritional characteristics that enable its use in the feeding of broilers.

Effect of Adding Fermented Restaurant Waste Meal with Different Concentration to Physical Quality of Fish Pellet

This study aims to evaluate the physical quality of fish feed pellets formulated with different concentration of fermented restaurant waste meal (FRWM). The treatments given consisted of treatment A (control, without adding FRWM), treatment B (adding FRWM 10%), treatment C (adding FRWM 20%), treatment D (adding FRWM 30%) and treatment E (adding FRWM 40%). The study was conducted from July to October 2019 at the Aquaculture Laboratory and Hatchery in Ciparanje of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. The parameters observed include the breaking rate test, sinking rate test, durability test, and stability test. Results showed that the use of FRWM given significant difference (p&lt;0.05) for breaking rate and stability value. However, result showed that the sinking rate and durability value generally did not show significant difference (p&gt;0.05). The FRWM can be used up to a concentration of 30% which gives effect to the sinking rate of the fish pellet which is similar to the control fish pellet namely 0.38 cm/s while the concentration of the meal of the FRWM gives the closest value of breaking rate and stability control as much as treatment B (adding FRWM 10%) with a break rate for 19.93 hours and stability in water for 10 minutes by 91.66%, 30 minutes by 87.60%, and for 60 minutes by 75.26%. The different adding concerntration of FRWM gives effect to the quality of fish pellet while more than 10% can decrease its quality. The difference were show in all treatment in some parameters observed.

Effect of replacing fish meal protein by shrimp waste meal protein with or without supplementation of amino acids on performance and cost economics of broilers

Mounica, N., Ramana, J.V, Rao, D. Srinivasa, Suresh, J. and Kavitha, R 2020. Effect of replacing fish meal protein by shrimp waste meal protein with or without supplementation of amino acids on performance and cost economics of broilers. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 55(2): 129–132.

Pasta waste in the feeding of meat quail.

This study was undertaken to investigate the performance, carcass characteristics, and economic viability of diets including pasta waste in meal form (PWM) for quail. A total of 450 unsexed meat quail (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) were distributed into five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% inclusion of PWM) in a completely randomized design with six replicates, each with 15 birds. The following rearing periods were evaluated: Phase 1 - 1 to 21 days; and period of 1 to 42 days. In Phase 1, the PWM levels did not influence feed intake (FI), and the PWM inclusion levels for optimal weight gain (WG) and feed conversion (FC) were estimated at 20.70% and 22.8%, respectively. In the cumulative period of 1 to 42 days, the PWM levels did not lead to differences in FI, WG, or FC. The yields of carcass and cuts were not influenced by the treatments; however, abdominal fat yield decreased as the PWM levels in the diets were increased. Economic analysis showed a reduction of the feeding cost in the studied phases. Pasta waste meal can be included up to the level of 40% without incurring losses in the performance or carcass yield of meat quail.

Utilization of chitosan extracted from shrimp waste meal as a prebiotic for broilers

Janbandhu, A.V., Ravi, A., Ramana, J.V. and Narendranath, D. 2020. Utilization of chitosan extracted from shrimp waste meal as a prebiotic for broilers. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 20: 477–490.

The influence of Bacillus subtilis 87Y isolated from Eisenia fetida on the growth of pathogenic and probiotic microorganisms

Bacillus subtilis strain 87Y, isolated from the earthworm Eisenia fetida, decreases the growth of pathogenic Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus and promotes the growth of probiotic Lactococcus spp. Preserving viability in acidic conditions as well as in bile salts, B. subtilis 87Y meets two of the requirements of a probiotic strain. Thanks to the production of the biosurfactant surfactin, B. subtilis 87Y limits the growth of the Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus. In the presence of sucrose, B. subtilis produces levan, which contributes to promoting the growth of other probiotics. Our in vitro studies justify the continuation of enriching rapeseed meal waste from solid-state fermentation with B. subtilis 87Y, to produce high-value animal feed supplements.Graphical abstract

Growth performance of broiler chickens fed maize offal and crayfish-waste based diets

This study was conducted to evaluate the value of maize offal and cray fish waste meals as the main energy and protein sources respectively in broiler chicken diets. One hundred and twenty day-old Lohmann Brown broiler chicks were randomly allotted into two treatment groups of three replicates of 60 and 20 birds, respectively. Maize offal and crayfish waste meals were used to replace maize and soybean/fishmeal, respectively in the control diet (T1 ) to form (T2 ). Growth parameters monitored were final live weight, daily weight gain, feed 2 conversion ratio, internal and external body linear measurements were evaluated were statistically analysed using the studentized t-test at 5% and 1% probability. Results showed significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher values in all the parameters apart from feed intake for birds on the control diet. The final live weight of birds on the test diet (T2 ) only reached that of the control at 10 weeks of age. The phenotypic correlation of body weight and linear body measurements for birds on both the control and test treatment diets were high and positively significant (P&lt;0.01). However, birds on the control diet had the longest body parts than those of the test diet, likewise the internal body parts. When expressed based on percentage body weight, birds on the test diet tended to have longer external and internal body parts. It is concluded that if maize offal and crayfish waste are to be used as total replacement for maize, soybean and fishmeal, the period of broiler production should be extended from 8 weeks to 10 weeks for birds to reach market weight and with attendance lower cost of production.