Waste Materials Research Articles

Assessing the size transformation of nanoplastics in natural water matrices

Understanding the stability of NPs in different aqueous environments, related with their size is crucial for assessing their potential risks. This is influenced by several factors, including pH, ionic strength, and the presence of biomolecules, or dissolved organic matter (DOM). In this study, dispersions of NPs derived from common plastic waste materials, including polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polycarbonate (PC), were synthesized by a nanoprecipitation method with sizes: 189 ± 7, 58 ± 3, 123 ± 4, 151 ± 7 and 182 ± 6 nm, respectively. Stability for a period of 14 days of these NPs was assessed in various natural water matrices. Different analytical techniques were used, including Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) coupled with UV–Vis and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) in series, batch DLS, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). None of the studied NPs was stable in seawater and NPs were transformed in microplastics (MPs) by aggregation. PET was more prone to aggregation in all waters and PS was the most stable followed for PC, PVC and PMMA. However, bottle and tap waters maintained better the original size of NPs. For the most stable dispersion PS, the influence of heteroaggregation in tap and lagoon waters and aging from exposure to UV light in sea water were tested. In both cases, the stability over time was worse for PS. The results can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the fate and behaviour of NPs in natural aquatic environments, emphasizing the importance of studying a wide range of polymers.

Scrapyard at the End of the Universe”: Waste Spaces as Incubators for Uncanny AI in the Doctor Who Episode “The Doctor’s Wife”

Human society effectively others and marginalizes its waste spaces. This designation as a willingly forgotten, alternate place has inspired sci-fi (screen) writers to (re-)present dumps as sites of subversion in the otherwise ordered fabrics of their secondary worlds. One facet of this othering are the presentations of these spaces as incubators for new, often dangerous, posthuman forms of life. In the Doctor Who episode “The Doctor’s Wife” (2011), a waste space gave rise to artificial intelligence, which came into being without direct human intervention, thus subverting any creator’s myths humanity might cling to, but it also created itself out of the (technological and organic) material of the dumps, giving what human society deemed waste a new purpose. The totality in which this AI rethinks the potential value of the waste material accessible to it is radical, uncanny and challenging to human sensibilities, especially as regards humanity’s relationship to natural/technical resources.

Neuroinflammation and Brain Health Risks in Veterans Exposed to Burn Pit Toxins

Military burn pits, used for waste disposal in combat zones, involve the open-air burning of waste materials, including plastics, metals, chemicals, and medical waste. The pits release a complex mixture of occupational toxic substances, including particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, dioxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Air pollution significantly impacts brain health through mechanisms involving neuroinflammation. Pollutants penetrate the respiratory system, enter the bloodstream, and cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), triggering inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS). Chronic environmental exposures result in sustained inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage, contributing to neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairment. Veterans exposed to burn pit toxins are particularly at risk, reporting higher rates of respiratory issues, neurological conditions, cognitive impairments, and mental health disorders. Studies demonstrate that Veterans exposed to these toxins have higher rates of neuroinflammatory markers, accelerated cognitive decline, and increased risks of neurodegenerative diseases. This narrative review synthesizes the research linking airborne pollutants such as PM, VOCs, and heavy metals to neuroinflammatory processes and cognitive effects. There is a need for targeted interventions to mitigate the harmful and escalating effects of environmental air pollution exposures on the CNS, improving public health outcomes for vulnerable populations, especially for Veterans exposed to military burn pit toxins.

Harnessing hazardous wastes: the production, characterization, and performance of controlled low strength materials using common effluent treatment plant sludge

India's rapid industrialization has led to an increase in waste generation, necessitating efficient disposal methods. This research addresses this challenge by exploring the use of Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) sludge, a hazardous waste, in the production of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (CLSM). The study aims to mitigate the environmental impacts associated with CETP sludge disposal while providing a sustainable solution. To assess the feasibility of this approach, an experimental program was conducted with variations in the mix ratio of CETP sludge and slag sand, a byproduct of steel production. The properties of the produced CLSM, such as flowability and unconfined compressive strength (UCS), were thoroughly examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and X-ray Fluorescence analyses. The results reveal that the CLSM produced with CETP sludge and slag sand exhibits promising performance, with excellent flowability and UCS values ranging from 1.8 to 5.5 MPa. This research underscores the potential of waste materials in creating sustainable and environmentally friendly construction materials, contributing to effective waste management practices and sustainable industrial growth.

Upcycling of Waste Materials for the Development of Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Self‐Powered Applications

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) hold immense potential as sustainable energy sources, with waste materials serving as promising materials for their fabrication. Nearly 270 million tons of waste is produced yearly, most of which remains unrecycled. TENGs can utilize this wide range of waste to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy while providing a solution for the global issue of plastic waste. On the other hand, the enormous demand for wearable electronics and the Internet of Things (IoT) trigger the development of self‐reliant energy sources. Currently, TENGs are one of the preferred choices as they are easy to design and generate high output. In this regard, TENGs are promising for utilizing waste materials, particularly for self‐powered or energy‐autonomous applications. This review focuses on utilizing waste materials from diverse sources, including biowaste, household waste, medical, laboratory, pharmaceutical, textile, electronic waste (e‐waste), and automotive waste for TENG development. Different waste materials are detailed for their potential as materials for TENGs, their availability, and recycling methods. The review also highlights the applications of TENGs fabricated from waste materials. Finally, the challenges, limitations, and future perspectives of using waste materials for TENG fabrication are discussed to motivate further advances.

Investigating a siderophore-based approach for the recovery of critical metals from waste streams and leach solutions using microorganisms

As technological advancements progress and unsustainable consumerism of electrical devices rapidly increases, the demand for critical metals continues to rise. The limited supply of these metals, driven by the depletion of non-renewable natural resources, calls for the recycling of waste materials and the development of sustainable and cost-effective extraction methods. Conventional methods of leaching such as pyrometallurgy pose threats to the environment by creating slags and releasing toxic secondary materials. Biohydrometallurgy emerges as an environmentally friendly method to extract metals from low-grade ores and waste material. Siderophores are secondary metabolites secreted by microorganisms that have the ability to selectively chelate certain metals. By immobilizing these siderophores for subsequent bioleaching, target metals can be extracted from multielement solutions. This research focuses on optimizing the immobilization efficiency of the siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB) in sodium alginate using physical entrapment for the removal of gallium. Four parameters were varied to find optimal conditions: sodium alginate concentration (1 – 4 % w/v), calcium chloride concentration (1 – 10% w/v), agitation time (0.25 – 10 hours), and DFOB concentration (1 – 4 mM). Using UV-Vis spectroscopy, free siderophore concentration could be determined. After 30 runs, the highest immobilization yield of 80.05% was determined at 2.5% sodium alginate, 10% calcium chloride—the highest concentration tested—after 5.13 hours with a concentration of 2.25 mM DFOB. Design Expert-13 software was used to analyze all experimental results. 2D graphs support that DFOB immobilization depends on responsive parameters, CaCl2 demonstrating the largest impact.

DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF PARTICLE REINFORCED ABRASIVE GRINDING DISCS FROM LOCALLY SOURCED MATERIALS

Management of waste materials is a serious concern to researchers and scientists. Waste materials cause health and environmental hazards. Hence, they should be properly managed. The aim of this study is to develop a grinding disc using agricultural wastes (palm kernel shell and snail shell), granite, aluminium oxide, and polyester resin. The particles of snail shell, palm kernel shell, aluminium oxide (abrasive) and granite (friction modifier) were measured in percentages varying between 8 - 29 wt. % and were mixed with 27 wt. % polyester resin (binder), 3 wt. % methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (hardener) and 3 wt. % cobalt naphthalene (accelerator) to produce a grinding disc. The micrograph, hardness, wear rate, and water absorption tests were carried out on the grinding disc samples. The result showed that the composition with the highest palm kernel shell particle content (29 wt. %) had the best values for hardness and wear resistance, making it the most suitable material for grinding discs. The environmentally-friendly palm kernel shell-based discs could be used for soft metals, wood grinding and finishing processes.

Enhanced Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Through Fungal Delignification Strategy and Organic Waste Amendment: A Review

AbstractNutrient-limited soils from growing global contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the massive organic waste generation from agro-based and food industries have raised more demand for exploring and recycling the latter as sustainable, cost-effective, and green nutrient-rich sources for soil amendment. To further enhanced the potentials of these substrates in soil, immobilisation or biological pre-treatment techniques using fungi are employed. The white-rot fungi- basidiomycetes, are the most widely researched and efficient organisms to perform these functions because of their high lignin-degrading ability for organic materials, such as corn cob, straws, spent brewery grains, sugarcane bagasse, etc. This review addresses the importance of organic amendment to enhance the biodegradation efficiency of PAH from contaminated soils and it also highlights various biological techniques for improving PAH biodegradation using organic waste materials and white-rot basidiomycetes. This review will also show a better understanding of the concepts of fungal immobilisation and pre-treatment for PAH degradation in soil and show their insights as feasible and optimise techniques for developing remedial strategies for contaminated soils.

A Comprehensive Review of Lab-Scale Studies on Removing Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions by Using Unmodified and Modified Waste Biomass as Adsorbents

Anthropogenic activities and increasing human population has led to one of the major global problems of heavy metal contamination in ecosystems and to the generation of a huge amount of waste material biomass. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is the major contaminant introduced by various industrial effluents and activities into the ecosystem. Cr(VI) is a known mutagen and carcinogen with numerous detrimental effects on the health of humans, plants, and animals, jeopardizing the balance of ecosystems. Therefore, the remediation of such a hazardous toxic metal pollutant from the environment is necessary. Various physical and chemical methods are available for the sequestration of toxic metals. However, adsorption is recognized as a more efficient technology for Cr(VI) remediation. Adsorption by utilizing waste material biomass as adsorbents is a sustainable approach in remediating hazardous pollutants, thus serving the dual purpose of remediating Cr(VI) and exploiting waste material biomass in an eco- friendly manner. Agricultural biomass, industrial residues, forest residues, and food waste are the primary waste material biomass that could be employed, with different strategies, for the efficient sequestration of toxic Cr(VI). This review focuses on the use of diverse waste biomass, such as industrial and agricultural by-products, for the effective remediation of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The review also focuses on the operational conditions that improve Cr(VI) remediation, describes the efficacy of various biomass materials and modifications, and assesses the general sustainability of these approaches to reducing Cr(VI) pollution.

A dual-driven fusion model of evaluating the performance and carbon emissions for recycled waste pavement

Solid waste recycling is an essential approach for the sustainable transition of transportation infrastructure development. In this study, a holistic model for recycled waste pavement was developed, achieving a breakthrough in eco-efficiency-based pavement material design. Using this model, we can not only individually assess the technical feasibility of the pavement material and its carbon emissions, but also realize the unified dimensional quantification of multidimensional parameters based on decision-making expectations using a metrics fusion system, thus achieving high-level sustainability decisions for pavement schemes. The proposed model was validated by evaluating the comprehensive properties of steel slag pavements to determine a suitable and durable pavement solution. This study provides a decarbonization strategy for the transportation sector considering waste-recycled pavement design, which may promote the development of more resilient transportation infrastructure and significantly contribute to achieving carbon neutrality and mitigating climate change.•A model for solid waste pavement was established based on synthesized assessing feasibility and carbon emissions.•The field performance and climate system impacts of pavements with solid waste materials were assessed.•It was demonstrated that recycling steel slag for pavement construction can reduce carbon emissions by >50 %.•Our results contribute to achieving sustainable transportation infrastructure systems to mitigate climate issues.•Our methodology can be used not only for road construction but also in the civil engineering field.

Probability distributions of geotechnical properties for heterogeneous lignite mine spoils

ABSTRACT During surface coal mining, large amounts of overburden waste materials, known as spoils, are excavated and dumped, creating massive heaps. The sustainable management of these areas is a global priority, but a comprehensive geotechnical characterization has not yet been achieved due to limited research on the spoils’ geotechnical properties. This study conducts an advanced statistical analysis of lignite mine spoil materials from a large heap in Greece to determine suitable probability distributions. Five distributions - normal, lognormal, Weibull (2 and 3 parameters), and Gamma - were evaluated, considering the high variability of spoil material properties. The lognormal and Weibull distributions were found to best fit most geotechnical parameters, except for cohesion, which showed an uncommon distribution. In some cases, the normal distribution can be used for a simplified analysis. The findings can guide the analysis of spoil materials, as advanced numerical and stochastic methods are essential for robust geotechnical design.

Waste-recovered quaternary blends: Enhancing engine performance through hydrogen induction by varied injection timing and pressure for sustainable practices

This study explores sustainable energy solutions by utilizing waste-recovered quaternary blends of Scenedesmus obliquus, waste plastics, n-octanol, and hydrogen induction to enhance engine performance. This research aims to address this imperative by proposing a novel blend that not only repurposes waste materials but also leverages hydrogen induction to augment the combustion characteristics of a single cylinder Kirloskar engine's injection timing and injection pressure. The waste plastic is recovered by the pyrolysis method and Scenedesmus obliquus by the transesterification process. The study revealed that out of all the blends, the fuel at 23° before Top Dead Center (bTDC) and 210 bar outperformed all blends with 1.99% better brake thermal efficiency than diesel. The lowest brake specific energy consumption observed was 10.753.35 MJ/kW-hr at 23° bTDC and 240 bar injection pressure, which was 160.38 kJ/kW-hr higher than diesel. Fuel Injection Timing at 23° bTDC at 170 bar shows a 42 ppm decrease for Scenedesmus Obliquus Waste Plastic Octanol 50% (SOWPOCT50) mix compared to diesel. At fuel injection timing (FIT) timing, 23° bTDC and a pressure of 240 bar Injection Pressure (IP), the SOWPOCT50 mixture lowered 0.097 g/h Carbon Monoxide (CO) concentration to diesel. This enormous increase in efficiency and reduction in emission paved a potential replacement source for neat diesel towards the Sustainable Development Goals.

A New Paradigm on Waste-to-Energy Applying Hydrovoltaic Energy Harvesting Technology to Face Masks.

The widespread use of single-use face masks during the recent epidemic has led to significant environmental challenges due to waste pollution. This study explores an innovative approach to address this issue by repurposing discarded face masks for hydrovoltaic energy harvesting. By coating the face masks with carbon black (CB) to enhance their hydrophilic properties, we developed mask-based hydrovoltaic power generators (MHPGs). These MHPGs were evaluated for their hydrovoltaic performance, revealing that different mask configurations and sizes affect their efficiency. The study found that MHPGs with smaller, more structured areas exhibited better energy output, with maximum open-circuit voltages (VOC) reaching up to 0.39 V and short-circuit currents (ISC) up to 65.6 μA. The integration of CB improved water absorption and transport, enhancing the hydrovoltaic performance. More specifically, MHPG-1 to MHPG-4, which represented different sizes and features, presented mean VOC values of 0.32, 0.17, 0.19 and 0.05 V, as well as mean ISC values of 16.57, 15.59, 47.43 and 3.02 μA, respectively. The findings highlight the feasibility of utilizing discarded masks in energy harvesting systems, offering both environmental benefits and a novel method for renewable energy generation. Therefore, this work provides a new paradigm for waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies and inspires further research into the use of unconventional waste materials for energy production.

Crystallization of Bis(2-hydroxyethylene) Terephthalate as a Part of a Bottle-to-Bottle Recycling Concept for Poly(ethylene terephthalate).

The chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is very attractive as PET bottle waste provides an abundant clean material with low levels of additives. One of the most promising processes is glycolysis, which depolymerizes PET in the presence of ethylene glycol. For this process, it is necessary to think through the whole concept, from the waste material to the newly polymerized virgin polymer. Most research ends with determining the yield of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) after glycolysis. Some research includes antisolvent crystallization with water to separate BHET from ethylene glycol. However, the subsequent separation of water and ethylene glycol is an energy-intensive process. Therefore, this work aims to directly crystallize BHET from ethylene glycol. For this reason, the crystallization of BHET was investigated experimentally. Crystallization was simulated using gPROMS Formulated Products with the aim of estimating kinetic parameters and using these to optimize an industrial process. Kinetic parameters were determined by model validation, including primary and secondary nucleation and crystal growth. The best-fitting set of kinetic parameters was used to optimize BHET crystallization in batch and continuous modes by minimizing equipment costs. Impeller parameters were found to have a great influence on crystallization performance. Ultimately, the continuous and batch processes gave comparable results in terms of equipment cost, with the batch process giving larger crystals and higher yields but the continuous process requiring a smaller crystallizer.

Assessing Carbon Capture and Carbonation in Recycled Concrete Aggregates: A Holistic Life Cycle Assessment Perspective with Simulation at Industrial Scale

This work explores a life cycle assessment (LCA) concerning carbon capture and carbonation of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), addressing the growing challenges posed by increased carbon emissions in power generation and ecological concerns tied to construction waste. We propose an integrated solution involving the capture of low-concentration carbon dioxide (CO2) from natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants through aqueous ammonia absorption and sequestration by mineralization of RCA. The cradle-to-gate LCA focuses on an industrial-scale scenario for capturing 200 kilotonnes of CO2 annually, with functional unit per tonne of carbonated RCA output. The findings reveal a net positive carbon abatement of 21.42 kg CO2 eq., with heat production and electricity consumption being the major contributors to global warming potential (GWP). Within the spectrum of environmental impact categories under study, Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential (MAETP) exhibits a significant impact, primarily influenced by sulfur production. Human Toxicity Potential (HTP) follows as the second-worst contributor, with 96.80% of its impact attributed to heat and sulfur production. Subsequently, Acidification Potential (AP) follows, arising from sulfur and sulfuric acid production. Sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation introduce a ±20% standard deviation to electricity and thermal energy consumption. Scenario analysis demonstrates a net carbon-positive abatement potential of 286.66 kg CO2 eq. per tonne of CO2 input. Employing carbon mineralization for CO2 capture not only reduces emissions but also repurposes waste materials, providing a comprehensive and sustainable solution for effective CO2 management, contributing to reduced sand mining, and offering cost advantages through the production of carbonated RCA.

Exploring Bismuth Oxide Supported Kaolinite for Photocatalytic Application

Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and Bi2O3–supported Kaolin were synthesized using household microwave–assisted methods (350 W, 5 min), with catalyst characteristics analyzed. XRD patterns confirmed the monoclinic structure of Bi2O3. Incorporating 20%w/w Kaolin increased the specific surface area of Bi2O3 from 6.2879 to 16.1345 m2/g, observed in FESEM images showing a hierarchical flower-like morphology resembling French fries alongside Kaolin plates. XRF analysis identified elements in Kaolin contributing to self–doping in band structure of Bi2O3, reducing its band gap and PL intensity. Kaolin/Bi2O3 composites demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible light, attributed to Bi2O3-generated radicals and increased surface area. The composite photocatalyst can be recycled up to three times. This research not only enhances the photocatalytic activity of Bi2O3 but also increases the value of a local waste material, Kaolin clay. Such enhancements could potentially extend to other metal oxides and abundant waste materials within the country.

Upcycling of recycled polyethylene for rotomolding applications via dicumyl peroxide crosslinking

AbstractPolyethylene (PE), including high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), makes up a significant part of post‐consumer plastics in municipal solid waste, presenting challenges for traditional recycling methods due to a wide range of melt flow properties and poor interfacial adhesion between the different resin, which often leads to low quality products (downcycling). In this study, a method is proposed to modify the molecular structure of post‐consumer PE (rHDPE and rLDPE) and their blends by using a straightforward organic peroxide crosslinking technique with 1 phr of dicumyl peroxide (DCP). Different rHDPE/rLDPE blend weight ratios (0/100, 20/80, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, 80/20, and 100/0) were prepared using a combination of co‐rotating twin‐screw extrusion and pulverization. The final parts were produced via rotomolding where both the forming and crosslinking processes occurred concurrently. Subsequently, the materials were characterized in terms of chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. It was found that the tensile strength (228%), tensile modulus (345%), flexural strength (145%), and flexural modulus (251%) increased by crosslinking the 80% wt. rHDPE (x‐rHDPE). Conversely, the gel content increased by 17%, thermal resistance by 37.2%, and the impact strength by 93% with 80% wt. rLDPE (x‐rLDPE). It can be concluded that a balance between the properties occurs as the addition of DCP improved both the interfacial adhesion and melt properties of rHDPE/rLDPE blends. This innovative approach represents a simple and straightforward method to upcycle mixed plastics (PE) streams, especially for rotomolding applications. It also offers promising avenues for sustainable waste management and material reuse.

A MODIFICATION LIMIT EQUILIBRUM SOLUTION FOR MINE BACKFILL ANALYSIS IN SEMI CUBE STOPE

Mine backfill is a material that is used to fill the empty stope in an underground mine for ground control stability and to reduce ore dilution. Generally, the backfill consists of mining waste materials and ore tailings, which are added to a binder such as cement. Problems that often appear in the mining cycle using stope and backfill are the stability of the backfill on the primary stope when exposing the secondary stope. Previous researchers suggested analyzing the stability of the backfill on the narrow stope. In some cases, a semi-cube stope is often found. Obviously, the potential failure dimension, which acts as the driving force of the backfill in the semi-cube stope, is smaller than the narrow stope. This study was meant to develop a method for analyzing the stability of the backfill on the semi-cube stope by calculating the driving force according to the failure potential dimensions that could potentially occur and simulating it with numerical modeling using FEM.

Development of a Facile and Green Synthesis Strategy for Brightly Fluorescent Carbon Dots from Various Waste Materials.

Carbon dots (CDs) are fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials with remarkable properties, making them more attractive than traditional fluorophores. Consequently, researchers focused on their development and application in fields such as sensing and bioimaging. One potential advantage of employing CDs is using organic waste as carbon precursors in their synthesis, providing a pathway for waste upcycling for a circular economy. However, waste-based CDs often have low fluorescence quantum yields (QYFL), limiting their practical applications. So, there is a need for a well-defined strategy to consistently produce waste-based CDs with appreciable QYFL, irrespective of the starting waste material. Herein, we developed a fabrication strategy based on the hydrothermal treatment of waste materials, using citric acid as a co-carbon precursor and ethylenediamine as N-dopant. This strategy was tested with various materials, including corn stover, spent coffee grounds, cork powder, and sawdust. The results showed consistently appreciable QYFL, reaching up to ~40%. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study demonstrated that producing these waste-based CDs has lower environmental impacts compared to CDs made solely from commercial reagents. Thus, we have established a framework for the environmentally friendly production of CDs by upcycling different waste materials without significant sacrifices in performance (QYFL).

INVESTIGATION OF USAGE OPPORTUNITIES OF DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF WHEY AND CHIA SEED FLOUR IN BUTTERMILK

In this study, it was aimed to obtain a functional beverage with high nutritional value by using whey and chia seed flour in the production of buttermilk. In addition to its high nutritional value, while preventing whey from causing environmental pollution as a waste material, it is aimed to obtain a new dietary product with chia seed flour containing 34-40g fiber per 100g, antioxidant, omega-3 fatty acid and rich protein content. Experimental buttermilk samples were prepared by adding whey (PAS) and chia seed flour at different rates. K (control group), K2 (%1 Chia seed meal), K3 (%0,5 Chia seed meal), Group 1 (25% Whey + %1 Chia seed meal), Group 2 (25% Whey + %0,5 Chia seed meal), 3. Group (50% Whey + %1 Chia seed meal), 4.Experimental groups prepared as a group (50% Whey + %0,5 Chia seed flour) were kept at +4 ̊C and their physical, chemical and sensory properties were examined on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th days. In the experimental buttermilk samples we researched, the use of whey and chia seed flour was found to have a significant effect on psychrophilic bacteria count (log cfu/ml), coliform group bacteria (log cfu/ml), yeast-mold count (log cfu/ml), lactobacil spp. (log cfu/ml) and lactococ spp. (log cfu/ml), pH, acidity (lactic acid), water-soluble dry matter (%), serum separation (%), color values (L*, a*, b*) and sensory properties (p