Waste Management Plan Research Articles

Waste management of solar cells in South Asia: an environmental concern of the emerging market.

The share of solar energy in the energy mix has become a major concern, and the global effort is to increase its contribution. Photovoltaic technology is an environment-friendly way of electricity production compared to fossil fuels. Currently, third generation of solar cells with a maximum average conversion efficiency of 20% has been achieved. Asia is an emerging market for photovoltaic technology, and it has recorded the highest installation capacity for 2018 (280 MW), 2030 (1860 MW), and 2050 (4837 MW). Meanwhile, Asia is estimated to be the highest producer of PV waste by 2040, with 5,580,000 metric tons of waste volume. Solid waste management is already a big environmental issue in South Asian countries, and untested landfilling of solar cells can further increase the burden. This review emphasizes the end-of-life scenario of solar cells in developing South Asian countries. Solar cell waste is hazardous e-waste that can lead to environmental and health impacts if not managed properly. It consists of metals with market value, which can be waste or gold, depending on its management. The study finds that recycling is the economically and environmentally effective waste management option for solar cells in South Asia. This paper reviews the deficiencies in the existing solar cell waste management framework in South Asian countries. Moreover, practical implications are presented for designing an effective waste management plan for solar cells in South Asian countries. Strong legislation, sufficient recycling infrastructure, and high stakeholders' interests are required to resolve this environmental concern.

Sustainability analysis of packaging waste management systems: A case study in the Romanian context

Packaging waste is an important waste stream being directly linked to any product or good that consumers buy, use and then discard. Beyond policies setting recycling and recovery targets and the usual waste indicators in terms of generation, collection and treatment, packaging waste should be analyzed from the sustainability perspective. For countries in which municipal solid waste management has modest performances and packaging waste is organized solely based on Extended Producer Responsibility principle, such as Romania, this type of analysis is even more significant. Starting with 2018 onwards, the legislative European framework have set stringent packaging waste recovery and recycling targets, however beyond their achievement, it is important to also check what is the mid-term impact on sustainability at the member states level. Firstly, the study investigates multiple data sources (Environmental Fund Administration-EFA, Eurostat and National Waste Management Plan) to have a complete overview on the packaging waste generation and technical performances. Secondly, the US EPA WARM methodology was selected to perform the analysis. The indicators set within the methodology are the main indicatives for the environmental impacts and the socio-economic aspects in the end of life management operations, namely: greenhouse gas emissions and energy use, together with number of full-time jobs, wages and taxes. Throughout 5 proposed scenarios, the impact of packaging waste quantities variations on the sustainability results could be observed. Irrespective of the scenario, when the overall packaging waste generated quantities are within 1.88 up to 2.14 million tons, the sustainability profile limits give results for environmental indicators within the following ranges: greenhouse gas emissions −3.75 × 106 ÷ −1.4 × 106 tons CO2e/year, energy use −2.9 × 107 ÷ −1.1 × 107 GJ/year, social indicator: 5823–14368 full time jobs and economic indicators: 328 × 106 ÷ 692 × 106 US $/year in wages and 56.7 × 106 ÷ 136.7 × 106 US $/year in taxes. Beside the overall packaging waste sustainability profiles, specific packaging waste material streams, namely polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and aluminium sustainability profiles were obtained. For the entire packaging waste system, compared with the other scenarios, the sustainability profile for the EFA scenario has indicated the lowest environmental impact and the highest positive impact for the socio-economic indicators (with 2018 registering the best results). For both PET and aluminium packaging waste systems, in the EFA scenario, 2019 has been the year with the lowest performance (highest environmental impact and lowest values for the socio-economic indicators).

A sustainable green reverse logistics plan for plastic solid waste management using TOPSIS method.

Recycling solid plastic waste is helpful for resource utilisation in a sustainable manner, and this can lead to reverse logistics to recover waste in supply chain management. In developing economies, it is very essential to recover waste and recycle it, as mismanagement of it could hasten the development of negative socioeconomic and environmental issues. This paper investigates plastic waste recycling by means of reverse logistics management. We feature Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), which is a multi-criteria decision-making approach to selecting a suitable warehouse that will assist the decision-maker and supply the product to the re-manufacturing cell by inspecting the waste. The paper also focuses on the carbon emissions that are emitted during re-manufacturing through a mathematical model that minimises the total cost and total carbon emissions. A case study of the plastic re-manufacturing industry in Tripura, India, is shown here to present the steps of the decision support system. The model is programmed with real-life data from the case study and yields a total cost of Rs. 2894.37 and total emissions of 414.15 gm/lt, when the disposal cost is considered; without it, the total cost is Rs. 2668.69 and the total emissions are 413.54 gm/lt. The results obtained are promising for reducing carbon emissions from the recycling process of plastic waste at a lower cost. This research will also help the environment cope with plastic waste, which has become a threat to nature, as well as carbon emissions that come from the industry. Finally, some managerial insights and suitable analyses with pictorial representation are proposed.

Net zero greenhouse emissions and energy recovery from food waste: manifestation from modelling a city-wide food waste management plan

Food waste (FW) being a major solid waste component and of degradable nature is the most challenging to manage and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions (GHEs). Policymakers seek innovative approaches to achieve net zero objectives and recover resources from the FW which requires a comparative and holistic investigation of contemporary treatment methods. This study assessed the lifecycle of six alternative scenarios for reducing net GHEs and energy use potential from FW management in a metropolis, taking Hong Kong as a reference. In both impact categories, the business-as-usual (landfilling) was the worst-case scenario. The combined anaerobic digestion and composting (ADC) technique was ranked best in the global warming impact but was more energy intensive than anaerobic digestion with sludge landfilling (ADL). Incineration ranked second in net GHEs but less favourable for energy recovery from FW alone. The proposed integration of FW and biological wastewater treatment represented an enticing alternative. Integration by co-disposal and treatment with wastewater (CoDT-WW) performed above average in both categories, while anaerobic co-digestion with sewage sludge (AnCoD-SS) ranked fourth. The sensitivity analysis further identified critical parameters inherent to individual scenarios along with biogenic carbon emission and sequestration, revealing their significance on the magnitude of GHEs and scenarios’ ranking. Capacity assessment of the studied treatment facilities showed a FW diversion potential of ∼60% while reducing the net GHEs by ∼70% compared to the base-case, indicating potential of net zero carbon emissions and energy footprint by increasing treatment capacity. From this study, policymakers can gain insights and guidelines for low-carbon urban infrastructure development worldwide.

Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management in Kathmandu city, Nepal – An impact of an incomplete data set

Few studies have been done about engineered facilities related to waste collection, treatment, and disposal in the waste management sectors across Nepal. The decision support system is not well established, resulting in poor planning and execution of waste management. Available data for performing a life cycle assessment (LCA) is limited. We used an LCA model to investigate waste management options for Nepal's capital, Kathmandu. We also tested the hypothesis that exclusion from the LCA model of variables for which there was no data would make no difference in the management rankings. The assessment was based on three scenarios: business as usual, including collection, transportation, and landfilling; recycling; and conjunctive disposal comprised of composting and landfilling. The LCA methodology we used includes detailed unit processes and quantified values of various resources and emissions to compute the impact level on the environment. The contribution of the collection, transportation, landfilling, and recycling was calculated as global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, and fuel energy consumption for each scenario. Scenario 3 ranked higher than scenarios 1 and 2 based on available data. The results were based on the environmental burden of metric tons of municipal solid waste handled at landfills, regardless of what was recycled and composted. Scenario 3 yielded minimum environmental impacts and was a cost-efficient option. Using a range of literature values for the missing variables, it was shown that the excluded variables made no difference in the scenario rankings. The study successfully employed the LCA as a decision-making tool in waste management in Kathmandu, which can be useful for other cities in developing countries.

The management and prevention of food losses and waste in low- and middle-income countries: A mini-review in the Africa region.

This mini-review analyses food losses and waste (FLW) management in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and identifies potential strategies to improve FLW management efficiency on the African continent. To achieve this aim, a search of grey and published scientific literature-case studies, feasibility studies, theses, peer-reviewed journals, governments and technical reports was performed. Food waste (FW) per capita in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) was determined to be between 6 and 11 kg capita-1 year-1. Factors militating against FLW management include a lack of infrastructure, waste reduction and mandatory waste management plans, financial support for food redistribution programmes, awareness and a lack of knowledge of FW management and effective approaches. Poor recovery systems, a lack of incentives in FW recycling programmes, a lack of a regulatory and policy framework and institutional weaknesses as well as a lack of sufficient and appropriate education programmes to improve FW source separation and collection rates are all significant challenges in the African region, with negative consequences for the environment and public health. Except for fuel conversion and food scraps for digestion to recover energy, there is a huge potential for composting and using FW as a digestate, which could eventually lead to a reduction in the amount of FW being landfilled or incinerated. The study explores potential interventions to reduce amount of FLW and form a basis for future research in this field and improving FW management efficiency in LMCs, especially on the continent of Africa. It also provides information that could assist researchers, policymakers and decision-makers reduce amount of FLW, aid in the utilization of FW for energy production, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the continent, as well as support the achievement of other sustainable development goals, such as 12.3, which is particularly important in the context of the African continent, which is dependent on food imports.

Pengelolaan Sampah di Perguruan Tinggi Sesuai Konsep Green Campus (Studi Kasus: Universitas Respati Yogyakarta)

The expansion and growth of Higher Education in Indonesia are very rapid with a large population, large area, and dense activity, resulting in significant waste generation. This study was to analyze and plan waste management according to the green campus concept. This research uses a descriptive explorative with a case study strategy at Universitas Respati Yogyakarta. The sample is all waste generated in the campus and the research instrument uses 2 guidelines: measurement of waste generation and composition refers to the SNI and waste management analysis based on guidelines from UI GreenMetric. The results showed that the generation and volume of waste were above the SNI values. The waste containers provided do not meet SNI: volume, number, color, and several waste collection tools. The campus has a program to reduce the use of paper and plastic, but it has not been maximized because there is no recycling program, >75% of organic waste has not been handled, there is no handling of B3 waste and the method of disposing of liquid waste is still conventional. The conclusion is that handling waste on site is a step that must be carried out before being disposed of in a container.

ЦИРКУЛЯРНА ЕКОНОМІКА: УКРАЇНСЬКІ РЕАЛІЇ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ В БУДІВЕЛЬНІ ГАЛУЗІ

The article is devoted to the topical topic of the transition from a linear to a circular economy using the example of the construction industry, which is one of the largest sources of waste generation and a basis for the use of metallurgical, construction production, and thermal power plant waste.The depletion of raw and energy resources, the growth of environmental pollution necessitates the need to extend the service life of construction materials due to their processing, or their use in other technological processes. The circular economy is identified with the concept of the "circular" economy or with production with a closed cycle, zero-waste production.It is shown that the National Waste Management Plan until 2030, adopted by the CMU resolution on February 20, 2019, remains a kind of "road map", but the implementation of the measures of the National Waste Management Strategy lags behind the planned measures. It was established that almost 90% of production waste is not reused and sent to landfills. The largest reserves of unused production by-products are in the metallurgical industry and energy production waste at TPPs.For the efficiency of the functioning of the circular economy, the specific weight of environmental taxes in the GDP of European countries varies between 1.5-4%, while in Ukraine - at the level of 0.1%. Less than 5% of the total amount of fines for environmental pollution is paid, which indicates the need to reform and improve the system of taxation of harmful emissions.

Waste management plan with reduce, reuse, recycle (3r) method

Garbage is a problem that is quite concerning in Indonesia. Most of the waste generated comes from household waste and plastic waste. The increase in waste production is influenced by population growth, the speed of development and the socio-economic level of the community which grows every year. The increase in the amount of waste is not proportional to the expansion of the landfill area. Disposal/TPA conditions in several areas are already overloaded, one of which is in Batang Regency. The Randukuning TPA in Batang Regency is already overloaded with the amount of waste produced reaching 500 tons per day with a landfill area of 2.5 hectares. Waste management is a structured, comprehensive and sustainable activity that includes waste reduction and handling. One effort that can be done to reduce waste is to sort waste from its source and apply 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle).

Environmental concentrations, characteristics and risk assessment of microplastics in water and sediment along the Western Cape coastline, South Africa

Plastic debris is accumulating in all environments globally and South Africa’s poor waste management plan has led to an increase in plastic contamination throughout the country. Information about microplastics (MPs) in urban and rural coastal environments in South Africa is poor. The aim of this study was to determine coastal MP concentrations in water (particles/L) and sediment (particles/kg). Sampling took place in summer of 2020 during low tide at 14 sites, along the coast of the Western Cape, South Africa. MPs were extracted and analysed based on shape, color, size and polymer type (using an ATR-FTIR). An ecological risk assessment was done to assess the potential risks posed by MPs in all sample types. Sediment MP concentrations (185.07 ± 15.25 standard error particles/kg) were higher than water (1.33 ± 0.15 particles/L). Gordon’s Bay (site 12) had the highest MP concentrations in sediment samples (360 ± 36.74 particles/kg), identifying harbors as the main source for MP contamination. Kalk Bay (site 9) displayed the highest concentration in water samples (4.97 ± 0.18 particles/L), suggesting that the source of MPs are from stormwater outfall pipes and human activities. Filaments were the most dominant MP shape (89%) for all samples, with black/grey (water) and transparent (sediment) being the most dominant colors (31% and 31% respectively). Dominant sizes were 1000–2000 μm in water and 2000–5000 μm in sediment. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (29%) was the most dominant polymer type recorded in water samples and natural fibres (mainly cotton) (32%) recorded in sediment. Based on the risk assessment, MPs recorded at Mouille Point (site 6) poses the greatest ecological risk associated with polymers. MP concentrations reported in this study provide a baseline for future studies along the Western Cape coastline of South Africa.

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Cairan Sabun Cuci Piring Studi Kasus PT Nirmala Resik Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the feasibility of producing dishwashing liquid, with a focus on the case study of PT Nirmala Resik Indonesia. The feasibility of this business is assessed from various aspects, including financial, market, technical, management, and environmental aspects. In the financial aspect analysis, calculations are made for the initial investment, which includes the purchase of machinery, raw materials, and operational costs. The results indicate that the required initial investment is relatively high but can provide profitable returns in the long term. Profit and loss calculations also show that this business has the potential to generate stable profits. The market aspect becomes the next focus, involving an analysis of the market demand for dishwashing liquid. Market research reveals that the demand for dishwashing liquid continues to rise, especially with the increasing awareness of cleanliness. PT Nirmala Resik Indonesia has significant opportunities to effectively market its products and participate in this positive market growth. Technical analysis includes an evaluation of PT Nirmala Resik Indonesia's ability to produce dishwashing liquid that meets quality standards and customer needs. The results show that the company has adequate technology and production capabilities to produce high-quality products. The management aspect involves an assessment of the management team and the company's business strategy. PT Nirmala Resik Indonesia has an experienced team and a commitment to business development. They also have a comprehensive business plan for long-term growth. Finally, the environmental analysis covers the impact of dishwashing liquid production on the environment. The company is expected to comply with environmental regulations and have appropriate waste management plans. Based on the analysis conducted, it can be concluded that PT Nirmala Resik Indonesia's dishwashing liquid production business has a fairly good potential for success. Despite requiring significant initial investment, positive market opportunities, adequate production capabilities, and competent management can support the success of this business. By following good business practices and adhering to environmental regulations, the company can grow and thrive sustainably in this competitive market.
 
 Keywords: business feasibility analysis, financial aspect, market growth, environmental regulations.

Waste from health services generated during the COVID-19 pandemic at the University Hospital

The objective of this study was to evaluate the generation of waste at Alcides Carneiro University Hospital (HUAC) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Campina Grande, PB. The data were collected through field observation, photographic recording, database records from the hospital, and documentary analysis of the existing Healthcare Waste Management Plan in the institution, between the years 2019 and 2020. It was found that the year 2019 had the highest annual waste generation quantity (approximately 233 tons) compared to the years 2020 and 2021. There was an increase in the generation of infectious waste in the year 2021, possibly associated with the treatment of COVID-19 infected patients. During the pandemic period, there was a decrease in the total quantification of waste generated at HUAC, possibly due to the suspension of several other services during the pandemic, reflecting the unpreparedness of institutions to cope with the high demand of infected patients.

Addressing the healthcare waste management barriers: A structural equation modeling approach.

Due to the growing population and advancing economy, medical waste accumulation has come to the attention of all facets of society. Although the issue of medical waste management planning has been addressed in developed nations, it still exists in several developing nations. This paper examines the effects of barriers under the Organization action, work handling, and Human Resource Practices section on the healthcare waste management (HCWM) sector in a developing country India. In this study, three hypotheses were constructed and tested using Structural equation modeling. The questionnaire was distributed among 200 health professionals to collect their responses. Ninety-seven responses were received, and 15 barriers were identified affecting the healthcare waste management sector. The results show that all three barriers (i.e., Organizational, Waste handling, and Human resources) hinder the Healthcare waste management sector. Organizational Barriers are the most significant among other barriers. So, the hospitals have to take appropriate actions to overcome these barriers. This paper helps to complete the research gap by providing the different characteristics of barriers. The development of a model for the analysis of barriers influencing HCWM is the Author's original contribution.

Infrastructure, curriculum delivery and service provision improvements made by the University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka in transforming education towards sustainability in the midst of economic crisis, in post-covid 19 pandemic period.

Covid-19 pandemic followed by the economic crisis that engulfed Sri Lanka (SL) has forced us to redefine strategies in transforming education towards sustainability. During and after the pandemic period, the University of Kelaniya (UOK) invested in multiple upgrades to its learning management system, server capacities, wifi access points, web-based educational resources, and development of human capital both academic and academic support. This preparedness has enabled UOK to continue academic activities in the midst of the current economic crisis in SL. Though distance learning was critical during the pandemic, university provides indispensable physical and social space. When resuming onsite learning, to enable an inclusive and conducive environment in classrooms, UOK is meeting green building ratings for its new constructions. Low-cost, on-campus student accommodations were improved in numbers, facilities, and access to differently-abled. Further, to ensure access to quality education despite the crippled economy and food scarcity, a cafeteria was converted into an energy-efficient, self-sustaining, non-profit venture that provides affordable, nutritional meals. Large scale vegetable cultivation project was initiated using compost produced as part of the solid waste management plan at the university to support the cafeteria. Simultaneously, support programs and awareness programs were conducted on managing mental health, nutritional requirements, and finances in an economic crisis. These programs were extended to the community with the support of students, facilitating education through social engagements. Last, despite budget cuts, funding for research was secured, with the hope of transforming education at UOK towards a sustainable future.

Infectious healthcare waste management among private dental practitioners in the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region, Morocco: A cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitudes, and practices.

The increase in dental healthcare facilities and the use of single-use equipment have increased the production of healthcare waste. Their mismanagement exposes healthcare workers, waste managers, and the population to an infectious risk and negatively impacts the environment. Therefore, a correct management procedure has to be adopted from separation through storage to disposal. This study aimed to investigate dentists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding managing infectious healthcare waste in private dental offices. A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional survey was conducted between December 2020 and March 2021 among private dentists registered at the Moroccan National Council of Dentists in the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region. A questionnaire was developed to assess waste management in dental offices. Of the 500 questionnaires distributed, 190 completed and exploitable questionnaires were collected. Only 27.3% of healthcare waste managers in dental practices received training, 21,5% of practitioners assimilated the used gloves into household waste, 71.5% disposed of the waste generated by their offices directly into public bins, and 86.4% were unaware of Moroccan law 28-00 on waste management and disposal. This study highlights dentists' apparent lack of knowledge regarding healthcare waste management, and significant gaps were identified between actual practices and recommended regulations. To address these issues, developing a comprehensive medical waste management plan is crucial to encourage the practical cooperation of all stakeholders in this sector.

Provincial waste generation prediction using evolutionary-based neuro-fuzzy model: A South Africa case study

The accurate prediction of waste generation at the provincial level is essential for effective waste management planning in South Africa. However, the complex and uncertain nature of waste generation patterns poses significant challenges for policymakers and waste management authorities. Existing prediction models often overlook the intricate relationships between various factors influencing waste generation. Therefore, there is a need to develop an advanced predictive model that integrates evolutionary algorithms and neuro-fuzzy systems to provide reliable and comprehensive waste generation predictions. In this study, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model with two evolutionary algorithms namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) were developed to predict the provincial waste quantities generated using South Africa as a case study. Relevant demographic and economic variables of nine provinces in South Africa namely population, provincial GDP, household number and employment data were set of input variables while the waste quantity generated was set as output variable. The fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering technique developed the fuzzy inference system based on its speed boost capability. Hyper-parameters setting of the FCM-clustered neuro-fuzzy model in a range of 2–7 clusters was tested. The models’ accuracy was evaluated using known statistical metrics like root mean square error (RMSE), Average Absolute Percentage Relative Error (AAPRE), mean absolute deviation (MAD), and co-efficient of determination (R2). The most accurate model is the FCM-ANFIS-GA with 5-clusters giving RMSE, AAPRE, MAD and R2-values of 0.7335, 0.3656, 7.3359 and 0.9986 at the training phase and 0.8041, 0.3291, 8.1467 and 0.9962 at the testing phase. The developed model would assist in sustainable waste management and would be beneficial to South African Waste Information Center (SAWIC) and other countries.

STUDY OF THE RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE IN POLTAVA REGION

The paper presents the results of research into the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of household waste generated in the territories of communities of the Poltava cluster, and a forecast assessment of the potential volumes of their generation in the coming years is made. On the basis of the collected data, a preliminary assessment of the general resource potential of household waste and the predicted volumes of the formation of individual resource-valuable components: plastic, paper and cardboard, glass, metals, organic waste was carried out.
 The study of the composition and volumes of household waste generation for the Poltava region was carried out within the framework of the development of the project "Regional waste management plan in the Poltava region until 2030" with the aim of choosing the option of creating zones of optimal coverage by the household waste management system (creating clusters) and selecting scenarios within these clusters regarding various methods of collection (including separate) and processing of household waste. The total population of the Poltava cluster is about 596,000 people.
 During the research of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of household waste generated in the territories of communities of the Poltava cluster, the potential volumes of household waste that can be collected in the future (potentially by 2024–2025) in the territories of 24 communities, that is, in the territory of the entire cluster.
 The obtained research results are the basis for making decisions and carrying out a technical and economic justification of the feasibility of building infrastructure facilities for the processing/recovery of household waste on the territory of the Poltava cluster with further use of their resource and energy potential.

Plastic waste: assessment of the prosesses of its formation and management in the North-Western Black Sea Coast Regions

Plastic waste represents a specific component within the municipal solid waste structure because of the peculiarities of its formation, possibility of reuse and ecological consequences of environmental pollution. In particular, growing consumption of plastic is accompanied by a constant level of recycling (4-8%). This leads to accumulation of plastic waste in the environment. The article presents data on the content of plastic waste in the municipal solid waste of Ukrainian cities. According to the data the content of plastic waste within the municipal solid waste amounts to 10-12%. Plastic waste is mainly represented by polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate (more than 60%). It was discovered that plastic recycling companies import almost a third of recycled materials from Europe, while almost 84% of plastic is still ends brought to landfills. The analysis of the situation with separate collection of the municipal solid waste in the North-Western Black Sea Coast Region (namely Odesa, Mykolaiv and Kherson Regions) indicates a low level of secondary raw materials extraction. It is also exacerbated by the fact that only 75% of the population receives services for centralized collection of the municipal solid waste. It is estimated that almost 160,000 tons of plastic waste were brought to the landfills of Odesa Region in 2019. This volume is equal to the workload of existing plastic processing enterprises of Ukraine. So, as exemplified by Odesa Region, the research aimed at assessing the resource potential of plastic waste by main categories and in terms of clustering of the region, in accordance with the Regional Waste Management Plan project. It also describes the environmental consequences of leaving waste plastic materials in the environment – contamination with microplastics and formation of persistent organic pollutants. Moreover, it indicates that the municipal plastic waste is a significant source for such substances formation during thermal and mechanical destruction processes taking place within a landfill's body or marine environment. The research analyzes the main reasons for a low level of plastic waste use in the region. One of them is a lack of conditions allowing the citizens to collect plastic waste separately from the rest of their waste.

Analysis of Waste Generation and Characteristics; Mamuju Central Market in 2022

The market is one of the waste producers which is classified as complex, so it has great potential as a source of environmental pollution that occurs as a result of buying and selling activities. Market waste in the form of left over vegetables, fruits and other food ingredients which can cause odors and reduce market aesthetics, as well as soil contamination. The aim of the research was to determine the generation, composition, specific gravity and moisture content of waste at the Mamuju Central Market, as well as a plan for proper waste management. This research method uses a quantitative survey approach by taking a number of samples based on SNI 19-3964-1994. Sampling was carried out from 04 August to 11 August 2022. The sample was taken of 30 merchant stalls from a total of 591 kiosks which were carried out for 8 (eight) consecutive days by measuring the volume and weight of waste for each kiosk using a waste measuring box with a volume capacity of 40 liters. then the waste from all the kiosks is put together in a waste measuring box with a volume capacity of 500 Liters. After that, it is separated based on the composition of the waste and weighed based on the type of waste. As many as 2 kg of samples were taken to check the water content of the waste at the Integrated Laboratory of the Mamuju Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health. From the results of this study it was found that the average waste generation at the Mamuju Central Market was 27.34 L/trader/day with the highest waste composition, namely organic type waste of 91.15%. The specific gravity and moisture content of the waste are on average 0.18 Kg/m³ and 36.20%. The appropriate waste management plan based on the data obtained is the composting method, considering the high composition of organic waste in the Mamuju Central Market. For this reason, it is necessary to empower traders to make composters to minimize the organic waste they produce Keywords: Waste, Characteristics, generation

Developing an Optimal Ensemble Model to Estimate Building Demolition Waste Generation Rate

Smart management of construction and demolition (C&D) waste is imperative, and researchers have implemented machine learning for estimating waste generation. In Korea, the management of demolition waste (DW) is important due to old buildings, and it is necessary to predict the amount of DW to manage it. Thus, this study employed decision tree (DT)-based ensemble models (i.e., random forest—RF, extremely randomized trees—ET, gradient boosting machine—GBM), and extreme gradient boost—XGboost) based on data characteristics (i.e., small datasets with categorical inputs) to predict the demolition waste generation rate (DWGR) of buildings in urban redevelopment areas. As a result of the study, the RF and GBM algorithms showed better prediction performance than the ET and XGboost algorithms. Especially, RF (6 features, 450 estimators; mean, 1169.94 kg·m−2) and GBM (4 features, 300 estimators; mean, 1166.25 kg·m−2) yielded the top predictive performances. In addition, feature importance affecting DWGR was found to have a significant impact on the order of gross floor area (GFA) > location > roof material > wall material. The straightforward collection of features used here can facilitate benchmarking as a decision-making tool in demolition waste management plans for industry stakeholders and policy makers. Therefore, in the future, it is required to improve the predictive performance of the model by updating additional data and building a reliable dataset.