Efficient Waste Heat Recovery Research Articles

Thermodynamic performance evaluation and optimization of a hybrid system integrating vacuum graphene-anode thermionic converters with direct carbon fuel cells

An efficient hybrid system integrating a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) with a vacuum graphene-anode thermionic converter (VGTC) is proposed for cogeneration. The VGTC efficiently recycles waste heat released from the DCFC and generate additional electricity, significantly improving energy utilization efficiency and economic performance. A comprehensive mathematical model is developed to quantitatively assess the thermodynamic performance of the hybrid system, taking into account the overpotential losses of the DCFC and the irreversible energy losses occurring within the system. The results show that at an operating temperature of 923 K, the hybrid system can achieve a maximum power density of 466 W/m2, which is approximately 1.34 times that of a single DCFC, indicating a significant improvement in output performance. Besides, the optimal operating region and parameter selection criteria for the hybrid system are determined using finite-time thermodynamic optimization theory. Furthermore, the effects of essential parameters on the output performance of the hybrid system, such as the operating temperature of the DCFC, the heat transfer coefficient, the Fermi level of graphene, the work function of the cathode, the thermal emissivity, and the reflectivity of the back mirror, are investigated. Finally, the comparative study shows that the proposed hybrid system outperforms other previously reported hybrid systems regarding output electric power and conversion efficiency due to the efficient high-grade waste heat recovery and energy conversion by the VGTC.

Optimization analysis for thermoelectric performance improvement of biconical segmented annular thermoelectric generator

Thermoelectric generators have struggled with low efficiency, limiting their widespread use. To further improve the performance of the thermoelectric generator, this paper introduces the biconical pin structure into the segmented annular thermoelectric generator, and simultaneously incorporates exergy efficiency and economic cost to evaluate its performance. Experiments are first used to verify the accuracy of the simulation model, and then the effects of the cone angle θ, leg height H, leg length ratio δ and resistance ratio ε are discussed. Finally, correlation analysis is used to obtain the weight of the impact of research parameters on thermoelectric performance, and the optimized results are obtained. The results demonstrate that the output power of the biconical segmented annular thermoelectric generator is 20.23% higher, the exergy efficiency is 8.55% higher, and the economic cost is reduced by 21.36% compared to the traditional segmented annular thermoelectric generator. As the θ and H increase, the thermoelectric performance enhances. The influence of δ on thermoelectric performance is more complicated. When ε is 1.5, the thermoelectric generator has optimal thermoelectric performance. This paper provides a reference for optimizing the segmented annular thermoelectric generator structure and is of paramount importance for enhancing the efficiency of waste heat recovery.

A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Management in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Focus on Burners, Heat Exchangers, and Strategies

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are emerging as a leading solution in sustainable power generation, boasting high power-to-energy density and minimal emissions. With efficiencies potentially exceeding 60% for electricity generation alone and up to 85% when in cogeneration applications, SOFCs significantly outperform traditional combustion-based technologies, which typically achieve efficiencies of around 35–40%. Operating effectively at elevated temperatures (600 °C to 1000 °C), SOFCs not only offer superior efficiency but also generate high-grade waste heat, making them ideal for cogeneration applications. However, these high operational temperatures pose significant thermal management challenges, necessitating innovative solutions to maintain system stability and longevity. This review aims to address these challenges by offering an exhaustive analysis of the latest advancements in SOFC thermal management. We begin by contextualizing the significance of thermal management in SOFC performance, focusing on its role in enhancing operational stability and minimizing thermal stresses. The core of this review delves into various thermal management subsystems such as afterburners, heat exchangers, and advanced thermal regulation strategies. A comprehensive examination of the recent literature is presented, highlighting innovations in subsystem design, fuel management, flow channel configuration, heat pipe integration, and efficient waste heat recovery techniques. In conclusion, we provide a forward-looking perspective on the state of research in SOFC thermal management, identifying potential avenues for future advancements and their implications for the broader field of sustainable energy technologies.

Study on the thermal performance of the cross-flow plate heat exchangers

The exhaust gas emitted by a stenter machine will lead to energy waste and environmental heat pollution. Therefore, designing an efficient waste heat recovery apparatus for exhaust gas not only protects the environment but also saves production costs. In the article, the heat transfer performance and pressure drop of three types of heat exchangers: flat-plate heat exchanger (PHE), wavy-PHE, and zigzag-PHE were numerically studied in the context of waste heat recovery from the exhaust gas of stenter machines. The heat transfer rate (Q), Nusselt number (Nu), Colburn factor (j), pressure drop, Fanning friction factor (f), and comprehensive performance factor (JF) were investigated while Reynolds numbers ranged from 1000 to 9000. An experimental measurement was devised to validate the accuracy of the numerical simulation. The results of the research indicate that the wavy-PHE exhibits improved heat transfer efficiency and reduced pressure drop, primarily attributed to the substantial generation of secondary flow. Three new correlations for Nusselt number in different PHEs were developed based on commonly existing empirical formulas. The prediction accuracy for the Nusselt number based on the new correlations has been significantly improved in the present study.

Experimental Research on Effects of Combustion Air Humidification on Energy and Environment Performance of a Gas Boiler

Abstract To increase the waste heat recovery (WHR) efficiency of gas boiler and decrease NOx emissions, a flue gas total heat recovery (FGTHR) system integrating direct contact heat exchanger (DCHE) and combustion air humidification (CAH) is put forward. The experimental bench and technical and economic analysis models are set up to simulate and evaluate the WHR performance and NOx emissions in various operation situations. The results show that when the air humidity ratio elevates from 3 g/kgdry air to 60 g/kgdry air, the dew point temperature increases by 7.9 °C. When the flue gas temperature approaches the dew point temperature, the rate of improvement of the FGTHR system's total heat efficiency notably rises. With spray water (SW) flowrate and temperature of 0.075 kg/s and 45 °C, the WHR efficiency relatively increases by up to 8.4%. The maximum sensible and latent heat can be recovered by 4468 w and 3774 w, respectively. The flue gas temperature can be reduced to 46.55 °C, and the average NOx concentration is 39.6 mg/m3. Compared with the non-humidified condition, the NOx and CO2 emissions relative reduction of the FGTHR system are 61.2% and 8.7%. The payback period of FGTHR system is 2 years. Through simulation, it can be concluded that the decrease in exhaust flue gas temperature and velocity, as well as the increase in exhaust flue gas humidity, has a negative impact on the diffusion of NOx in the atmosphere.

Operation characteristic research on organic Rankine cycle-free piston linear generator (ORC-FPLG) based on multi-module combination

Free piston linear generator (FPLG) presents great potential in organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system to replace traditional expanders because of low friction loss, simple structure and good sealing. Drawing on the concept of multi-cylinder engines, ORC-FPLG simulation model coupled with vehicle have been established based on multi-module combination with GT-suite/Simulink. Then, the operation characteristics in parallel mode, series mode and different intake distribution modes are analyzed. And the influence of engine parameters, and the energy-saving potential under road conditions are explored. The results show that: there exists an optimal module number in parallel mode to maximize net output power and thermal efficiency. When the number of modules is 4, the maximum net output power and thermal efficiency are 11.19 kW and 7.73%. The more parallel modules in series mode is, the higher net output power and thermal efficiency is, which is more conducive to improve output performance. Net power output and thermal efficiency gradually increase with engine speed and fuel injection. There exists an optimal injection timing and exhaust timing to maximize net power output and thermal efficiency. Compared to urban road conditions, ORC-FPLG system under suburban conditions achieves better energy recovery results with waste heat recovery efficiency of 2.22%.

Experimental examination of the effect of thermal barrier coating in a 2-stroke gasoline engine on recovery performance in exhaust waste heat recovery system with thermoelectric generator and engine performance

In internal combustion engines, while the decrease in in-cylinder wall temperature increases the amount of energy passing towards the cooling system, it decreases temperature and pressure at the end of compression and accordingly reduces thermal efficiency of the engine. Moreover; combustion chamber elements are exposed to chemical corrosion and deformation as a result of uncompleted combustion in the cylinder. With thermal barrier coating application, the energy lost in cooling system will decrease and exhaust temperatures will increase in 2-stroke engines. Placement of a waste heat recover system with thermoelectric generator into the exhaust system can provide exhaust waste heat recovery and increase thermal efficiency of the engine. There is no study in the literature, which examines waste heavy recovery systems with thermal barrier and thermoelectric generator altogether. In this article, yttria stabilized zirconia coating has been applied by means of plasma spraying method in the combustion chamber of a 2-stroke gasoline engine, and effect of thermal barrier coating application on engine performance and exhaust waste heat recovery system has been examined experimentally. According the results of the experiment, maximum engine power has increased by 6.23%, maximum engine torque has increased by 6.02%, and specific fuel consumption decreased by 5.56%. While the exhaust temperatures have increased by 78.5 °C at maximum by means of thermal barrier coating application; by means of thermal barrier coating application with waste heat recovery system with thermoelectric generator, a higher waste heat recovery has been obtained by 64.8%.

Energy management and performance analysis of an off-grid integrated hydrogen energy utilization system

In integrated hydrogen energy utilization systems, due to the low efficiency of hydrogen/electricity conversion, coordination of energy management and efficient waste heat recovery is required to optimize performance. To address this challenge, this paper presents a comprehensive and sophisticated modeling and energy management strategy to enhance the off-grid energy utilization rate while prolonging the main components’ lifetime. The developed model incorporates multiphase flow and heat transport balance for electricity and heat production, enabling a highly accurate representation of real-world behaviors of the system. The proposed off-grid operation strategy is complemented by a designed heat recovery scheme, ensuring the use of energy resources and waste heat. In addition, the proposed energy management strategy monitors the real-time status of each subsystem, actively reducing the number of harmful start-stop cycles of the hydrogen production system, thereby mitigating short-term power impacts and delaying its aging. Specifically, the voltage degradation of the reduction cell is reduced from 4.67 mV to 4.48 mV, the energy utilization rate is increased from 47.6 % to 53.9 %, and the energy efficiency of fuel cells significantly increases from 53.6 % to 78.1 %.

Efficient waste heat recovery from molten carbonate fuel cells through graphene-collector thermionic generators

The waste heat released by molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) contains considerable energy that can be captured for electric power generation. Nonetheless, the current high-grade heat harvesting devices for the MCFC cogeneration of electrical power are still constrained by low power output or energy conversion. To address this challenge, we present a novel hybrid system that combines an MCFC and a graphene-collector thermionic generator (GCTG), in which the GCTG can efficiently harness the exhaust heat released from the MCFC and generate additional electricity. The results show that the hybrid system’s maximum power density reaches 0.298 W/cm2, which is 1.6 times that of the sole MCFC at 923 K, demonstrating that the hybrid system delivers a significant boost in output performance. Furthermore, finite-time thermodynamics estimates the hybrid system’s optimal operating regions and key parameter designs. The optimal performance of the hybrid system can be further improved by selecting the optimal area ratio, raising the MCFC operating temperature, strengthening the heat transfer coefficient, lowering the thermal emissivity of the thermionic emitter, and manufacturing the perfect optical reflector. The MCFC-GCTG outperforms other MCFC-based hybrid systems regarding output performance, demonstrating that GCTG can more effectively exploit the waste heat released from MCFCs than other heat recovery devices. This study offers valuable theoretical guidance for the strategic optimization of the MCFC-GCTG hybrid system, thereby paving a constructive strategy towards realizing advanced, high-performance MCFC cogeneration systems.

Optimizing heat transfer characteristics in dry centrifugal Granulation: Impact of particle population trajectory and cooling strategies

Efficient recovery of heat and utilize blast furnace slag resources are crucial for achieving energy savings and reducing consumption in the steel industry. This study focuses on applying dry centrifugal pelletizing technology for recovering waste heat from slag. A comprehensive two-dimensional model was developed to investigate heat transfer dynamics within particle clusters, considering the variable physical parameters of the slag, latent heat of the phase change, and slag particle characteristics. Through an extensive analysis of the heat exchange within the granulation bin, we examined the temperature variations of slag particles and the distribution of absorbed heat by the water-cooled and air. Findings underscore the significant influence of flight trajectory, residence time, air-inlet flow rate, and temperature on heat exchange efficiency. Additionally, we explored the impact of auxiliary cooling measures and investigated how slag particle characteristics affect the bin wall, highlighting their importance for safe operations. Our results provide valuable insights for enhancing waste heat recovery efficiency from blast furnace slag and optimizing the implementation of dry centrifugal granulation technology. It serves as a vital reference for promoting energy-saving initiatives and reducing consumption in the steel industry.

Research on the characteristics of the exhaust energy splitting method for the two-stroke low speed marine diesel engine

Efficient waste heat recovery (WHR) is the key to improve the thermal efficiency of the marine diesel engine and reduce the cost. According to the characteristics of long stroke of low-speed marine diesel engine, the exhaust energy splitting (EES) method based on exhaust energy distribution is proposed in this paper. EES is a new method of improving waste heat grade by separating high temperature exhaust gas and low temperature scavenging air. Compared with other studies on increasing exhaust temperature, EES significantly increases exhaust temperature and improves waste heat recovery efficiency without negatively affecting engine performance. Moreover, due to the adjustable EES valve, the optimal performance of engine and WHR system can be achieved under various operating conditions by adjusting the exhaust splitting phase (ESP). The One-Dimension and Three-Dimension simulation models for a two-stroke low speed marine diesel engine with waste heat recovery system are established. The exhaust energy distribution and the splitting phase to be optimized are also explored synchronously. The results show that by using the exhaust energy splitting method, temperature after turbine can be increased by more than 100 K compared with the baseline of the original engine system. Using Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) as WHR system, the waste heat recovery efficiency can reach over 17 %. Compared with the original engine, the total output power of the optimized EES low-speed engine and ORC system Increase by 100.90 kW under 75 % load and 154.72 kW under 100 % load, and the NOx emissions can be reduced by 5 %.

A technically feasible strategy using liquid-state thermocells to efficiently recover the waste heat released from proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) generate a large amount of exhaust heat during operation, leading to environmental pollution and the greenhouse effect. To recover the low-grade exhaust heat produced by PEMFCs, a technically feasible approach is proposed by integrating liquid-state thermocells (LTCs) with PEMFCs for the cogeneration of electric power and efficient waste heat recovery. Considering the three overpotential losses in the PEMFC and the irreversible heat losses in the LTC, a comprehensive mathematical model of a PEMFC-LTC hybrid system is developed to explore the energetic performance characteristics and optimal device design. The results show that the hybrid system’s maximum power density and corresponding conversion efficiency are 0.3007 W cm−2 and 24.59%, which is increased by 6.22% and 19.41% compared to a single PEMFC, respectively. Furthermore, raising the PEMFC temperature, optimizing the length of the individual LTC cell, reducing the heat sink temperature, and lowering the thermal convection coefficient can significantly improve the optimal output performance of the hybrid system. Finally, the optimal performance comparisons between the PEMFC-based cogeneration systems reveal that LTCs can more efficiently recycle the waste heat released from the PEMFC than other previously reported devices. This work offers crucial theoretical guidance for the optimal design and parametric analysis of PEMFC-LTC hybrid systems, thus paving the way for developing high-performance energy cascade utilization systems based on PEMFCs.

Energy Efficiency and Environmental Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery Technologies in Fishmeal Production Plants: A Case Study in Vietnam

The fishmeal production industry is essential for providing protein for animal feed in the aquaculture sector. However, the industry faces challenges related to energy consumption and environmental sustainability. This study evaluates the energy efficiency and environmental benefits of waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies in a fishmeal production plant in Vietnam. Data were collected from the plant between 2016 and 2022, and a specific energy consumption (SEC) indicator and a comprehensive methodology were utilized. Implementing an economizer as a WHR technology resulted in a 55.5% decrease in SEC compared to the state before installation. The enhanced energy efficiency also translated to reduced energy consumption per output unit. Moreover, the economizer contributed to annual energy savings of 4537.57 GJ/year and cost savings of USD 26,474.49. Additionally, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with producing one ton of fishmeal decreased by 58.37%. These findings highlight the potential for WHR technologies to improve energy efficiency and reduce the environmental footprint of fishmeal production. The study’s results provide valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers in promoting energy efficiency practices and reducing environmental impact in this and similar industries.

Effects of Installing Different Types of Cooling Fins on the Cold Side of a Thermoelectric Power Generation Device on the Thermal Efficiency and Exergy Efficiency of Power Cable Surface Waste Heat Recovery.

This study investigates the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of a thermoelectric power generation device for recovering power cable surface waste heat. Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the impact of different types of cooling fins on the system's performance. The results demonstrate that the installation of cooling fins improves heat transfer efficiency and enhances the thermoelectric power generation device's output power. Among the various fin designs, the system equipped with cooling fins with 17 teeth exhibits the highest performance. These findings highlight the importance of fin design in optimizing the system's thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency. This study provides valuable insights for the development and improvement of thermoelectric power generation systems for power cable surface waste heat recovery applications.

Flow properties of two-component metallized pellets in waste heat recovery drum cooler

In order to improve the waste heat recovery efficiency of high-temperature metallized pellets and save spraying cooling water, a waste heat recovery drum cooler with cooling water channel was creatively proposed for waste heat recovery. Due to the flow properties of two-component metallized pellets impact its heat transfer properties, the DEM (Discrete Element Method) and soft ball model were used to investigate the flow properties of two-component metallized pellets in the waste heat recovery drum cooler. By comparison with experimental data, the calculated values for the flow properties of two-component metallized pellets were in good agreement with the experimental values. The results show that the two-component metallized pellets are predominantly mixed and separated as they flow from top to bottom, with the large metallized pellets surrounding the small metallized pellets. The axial velocity and total velocity are significantly influenced by the dip angle and rotating velocity, and the filling rate has a substantial impact on the contact number. As the dip angle increases from 1° to 5°, the axial velocity and total velocity increase by 382.86 % and 333.33 %, respectively. With the rotating velocity from 1.2 r/min to 3.2 r/min, the axial velocity and total velocity increased by 175.00 % and 161.82 %, respectively. As the filling rate went from 1.5 % to 15 %, the contact number increased by 68.27 %. The axial velocity/total velocity of the two-component particles varies from 0.893 to 0.996 during the change of the dip angle, rotating velocity and filling rate. This shows that the axial velocity always makes up a large part of the total velocity. By efficiently organizing the movement of two-component metallized pellets, it is possible to increase the heat transfer efficiency, and it can also eliminate the pollution of cooling wastewater caused by the conventional spray rotary drum cooling method.

The Thermodynamic Characterizations of Hydrogen Production from Catalyst-Enhanced Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil over Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as Heat Carrier

To promote the efficiency of waste heat recovery from granulated blast furnace (BF) slag, a novel method of catalyst-enhanced steam reforming of bio-oil to recover heat from slag is proposed. CaO is utilized as a superior catalyst for the process of catalyst-enhanced steam reforming. The thermodynamic production of the catalyst-enhanced steam reforming of bio-oil in granulated BF slag is obtained using HSC 6.0 software. The optimal conditions are mainly assessed according to the hydrogen yield, hydrogen concentration and carbon production. Through the thermodynamic production and industrial application, the temperature of 608 °C, S/C of eight and pressure of 1 bar are found as the optimal conditions. At the optimal conditions, the hydrogen yield, hydrogen concentration and carbon production are 95.25%, 76.89% and 0.28 mol/kg, respectively. Taking the temperature of 625 °C, S/C of eight and pressure of 1 bar as an example, the catalyst could improve the hydrogen yield and hydrogen concentration from 93.99% and 70.31% to 95.15% and 76.49%, respectively. It is implied that utilizing the catalyst could promote the hydrogen yield and hydrogen concentration of steam reforming of bio-oil to recover waste heat from granulated BF slag. The mechanism of catalyst-enhanced steam reforming of bio-oil to recover waste heat from granulated BF slag is obtained to guide the subsequent industry application.

Numerical simulation of waste heat recovery process from the hot stripped gas in carbon capture process by using ceramic membrane

CO2 chemical absorption process suffers from the high CO2 regeneration heat requirement, so a rich solvent-split mechanism was put forward to recover the waste heat from the hot stripped gas for reducing the regeneration heat consumption. Ceramic membrane-based transport membrane condenser (TMC) can provide a higher heat transfer efficiency, therefore better meet the requirements for waste heat recovery from the hot stripped gas. The ceramic membrane structure is a key factor affecting the heat recovery performance, which has been neglected by previous studies. For investigating the effect of membrane structure, in this study, a condensation and mass transfer model was firstly constructed using the computational fluid dynamics approach to describe the process of waste heat recovery from the hot stripped gas. The errors between the simulated outlet temperature of stripped gas or CO2-rich solvent and the experimental ones are about 1.74 %, indicating the satisfactory accuracy of the model. Based on the model, the effects of ceramic membrane structure and physical parameters on the waste heat recovery performance were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that reducing the wall thickness or inner diameter of ceramic membrane contributes to improving the waste heat recovery efficiency of TMC. Notably, there may be an optimal membrane area beyond which the improvement of waste heat recovery is difficult. Additionally, when the thermal conductivity of ceramic membrane exceeds a critical value (∼10 W/(m K) in this study), the improvement of waste heat recovery performance may be difficult only by increasing the thermal conductivity. This study provides an important guidance for the selection of ceramic membranes for waste heat recovery process from the stripped gas in the future.

Exergy-economic analysis and multi-objective optimization of a multi-generation system based on efficient waste heat recovery of combined wind turbine and compressed CO2 energy storage system

Due to the intermittent feature of renewable energies, their combination with energy storage systems seems efficient and profitable. In this regard, a wind turbine system is coupled with a compressed CO2 energy storage (CCES) system for multi-generation propose. This combination has not been done yet and seems very attractive and efficient with the present popularity of wind energy and energy storage systems. A fraction of the output power of the wind turbine is sent to the compressor and electric heater of the CCES layout in the charging and discharging period. In the CCES system, a thermoelectric generator (TEG 1), an absorption chiller, and a domestic hot water heat exchanger are used to waste energy elimination and the waste energy of the wind turbine is recovered by a trilateral cycle (TLC). The produced power of the TEG 1 and TLC is transmitted to a reverse osmosis desalination unit and an alkaline electrolyzer for freshwater and hydrogen production. Hence, the considered system is converted to a multi-product one. Energy, exergy, and exergy-economic (3E) studies are done on the whole layout through parametric analysis and multi-objective optimization. Exergy round trip efficiency and unit cost of products are obtained as 37.027% and 30.41 $/GJ in the optimization process. The considered system can produce 1960 kW of power, 336.1 kW of heating, 183.3 kW of cooling, 1.077 kg/s of freshwater, and 0.0138 kg/h of hydrogen in this case.

Simulation Analysis of High Radiant Heat Plant Cooling and Endothermic Screen Waste Heat Recovery Performance Based on FLUENT

In this article, we propose the endothermic screen model. The aim is to reduce the problems of the high temperature and low utilization of waste heat in industrial plants with high radiant heat. In this paper, the Rhino software is used to establish the model and import it into the FLUENT software, divide the mesh, set the boundary conditions and analyze the transient temperature field. Finally, the temperature change law in the plant and the waste heat recovery efficiency of the endothermic screen are obtained. The flow of cooling water in the endothermic screen is used to transform and transfer the high-radiation heat inside the plant to the outside. The simulation results show that after adding the endothermic screen, the average indoor temperature drops from 313.33 K to 305.66 K, which has a cooling effect. The waste heat recovery efficiency reaches up to 56%, and the waste heat recovery effect is obvious. The research results can provide a reference for the application of an endothermic screen in actual high radiant heat plants and provide a more comfortable working environment for the plant workers.

Study of employing a thermoelectric generator and an alkali metal thermal electric converter for waste heat recovery of a solid oxide fuel cell

Although solid oxide fuel cell is an appropriate candidate in the power generation sector, its high waste heat is a problem that should be managed to convert it into a positive feature. Accordingly, this study suggests a novel system for an efficient waste heat recovery of solid oxide fuel cell. Hence, the solid oxide fuel cell is coupled with a thermoelectric generator and an alkali metal thermal electric converter, where the alkali metal thermal electric converter recovers the waste heat of the solid oxide fuel cell, then the thermoelectric generator is used to recover the waste heat of alkali metal thermal electric converter. The plant's performance is evaluated against the current density to indicate the feasibility of the integrity, the optimum current density range, and the maximum current density corresponding to the best productivity of the scheme. Furthermore, eight different parameters are considered to assess the scheme's sensitivity. SOFC operating temperature, average pore diameter, proportional coefficient, TEG temperature, and temperature-independent exchange current coefficient positively influenced the evaluated variables. The highest power density is 10005 W/m2 at the maximum current density of 13066 A/m2 resulting in energetic and exergetic efficiencies of 43.30 % and 46.67 %, correspondingly.