Waste Handling Practices Research Articles

RETAINING WALL PLANNING IN WASTE MANAGEMENT

This study aims to analyze the performance and productivity of heavy equipment as well as the volume of waste produced in a waste disposal area (TPSA) located in Kuningan Regency. The research was carried out at the Ciniru TPSA located in Jalaksana District, Kuningang Regency, with the aim of finding out the data on the volumes of waste, transport trucks, and excavator heavy equipment. The results show that the amount of existing waste in the area reaches 630 m3 with an average amount of irritation of 71 times per day. In addition, the production of heavy machinery for garbage trucks, excavators, and bulldozers reaches 128.07 m3/hour, which is a working time of 8 hours and operational costs of Rp 244,957/hour, respectively. The findings of this study offer valuable information on the effectiveness of retaining walls in mitigating environmental impact, protecting agricultural areas, and improving waste handling practices. Moreover, investigating methods to extend landfill lifespan through improved spatial planning and capacity forecasting will be crucial, especially for regions facing waste overflow challenges in the near future.

Assessing Plastic Waste Discharges into the Sea in Indonesia: An Integrated High-Resolution Modeling Approach That Accounts for Hydrology and Local Waste Handling Practices

Plastic litter is increasingly accumulating in the marine environment, with rivers considered key pathways for entry. Current estimations of plastic input into the sea from land-based sources are limited in accounting for the mobilization and transport of plastic generated in the whole catchment area or in considering local variations in waste handling practices. Here, we show that, with an integrated discharge modeling approach (based on actual rainfall and local estimates for exposed mismanaged plastic waste), more realistic temporal estimates of plastic discharges into the sea can be constructed. Applying this approach to Indonesia enabled us to estimate the total national inputs of plastic waste into the sea from rivers and coasts and how these vary with rainfall, while providing insight into those catchments, local communities, and waste handling practices that most contribute to plastic waste leakages. We found that the plastic fluxes vary significantly in both the short and long term and that the total amount of plastic waste discharged during wet years may be twice as much as during dry years. Furthermore, river size, catchment population density, local waste management, and proximity of point sources influence river plastic waste loads. Such an integrated assessment can be very effective in helping to prioritize where interventions are most needed and, in combination with frequent monitoring, can provide evidence of the impact that upstream measures have on preventing plastic inputs into the sea.

Effect of Health Risk Reduction Intervention Training Program on Waste Pickers’ Knowledge and Waste Handling Practices in Dump Sites in Ogun State, Nigeria

Objective: This study assessed the effect of health risk reduction training program on waste pickers’ waste handling practices in dump sites in Ogun State, Nigeria. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 60 waste pickers recruited by multistage sampling technique divided into intervention and control groups. There was a baseline assessment of waste handling practices in both the intervention and control groups using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Thereafter, health risk reduction training was given via lectures and demonstrations. Three months after the intervention, another assessment of the same waste pickers was conducted with the same instrument. Waste handling practices and knowledge responses were measured on a 54-point rating scale and a 17-point rating scale respectively. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23 to generate descriptive and inferential results. Results: At the baseline, the waste pickers in the control group had a mean waste handling score of 17.80±6.89 while the experimental group had a mean score of 17.97±5.47. After the training program, there was a statistically significant increase in the mean waste handling score of the experimental group (47.30±3.28; p = 0.000) while there was no increase in the mean waste handling score of the control group (17.80±6.89). This significant increase in the mean waste handling score of the experimental group (53.83±0.38; p = 0.000) was also observed in a 3 month follow-up period. Conclusion/Recommendation: The health risk reduction training was effective in improving the waste handling practices of waste pickers. It is recommended that waste pickers should be trained on proper waste handling by the government.

A Review: Effects of air, water and land dumpsite on human health and analytical methods for determination of pollutants

Environment pollutants are found here and there in developing countries and these contaminations affect the environment adversely. A few remediation of pollution which includes incineration which is the waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste material, the waste handling practices, the recycling resource recovery, the avoidance and reduction methods, the adsorption based on nanotechnology and the bioremediation technology which appears as a cost-effective and environmental friendly approach for cleanup. Recently researches shows that various chemicals (VOCs, BTEX, heavy metals) that might be delivered into the air or water can cause unfriendly health effects which was analyzed based on sample treatments (solid phase extraction: SPE, the liquid-liquid microextraction: LLME, the magnetic solid phase extraction: MSPE) and instruments such as ET-AAS, F-AAS and GC-FID methods. The related weight of disease can be substantial, and interest in research on health effects and intervention in explicit populations and openness circumstances is significant for the development of control systems. Pollution control and determination is thusly a significant segment of disease control, and health experts and analytical chemistry specialists need to foster associations with different areas to recognize and carry out need interventions.

Food Hygienic Practices and Safety Measures among Street Food Vendors in Zanzibar Urban District

The purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional survey study was to assess the hygiene and safety precautions implemented by street food vendors in the Urban district of Zanzibar. The study involved 265 food vendors with immobile food vending sites. An organized researcher-executed questionnaire developed based on World Health Organization essential requirement for the safety of street-vended foods was used in data collection and complemented with observation. Data on environmental hygiene of the surveyed vending sites indicated that <50% of the sites had both washbasin and soap in place and only 50.2% and 42.6% vending sites had waste bin and/or refuse sites respectively. Adherence to safe food handling practices were reflected in adequate protection of food from flies and dust (40.8%), cold storage of food (28.3%), saving food hot or reheating before sale (35.1%), dishing out food with spoon/ladle (53%) and food covering (57.4%). Hygienic and sanitary practices among food vendors demonstrated the following levels of adherence: washing hands with soap after toilet use (always 33.2%, sometimes 46.8%), washing hands with soap prior to preparing food (always 63%, sometimes 34%), keeping clean fingernail (98.5%), protection of hair (33.6%) and use of apron (29%). The results indicate poor environmental sanitation and waste handling practices, moderate adherence to food handling practices, safety measures and hygiene. Based on the results it is suggested that food safety and hygiene training should be a prior condition for starting a food-vending venture and be complemented with regular monitoring.

Implications of Improper Sewage Management on Public Health: A Case Study of Kosofe Local Government Area, Lagos State

Sewage management and its implications on public health remain one of the major challenges of urbanisation faced by developing countries such as Nigeria. As a member of the United Nations (UN), Nigeria is actively involved in ensuring achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially those that have direct impact on human health and liveability of dwellings in urban and periurban settlements. The sanitary state of an area is largely influenced by the waste handling practices of residents and involves measures for safe waste evacuation and disposal. This study examined sewage management in the low-income settlement of Agboyi-Ketu, Lagos State. In the sampling area, 21 streets were selected using a stratified sampling technique while 105 buildings were chosen via systematic sampling, after which copies of an interview-administered questionnaire were distributed to respondents. It was found that most of the buildings erected close to the nearby water body did not have septic tanks but had either a pit toilet or a non-functional water closet. Some residents openly defecated into the nearby stream and a number of households with septic tanks disposed their sewage in the stream through sewer pipes, thereby polluting the water. Microbiological analyses were carried out on water samples collected from the area (ground water and surface water) to ascertain their level of potability. It was observed that the underground water and surface water samples were highly contaminated with enteric microorganisms such as E.coli, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp and Saccharomyces spp, thus making such water unfit for drinking. The study therefore suggests that more efforts should be made to ensure proper sewage disposal in the area to reduce the negative environmental health impacts for which the majority of residents are responsible. If the situation is addressed, then SDG 3 will be attained, i.e., to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. There will be a reduction in the spread of infectious and communicable waterborne diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, hepatitis A, leptospirosis, and typhoid fever. It is also expected that by 2030, SDG 11—making cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable—will be achieved, thereby reducing the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities by paying special attention to municipal and other forms of waste management in cities such as Lagos.

Temporal and spatial trends of conventional and unconventional oil and gas waste management in Pennsylvania, 1991–2017

The significant development of oil and gas from the Marcellus Shale and other geological formations in Pennsylvania over the last decade has generated large volumes of liquid and solid waste. In this paper we use data reported to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) to examine temporal and spatial trends in generation and management of liquid and solid waste from both conventional and unconventional oil and gas activities in Pennsylvania between 1991 and 2017. While previous assessments have examined this waste inventory in part, no complete assessment of waste quantity, waste types, waste handling practices, and spatial waste tracking has been undertaken using all currently available years of Pennsylvania oil and gas waste data. In 2017 more than half of oil and gas wastewater by volume was reused at well pads to facilitate more hydrocarbon production while the majority of solid waste by volume was disposed of at in-state landfills. The spatial resolution of wastewater generation and handling from unconventional operations has improved substantially with recent regulations and reporting requirements; however, conventional oil and gas development was not held to more stringent reporting requirements and thus spatially-explicit data on wastewater generation and handling from conventional oil and gas development is still lacking. In addition, a third of the liquid waste across all years in the inventory lack a reported final destination. Spatially explicit cradle-to-grave reporting of waste generation and waste handling from both conventional and unconventional oil and gas development is critical to assess potential environmental and human health hazards and risks associated with oil and gas development.

Waste Handling Practices and Values of University Student

Waste Handling Practices and Values of University Student

Dynamic Bayesian Network-Based Risk Assessment for Arctic Offshore Drilling Waste Handling Practices

The increased complexity of Arctic offshore drilling waste handling facilities, coupled with stringent regulatory requirements such as zero “hazardous” discharge, calls for rigorous risk management practices. To assess and quantify risks from offshore drilling waste handling practices, a number of methods and models are developed. Most of the conventional risk assessment approaches are, however, broad, holistic, practical guides or roadmaps developed for off-the-shelf systems, for non-Arctic offshore operations. To avoid the inadequacies of traditional risk assessment approaches and to manage the major risk elements connected with the handling of drilling waste, this paper proposes a risk assessment methodology for Arctic offshore drilling waste handling practices based on the dynamic Bayesian network (DBN). The proposed risk methodology combines prior operating environment information with actual observed data from weather forecasting to predict the future potential hazards and/or risks. The methodology continuously updates the potential risks based on the current risk influencing factors (RIF) such as snowstorms, and atmospheric and sea spray icing information. The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by a drilling waste handling scenario case study for an oil field development project in the Barents Sea, Norway. The case study results show that the risk of undesirable events in the Arctic is 4.2 times more likely to be high (unacceptable) environmental risk than the risk of events in the North Sea. Further, the Arctic environment has the potential to cause high rates of waste handling system failure; these are between 50 and 85%, depending on the type of system and operating season.

Risk-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Waste Handling Practices in the Arctic Drilling Operation

As oil and gas companies in the Arctic attempt to maximize the value of each project and optimize their portfolio of investment opportunities, it has become vital to evaluate drilling waste handling practices for their cost-effectiveness in order to support strategic decisions. Identifying cost-effective waste handling practices, which have a minimal environmental footprint, however, is one of the biggest challenges for Arctic offshore industries. The cost and potential risks of drilling waste handling practices in the Arctic offshore operation will differ vastly, depending on the operating environment such as the ice conditions and negative sea temperature. However, in the majority of the available cost-effectiveness and risk analysis literature, the influence of the operating environment on the cost and risk profile has received less attention. Hence, the aim of this paper is to propose a methodology for risk-based cost-effectiveness analysis (RB–CEA) of drilling waste handling practices by considering the complex and fast-changing nature of the Arctic. The central thrust of this paper is to highlight the fact that comparing different alternatives based on the cost elements alone is misleading. The proposed methodology uses risk assessment as a key component for the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by a case study of the drilling waste handling practices of an oil field in the Barents Sea. The case study results demonstrate that the operating environment causes costs to be between 1.18 and 1.52 times greater, depending on the type of practices and operating season, in the Arctic offshore compared with the North Sea. Further, the risk of undesirable events is between 1.48 and 2.60 times greater during waste handling activities under Arctic operational conditions.

A methodology for identification of a suitable drilling waste handling system in the Arctic region

As the demands to reduce the environmental impact of oil and gas operations increase in the Arctic region, the need to identify suitable waste handling systems becomes more essential. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology for identifying a suitable drilling waste handling system, by considering the distinctive operating conditions of the Arctic region. The proposed methodology can help the user to explore and assess waste minimisation, handling, treatment, and disposal techniques for Arctic drilling that fit a wide range of operating requirements and needs. By making use of the proposed methodology, a suitable waste handling system that ensures sustainability and fulfils health, safety, and environmental (HSE) standards can be recommended. The application of the methodology is demonstrated by a case study of drilling waste handling practices in the Johan Castberg oil and gas field, located in the Barents Sea.

An Evaluation of Slaughterhouse Wastes in South-West Nigeria

This study was carried out at ten randomly selected slaughterhouses situated in Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria. The aim was to evaluate the current waste generation and waste handling practices while exploring the possibility of reducing to the barest minimum the percentage of live weight cow that is considered as waste. This was achieved through questionnaire application, live interviews, literature review and physical inspection. It was shown that just 5 % of the total slaughtered animal weight, arising from bovine blood, dung and undigested paunch contents, coupled with the large volume of water required to wash off this small percentage of animal parts constituted the greatest proportion of environmental problems associated with slaughterhouse operations. Ways through which these waste materials could be converted into wealth, thereby relieving the environment from their harmful effects were suggested.

Public Health Implication Of Household Solid Waste Management In Awka South East Nigeria.

Background: Solid waste management remains one of the major challenges of urbanization faced by developing countries. The sanitary state of an area is largely influenced by the waste handling practices of the residents and the measures in place for safe waste evacuation and disposal. Objective: This study was aimed at examining the waste handling practices among households in Awka, an urban area in south eastern Nigeria. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive study. A total of 200 households were selected using a multi-staged random sampling technique and information was obtained from them using an interview-administered questionnaire. The data obtained was analyzed and relevant proportions calculated. Results: The bulk of the solid waste generated consisted of putrescible matter and cellophane bags. 170 (85%) of the households stored their waste in a closed container outside the house. 73% of the respondents disposed their waste through the inefficient government waste management agency, 27% dumped theirs in unauthorized areas and the remainder patronized private mobile cart pushers. Majority of the respondents (87.5%) did not sort their waste prior to disposal. Despite very good knowledge of waste recycling (95%), only 35 households (17.5%) practiced it. More than half of the respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the level of government involvement in waste management and wished it could do more. Conclusion: There is a need for greater government involvement, community participation and orientation with private sector involvement in waste management in Awka with a view to building capacity for effective delivery of waste management services and ultimately improve the sanitary state of the city thereby reducing preventable disease burden on the populace.

Waste-handling practices at red meat abattoirs in South Africa

Abattoir waste disposal must be carefully managed because the wastes can be a source of food-borne diseases (Nemerow & Dasgupta Industrial and Hazardous Waste Treatment, p. 284, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1991; Bradshaw et al. The Treatment and Handling of Wastes, p. 183, The Royal Society, Chapman & Hall, London, 1992). Disposal of food that has been condemned because it is known to be diseased is of particular concern, and this paper looks at current disposal methods for such waste in the light of new scientific developments and waste-management strategies. Questionnaires were presented to management and workers at low- and high-throughput red meat abattoirs in the Free State Province, South Africa to determine current waste-handling procedures for condemned products. The waste-handling practices, almost without exception, did not fully comply with the requirements of the South African Red Meat Regulations of 2004, framed under the Meat Safety Act (Act 40 of 2000). The survey highlighted the need to improve current waste-handling strategies to prevent condemned products from re-entering the food chain and contributing to environmental pollution.

Waste handling model and practices used at red meat abattoirs in the Free State province, South Africa

Despite legislation governing the handling of red meat abattoirs waste in South Africa, irregularities still occur. Economic conditions in South Africa force under-privileged communities to scavenge on landfill sites, dumping grounds and abattoir disposal sites. Condemned products/carcasses are eaten by scavengers which could lead to significant health problems, disease and death. The waste products generated and the waste disposal strategies used was determined. A condemned product waste handling model was developed, causing minimum environmental pollution, reducing health risks and adding value to these products. Waste handling practices of 78 red meat abattoirs were determined by administering questionnaires and site visits. Most condemned products were buried/burned whereas most blood was disposed of into municipal drainage systems with the waste water. Limited by-product processing, denaturing and incineration took place. Minimal amounts of stomach contents and manure were utilized as compost but were mostly dumped on municipal landfill sites or farm land.

Comparison of two simulation methodologies in modeling construction systems: Manufacturing-oriented PROMODEL vs. construction-oriented SDESA

To facilitate the practice improvement by use of simulation tools in construction, the present research generalizes the main characteristics that differentiate a construction system from a manufacturing system in light of simulation modeling. The PROMODEL simulation platform which is influential and popular in manufacturing is chosen for (1) validating the newly developed construction simulation platform called SDESA (the Simplified Discrete-Event Simulation Approach); and (2) identifying the differences between manufacturing and construction simulations by applying PROMODEL alongside SDESA to typical construction systems. In modeling a simple earth-moving operation and a real site operation integrating concreting and waste handling practices, the validity of SDESA is cross checked by the established PROMODEL and SDESA is found to be more flexible and straightforward in addressing construction systems in terms of (1) representing vehicle-loop work flows, (2) modeling resource transit times between various locations on site, (3) deriving resource utilization rates, and (4) learning efforts and application time requirements. The comparisons made can be taken as guidance for helping construction practitioners (1) to distinguish the modeling needs between construction and manufacturing simulations and (2) to select the suitable simulation tools for practice improvement.

Plutonium on the Move

CHEMISTRY Several tons of plutonium have been released into the biosphere since 1941 through nuclear testing, accidental release, and inadequate waste-handling practices. Plutonium likely enters soils as Pu(IV) hydroxides and oxides, which have low solubility and adsorb strongly to mineral surfaces. Therefore, environmental migration is generally believed to be low (but see Haschke et al. , Reports, 14 January, p. [285][1]). Neu et al. have determined the structure of a siderophore (a small biomolecule that enables microorganisms to chelate and sequester environmental iron) in a nine-coordinate complex with Pu(IV). Formation of this complex demonstrates that the siderophore, desferrioxamine E, is sufficiently flexible to bind a metal center that is much larger than Fe(III). Siderophores such as this one may lead to greater groundwater contamination with plutonium, although bacterial uptake has not yet been demonstrated.— JU Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 , 1442 (2000). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.287.5451.285

An analysis of proposed U.S. Navy Shipborne waste handling practices to address MARPOL Annex V provisions

In 1987, the United States ratified Annex V of the MARPOL Protocol. Under the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 (P.L. 100–220), the U.S. Navy was ordered to observe the MARPOL Annex V provisions for solid waste disposal at sea by 1994. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (P.L. 103–160), however, allows some U.S. Navy vessels until December 31, 2008 to comply. In accordance with Annex V, disposal of any solid waste is to be prohibited in designated Special Areas—the Antarctic Sea, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Wider Caribbean Region (which includes the Gulf of Mexico), Mediterranean Sea, Middle Eastern Gulfs Area (which includes the Persian Gulf), North Sea, and Red Sea. The U.S. Navy is considering new waste‐handling procedures in the hope that overboard discharge of nonhazardous solid wastes will meet the primary objectives of Annex V and, in particular, will be acceptable in the Special Areas. This plan would require a continued exemption for the U.S. Navy from Annex V guidelines pertaining to Special Areas. In a broader context, analysis of the U.S. Navy plan raises some questions regarding some of the technical provisions of Annex V. Some existing technological restrictions may limit overall environmental benefits.

Impact of repackaging hazardous (infectious) hospital waste on the indoor air quality of a hospital

With landfill bans on the disposal of hazardous (infectious) hospital wastes, many hospitals in the United States are faced with selecting alternative means of disposal. One alternative method of disposal is to repackage the waste and ship it off site for incineration. This paper reports on a study in which airborne bacteria were sampled in an area where waste was repackaged. Results of the sampling showed bacteria concentrations ranging from not detectable (central supply room) to 105 colonies/m3 air (∼40 feet from the incinerator room door). This would seem to indicate that the source of the bacteria was at or near the incinerator room door where the repackaging operation took place. Although some human pathogens were identified, most of the bacteria identified do not represent a serious health threat. However, Staphyloccus aureus was found in air samples collected from locations in the hospital served by the same ventilation system in the area of the repacking operation. The waste handling practices used in hospitals need to be reevaluated aand the definition of ‘sick building syndrome’ needs to be expanded beyond chemicals to include microorganisms. More research is needed to characterize bacteria in air and to determine the impact of airborne bacteria on human health.

Hazardous waste minimization handbook

This book, designed to assist industrial engineers and managers in making changes in purchasing, manufacturing, and waste handling practices to reduce the costs and liabilities of waste disposal, begins by defining waste minimization in the first two chapters. A description of the economic and regulatory incentives a company has for setting up a waste minimization program follows, and unsuccessful projects are related. Based on these experiences, a method is outlined for companies to use to establish a waste minimization program and implement individual projects.