Use Of Waste Research Articles

Thermal, acoustic, and fire performance characterization of textile face mask waste for use as low-cost building insulation material

Environmental issues are becoming increasingly important, and researchers are developing new technologies and models to reduce environmental impact. The circular economy is a production and consumption model that involves sharing, borrowing, reusing, repairing, reconditioning and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible. This study focuses on the concept of reuse and, specifically, how to reduce waste generated by pandemics through recycling and reusing facemasks made of polyamide fabric. Facemasks can be reused to refurbish buildings in low-income contexts. To assess the reutilization potential of recycled bulk polyamide fiber, thermal, acoustic, and fire performance properties were assessed experimentally. The results show that they are comparable to commercial insulation materials such as glass wool and mineral wool in terms of thermal conductivity, while also demonstrating good sound absorption performance at medium and high frequencies (greater thickness and density will increase the amount of insulation and sound absorption). The material's fire performance is similar to that of other synthetic insulation materials, such as EPS. However, the performance is worse than for common organic insulation materials, such as cellulose. Finally, a low-cost, self-portable insulation panel concept designed for indoor installation was tested for material performance. Considering these properties, this solution may represent a significant opportunity to enhance thermal and acoustic comfort in vulnerable energy-poor households, bringing clear environmental benefits and positive social implications.

Development of porous glass-ceramic using silica sand for wall tiles application

The objective of this study was to create porous glass–ceramic from natural silica sources and industrial waste for use as wall tiles. The silica sand and soda lime glass waste were milled and sieved separately before being mixed in the appropriate ratios with a foaming agent (PCC). The mixed sample was then pressed into a button shape and sintered at different temperatures. The samples were characterized using universal testing machine for mechanical analysis and XRD for phase analysis. The results found that modulus of rupture (MOR) and density decrease while water absorption and porosity increased as sintering temperature increase. It was indicated that it already achieves the minimum requirement of ISO 13006 standard in term of MOR at sintering temperature 800 °C to produce porous glass–ceramic for wall tiles.

Behavior of geomaterial composite using sugar cane bagasse ash under compressive and flexural loading

The sugar industry produces a huge quantity of sugar cane bagasse ash in India. Dumping massive quantities of waste in a non-eco-friendly manner is a key concern for developing nations. The main focus of this study is the development of a sustainable geomaterial composite with higher strength capabilities (compressive and flexural). To develop this composite, sugarcane bagasse ash (SA), glass fiber (GF), and blast furnace slag (BF) are used. Ash generated from burning sugar cane in the sugar industry is known as sugar cane bagasse. To check the suitability of this secondary waste for use in civil engineering and to minimize risk to the environment in the development of sustainable growth, a sequence of compressive and flexural strength tests was performed on materials prepared using sugar cane bagasse ash (SA) reinforced by glass fiber (GF) in combination with blast furnace slag (BF) and cement (CEM). The effects of the mix ratios of glass fiber to bagasse ash (0.2%–1.2%), blast furnace slag to the weight of bagasse ash (10%), cement binding to bagasse ash (10%–20%), and water to sugar cane bagasse ash (55%) regarding the flexural strength, compressive strength, density, tangent modulus, stress–strain pattern, and load–deflection curve of the prepared materials were studied. According to the findings, compressive strength achieved a maximum strength of 1055.5 kPa and ranged from 120 to 1055.5 kPa, and the flexural strength achieved a maximum strength of 217 kPa and ranged from 80.1 to 217 kPa at different mix ratio percentages. The value of the initial tangent modulus for the cube specimens ranged between 96 and 636 MPa. For compression specimens with 20% cement, the density decreased from 1320.1 to 1265 kg/m3, and the flexural strength decreased from 1318 to 1259.6 kg/m3. With limitation in lower percentages of C/SA, the specimen cannot sustain its shape even after curing period. In comparing the previous research with the present experimental work, it was observed that the material proposed here is lightweight and can be utilised as a filler substance in weak compressible soils to improve their load-bearing capacity.

Lignocellulosic Biomass as Agricultural Bioresource and Input to the Circular Economy

Given the global economic issues and environmental pollution, there is a growing interest in research addressing the use of biomasses resulting from agricultural production. One main category of biomass components is lignin, the use of plant waste in the pulp industry being one of the ways in avoiding additional deforestation by suppling inputs for the paper industry. The implementation of a strategy for capitalizing the potential of renewable sources, as, but not limited to, paper production, provides the appropriate framework for decision on renewable alternatives and inclusion in the acquis domains in Romania. The present study analyzed the potential use of waste obtained from field crops, mainly annual, as wheat, sunflower, maize, soy, rape, rye, barley, sorghum, rice, to produce paper. Biomass/waste from field crops is a promising source for paper, primarily because it is renewable and has the potential to exploit over 7 million hectares of arable land, with annual use. The diversity of pedoclimatic conditions in Romania makes possible the cultivation of a wider range of species and, within them, a multitude of varieties and hybrids, with variable amounts of lignocellulosic agricultural waste. In addition, accidental years as 2022, the year with the worst drought in Europe in the last 500 years, reshaped the need of valorizing any available biomass, regardless of the production of the main crop. Our calculations show that for a paper containing 28% of renewable cellulose, with the wheat straws collected from Romania in 2019, 9633.31 thousand tons of paper would have been obtained, with an average per hectare of 2786.62 kg of paper. Our analysis shows the opportunity of using lignocellulosic agricultural waste for use as a raw material for paper production. A throughout analysis is needed in the context of extreme droughts experienced recently, to show which valorization of by-products is the most economically justified.

Synthesis and characterization of KF/waste glass catalyst for use in the transesterification process under pressurized conditions

The use of heterogeneous catalysts can make the transesterification process under pressurized conditions even more viable due to the possibility of minimizing the operation temperature. In this sense, the objective of this work was to determine an optimal synthesis condition of a catalyst based on KF and glass waste for use in transesterification under pressurized media in continuous reactor. A central composite rotational design was used with a mass ratio of potassium fluoride/waste glass particles (KF/WGP) and calcination temperature (CT) as factors and ethyl ester content and potassium leaching as the response variable. Transesterification reactions were performed at 275 °C, 20 MPa and mass ratio of soybean oil/ethanol of 1:1. The optimal synthesis condition of the catalyst was identified (KF/WGP = 50%, CT = 500 °C) wherein a content of 69% of ethyl esters and 8% potassium leaching were achieved. It was observed that the chemical treatment of waste glass with KF leads to the formation of compounds such KCaF3, K2O, and K2CO3 on its surface, which resulted in increased basicity and basic strength of the catalyst. These results indicated that the KF/WGP catalyst has the potential to produce esters in continuous flow under pressurized conditions.

Production of Biohydrogen from Organ-Containing Waste for Use in Fuel Cells

The production of low-carbon hydrogen based on renewable energy sources is considered a promising direction in the development of the modern world economy. The purpose of the presented research is to develop technologies and study the processes of converting biogases into hydrogen, as well as its use in low-temperature fuel cells. The methodology for organizing a multi-stage laboratory experiment for obtaining biogas, its purification from impurities and, in the future, the production of biohydrogen was developed based on field studies in Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. The results of modeling studies have shown that during biogas reforming, it is possible to obtain a hydrogen mixture with a hydrogen content of 98% vol and methane 2% vol. Based on the results of the research, the possibility of using the significant potential of “weak” biogas containing methane 30–45% vol to produce biohydrogen (more than 93% vol) was proved. A technique for using biohydrogen in low-temperature fuel cells for energy generation has been substantiated and tested.

Porous Activated Carbons Derived from Coffee Waste for Use as Functional Separators in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

A novel approach has been proposed for improving the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) with a carbon-based material as an interlayer between the cathode and separator. With this method, the cross-over of lithium polysulfides (LiPS) to the anode is suppressed, increasing reutilization of the sulfur cathode. In this study, activated carbons (ACs) were prepared using coffee waste as a carbon source and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activation agent at various reaction temperatures ranging from 500 to 800 °C. With the rise in heating temperature, the specific surface areas, micro-surface areas, and micro-pore volumes of the AC samples gradually increased. In particular, the AC sample prepared at 800 °C and used as a functional separator for LSB exhibited improved capacity and cycling performance while suppressing the LiPS shuttle effect.

PENGOLAHAN BONGGOL JAGUNG SEBAGAI MEDIA TANAM JAMUR JANGGEL DI DESA KURIPAN UTARA KECAMATAN KURIPAN KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

Kuripan Utara is one of the villages in Kuripan sub-district, West Lombok regency, West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. Leading potential in the Kuripan Utara Village is agriculture. The obstacle faced by the community is the lack of awareness about the management of agricultural waste products, one of which is corncobs waste. Alternative solutions can be done to hold socialization of making mushrooms from corncobs media. The method used is the preparation of socialization programs and training in making mushroom growing media from corncobs. The results of this community empowerment program are providing information, knowledge, and training to the Kuripan Utara community on how to treat agricultural waste such as corncobs. Like a mushroom growing media, Corncobs can be used as raw material to make innovative food products that can increase agricultural waste's use and economic value.

Utilization of Waste Mixed Pangasius Fish Fillet and Pineapple Core to Produce Peptone for Lactic Acid Bacteria Growth Media

Over the last few decades, the quantum of research on probiotic strains has increased rapidly in most regions of the world. The use of probiotics in animal production and human nutrition can solve many problems caused by inadequate antibiotic treatment, growth promoters, disease prevention, and improved management. Market demand for probiotics is increasing worldwide, including Indonesia, where these are mainly imported. This situation renders peptone as a media component for isolation and identification of probiotics or as a media for testing bacteria in microbiological work. Pangasius fillet waste (P) and pineapple core (C) are agro-industrial wastes used as raw materials for peptone production. The purpose of this study was to see how the ratio of P to C affects the output of peptone from agro-industrial wastes for use as a component of laboratory media for the growth of microorganisms. Protein P hydrolysis was carried out directly by mixing C in various ratios (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) with different incubation times (T), 1 day (T1), 2 days (T2), and 3 days (T3). The P: C ratio of 3:1 with an incubation time of one day (T1) was the best for peptone production, with a yield of 42.88±2.66%, the protein content of 5.68±0.13%, degree of hydrolysis of 90.16±2.28%, and 15 amino acids. The effects of commercial and modified MRS broth media containing peptone on LAB growth were non-significantly different, with an average total LAB of 9.084-9.128 log CFU/mL. In conclusion, peptone extracted from P using crude bromelain from C can be used as a nitrogen source to formulate MRS broth for LAB growth.

Fe@Fe2O3-loaded biochar as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for organic pollutants removal.

With increased demand for various chemical raw materials, sudden pollution incidents are more prone to occur during their transportation and usage, threatening the environment and human health. In this study, discarded tea stalks were recycled into composite materials (FSC-X00: X represents the calcination temperature) by impregnating tea stalks in Fe2+ solution combined with subsequent calcination. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) patterns verified the existence of Fe0 and Fe2O3, and Fe2O3 was gradually reduced to Fe0 when the calcination temperature was raised from 700 °C to 900 °C. FSC-X00 was adopted as a heterogeneous catalyst for activating H2O2 to quickly degrade phenol in the water system. The degradation experiments indicated that FSC-600 exhibited superior degradation performance for phenol (20 mg/L) within 5 min and 80% total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate at pH = 3 within 30 min. The effects of the calcination temperature, the pH value and the amount of H2O2 on the degradation efficiency were investigated. Competing experiments showed that fulvic acid (FA) and inorganic salts Na+ had little effect on the degradation performance. The FSC-600 catalyst can be reused by thermal reduction. In addition, it was found that FSC-600 has a good degradation effect on ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR) and enrofloxacin (ENR), indicating that FSC-600 catalysts are a promising candidate for quick degradation of organic pollutants by Fenton reaction. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra analysis indicated that •OH is the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) and part 1O2 from O2 also participated in the degradation. This study provides an example of creating catalysts from organic solid waste for use in emergency treatment for phenol.

Development of infusion tea formulations with food wastes: Evaluation of temperature and time effects on quality parameters

The study aimed to investigate the suitability of some food wastes for use in the production of herbal tea and to reveal their properties in terms of bioactive component content, some physical properties and sensory quality. Three new blends consisting of banana, pomegranate, mandarin, eggplant and red onion peels, walnut shell, cherry stalk and corn tassel were infused at different temperatures (70 and 100 °C) and time (3, 4 and 5 min). Corn tassel tea, which has a high phenolic component content (677.7 mg GAE/L), received less sensory acceptance due to its bitter aftertaste. Therefore, walnut shell tea containing moderate phenolic content was the most preferred tea blend. Significant effects of different infusion temperatures and times on the color indices of teas were also demonstrated. The sensory properties of samples infused for 3 min were more acceptable. The highest correlation coefficients were calculated between total phenolic compounds and subjective odor parameters. Utilization of mandarin, pomegranate, banana, eggplant and red onion peels, walnut shell, corn tassel and cherry stalk in formulating a functional and an alternative food product can be attractive to consumers and industrial producers due to their affordability and high bioactivity.

Sustainable solution to low-cost alternative abrasive from electric ceramic insulator waste for use in abrasive water jet machining

Increasing demand and resource overuse has prompted the exploration of spent secondary materials as a primary raw material for a variety of applications, leading to a more sustainable environment. Spent electric grid ceramic insulator, one of the waste materials of ceramic industry, has a good hardness and strength. It can be reused as value-added material in the Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) industry. The present work deals with the generation of cost-effective replacement material for abrasive water jet machining from electric insulator rejects (EIR). Mechanical crushing method is opted to generate the abrasive grit for the machining process. Grit generation pattern and the friability of the electric insulator rejects were determined experimentally. The results indicate that the friability of the processed electric insulator rejects is comparable with the commercially available garnet abrasive. Geometric parameters such as sphericity, elongation ratio, and shape factor for the processed electric insulator rejects were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The machining performance indicators for standard aluminium material such as volume of material removal, kerf angle, surface roughness, and cutting width were measured for electric insulator rejects and compared with existing garnet abrasive grain. The experimental results of the newly generated electric insulator reject abrasive were compared with the performance indicators of the garnet abrasive. The observed deviation was lower proving that it can be used as an alternative abrasive in the abrasive jet machining process. Cost analysis and recycling ability predict the economical usability of the newly generated abrasives.

Dried orange juice waste as a source of bioactive compounds

PurposeThe waste generated in the process of obtaining orange juice (J) may be used as a natural source of bioactive compounds, thus contributing to the profitability and sustainability of the process. To offer orange J as a dried matter would contribute to the integral valorisation of the J waste and also may expand the field of application.Design/methodology/approachTo find out whether the JW matrix protects the bioactive compounds, the study compares the behaviour of the extracts of the compounds against drying with that resulting from drying the JW for further extraction. Dehydration was carried out at 25 or 50 C and gum Arabic (GA) and bamboo fibre (BF) were used as stabilising biopolymers (Bp). Vitamin C (VC) (L-ascorbic and L-dehydroascorbic acids [AA and DHAA, respectively]) and hesperidin (HES) were analysed before and after the drying.FindingsThe results suggest that to dry the JW gives a higher yield of bioactive compounds, which are also more stable, than when the extract is dried. Furthermore, both the higher temperature and the presence of the Bp favour the extraction of both VC and HES. In this way, all the waste from the orange J-processing industries is converted into a high-value product to be used for cosmeceutical or nutraceutical purposes and also as an ingredient for human food.Social implicationsThe utilisation of organic waste for use in human food, but also in other sectors, is part of the new economic model that aims to do away with the concept of waste as people know it, focussing on a new paradigm in which each resource is a nutrient for nature, industry or society.Originality/valueThe results suggest that to dry the waste gives a higher yield of bioactive compounds, which are also more stable, than when the extract is dried. Furthermore, both the higher temperature and the presence of the Bp favour the extraction of both VC and HES. In that way, all the waste from the orange J-processing industries are converted into a high-value product to be used for cosmeceutical or nutraceutical purposes and also as an ingredient for human food.

Use of Mineral Waste of Industrial Enterprises in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation

The work considers the problems of the mining industry in the sphere of mining and processing waste formation and use by industrial enterprises in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of the work are the annual reports of enterprises, official documents and scientific publications. In result it was determined that the dynamics and efficiency of waste use by companies differ both in quantitative indicators and in the constancy of growth dynamics and the current situation is characterized by low market motivation and lack of incentives. Proposals to increase the involvement of industrial waste in economic circulation and processing was developed. It was established that it is necessary to involve industrial waste in use because of its potentially valuable consumer properties, to develop and implement low-waste technologies in cooperation with scientific organizations, and to increase the transfer of waste to other organizations as resources for the production of products.

Bioprocessing post‐consumer food waste for use as a fish feed ingredient

Post-consumer food waste (FW) is a sustainable source of nutrients that could be used as aquafeed ingredient to decrease aquaculture production expenses. However, FW has a relatively low protein content. Bioprocessing can help improve the nutritional composition of FW prior to using it in aquafeed. The present study assessed the potential benefits of substituting part of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets with yeast-fermented oil-extracted FW (FWY). Seven isonitrogenous diets (34% crude protein) were prepared, replacing the standard formulation with 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40% FWY. Juvenile O. niloticus (11.07 ± 0.01 g) were size sorted and stocked into 21 tanks. Each diet was randomly assigned to three replicate tanks, and fish were offered their respective diets for 6 weeks. Results suggest that up to 30% of Nile tilapia feed can be substituted with FWY without significant effect on final body weights and lengths, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices, body moisture, protein and lipid content of fish. Using an inexpensive ingredient such as FWY to replace 30% of traditional aquafeed ingredients is a promising approach towards decreasing aquaculture production cost without compromising fish growth and welfare.

Physicochemical characterization of ash from hazardous waste for use in civil construction

RESUMO Ações para tratamento, reutilização e destinação adequada de resíduos perigosos (RP), a exemplo dos gerados em serviços de saúde, atividades agrossilvopastoris e oficinas mecânicas ganham importância, observando que o descarte inadequado pode ocasionar problemas ambientais. Algumas pesquisas têm apontado uso das cinzas oriundas de RP, em substituição parcial do cimento Portland ou como agregado miúdo em matrizes cimentícias, conforme as propriedades dos materiais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar as características físicas, químicas e mineralógicas das cinzas geradas em uma incineradora de RP situada no estado da Bahia/Brasil, sendo essas submetidas aos ensaios de caracterização, tanto in natura quanto após etapa de calcinação à 1000 °C, denominadas de cinza pesada (CP) e cinza calcinada (CC), respectivamente. Determinou-se a distribuição granulométrica, perda ao fogo, propriedades térmicas, composição química, morfologia, carbono orgânico total e reatividade, sendo as amostras classificadas pela norma da ABNT NBR 12653/2014. Os resultados obtidos indicam significativas diferenças entre os materiais analisados, nos aspectos físicos, químicos e mineralógicos. O uso das técnicas e métodos possibilitou classificar as amostras estudadas de forma que não atendem os requisitos mínimos normativos, entretanto, não é possível descartar a utilização das CC em matrizes cimentícias.

EFFICIENT AND ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLID WASTE USING WINDROW COMPOSTING TECHNIQUE AND EFFECT OF SEWAGE AS ADDITIVE ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSTS

Solid waste management is a crucial issue in developing countries due to large amounts of waste being generated from different sources. Aerobic windrow composting of various wastes was carried out to create compost from various wastes for use as a nutritious soil fertilizer and to optimize waste material by employing sewage as an addition to minimize composting time and improve soil nutritional value. Four composting windrows were formed with three different types of wastes i.e. first windrow was animal waste + garden waste treated by sewage water, second windrow was food waste + garden waste treated by sewage water, third windrow was mixture of wastes treated by sewage water, and the last windrow was also mixture of wastes but treated by tap water. The compost of mixture of wastes treated by sewage water was found better than the other three windrows as having pH 8.69, Organic Content 59.25%, Moisture Content 28.09%, Carbon 27.85%, Nitrogen 0.66%, C/N ratio 42.2, Phosphorous 1.4% and Potassium 0.84%. If composting of mixture of wastes like animal waste, food waste and garden waste treated with sewage water is carried out, then it will give better results and also reduce the composting period by 30%.

Identification of Glass Powders and Sands from the Crushing of Glass Waste from the City of Lomé in Togo

The sustainability of a city depends on the effective and efficient management of its solid waste. Waste recycling channels mainly process glass bottles for direct reuse. Some of these sectors carry out the crushing and grinding of end-of-life glass waste for use in civil engineering without the identification in terms of building materials being clearly established. The present study therefore aims to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of glass powders and sands resulting from the crushing and grinding of glass waste from Grand Lomé in Togo in order to consider their granular potential. Samples of sand and glass powder from the crushing and grinding of white, brown and green glass were subjected to characterization tests in the laboratory followed by analysis of the granular parameters and their modeling by Weibull’s law. The results show that the powder and the glass sand contain a high proportion of silica (SiO2) ranging from 69.11% to 70.18% and a low proportion of alumina (Al2O3) (less than 0.07) and iron (Fe2O3) (lower to 1.09). These three materials have tight and male graded grain sizes (Cu Cc omogeneous (k dab Mf 2.1) make these materials probable aggregates for plaster and coating mortars. Nevertheless, an in-depth study will be made to determine a suitable formula.

Why Agricultural Tools Work in Theory But Aren’t Adopted in Practice: A Grounded Theory Approach to ICT in Ghana and Kenya

Organic fertilisers could contribute to addressing the issues of declining soil fertility, food security and waste management by recycling human waste for use in sub-Saharan Africa. The variable nutrient content of such products can make targetted application more difficult than in chemical fertilisers. One solution to this could be the use of in-field soil testing and information, particularly with the expansion of mobile technology. This research investigated the role of information and soil testing in 43 farmers using human waste derived fertilisers in Kenya and Ghana. Interviews were conducted to understand the use and sources of information in farming and the perception of soil testing technologies. It was found that mobile based testing was unlikely to be adopted for reasons of low priority, the type of knowledge being shared and trust after failures of different projects. Farmers did not see soil testing as the major issue that they needed to solve. Mobile technology was mostly used for visual and oral communication whereas soil testing often provided information in an unsuitable way. Farmers also had limited trust in new projects as they had previously had project failures that did not help them. In order to achieve sustainable adoption of technology there needs to be improved methods of disseminating and learning from project failures to prevent repeated attempts at inappropriate technology in the future.

Investigation of parameters in restaurant food waste for use as poultry rations

One way to use food industry wastes is to feed the livestock and poultry. Applying appropriate management methods for the optimal use of agricultural waste in the preparation of livestock and poultry feed increases productivity and reduces damage to agricultural and conversion industries and the use of new resources in animal and poultry feed. In this paper, in order to investigate the possibility of recycling food waste as poultry feed, the waste produced in a restaurant has been used. The parameters of fat percentage were measured using Soxhlet extractor, percentage of dry matter using the oven, percentage of protein in it using Kjeldahl method, and also the percentage of calcium and phosphorus with the standard beard. Comparing them with the usual diet used in poultry feed shows that the average values ​​of calcium, protein, and fat content of food waste are 0.14%, 5.65%, 7.34% higher than the average diet of poultry, respectively. Also, the average amount of phosphorus and dry matter of food waste is 0.48% and 60% less than the average diet of poultry, respectively.