Waste Fats Research Articles

Reduce Oil in Domestic Wastewater Using Durio Zibethinus and Oryza Sativa

Waste cooking oil is a significant contributor to water pollution, originating from both domestic and industrial food preparation. This study aims to develop an oil trap and evaluate the effectiveness of durio zibethinus (durian) and oryza sativa (rice husk) as filtration media. These oil traps are engineered to separate and capture waste fats, oils, grease, and solids before they enter the wastewater system. The traps are installed at the terminal points of pipelines draining water from kitchen sinks. The study assesses the performance of the oil traps using specific parameters and the characterization of durio zibethinus and oryza sativa. The effectiveness of the oil trap is measured through various parameters, including physical properties like turbidity and chemical properties such as pH and oil and grease content. The study concludes with the successful development of an oil trap that has the potential to mitigate water pollution caused by oil waste.

Optimisation of Biogas Production in the Co-Digestion of Pre-Hydrodynamically Cavitated Aerobic Granular Sludge with Waste Fats

The characteristics of excess aerobic granular sludge, related to its structure and chemical composition, limit the efficiency of anaerobic digestion. For this reason, pre-treatment methods and compositions with other organic substrates are used. In earlier work, no attempt was made to intensify the methane fermentation of the excess aerobic granular sludge by adding fatty waste materials. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of co-digestion of pre-hydrodynamically cavitated aerobic granular sludge with waste fats on the efficiency of methane fermentation under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The addition of waste fats improved the C/N ratio and increased its value to 19. Under mesophilic conditions, the highest effects were observed when the proportion of volatile solids from waste fats was 25%. The amount of biogas produced increased by 17.85% and CH4 by 19.85% compared to the control. The greatest effects were observed in thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 55 °C, where a 15% waste fat content in volatile solids was ensured. This resulted in the production of 1278.2 ± 40.2 mL/gVS biogas and 889.4 ± 29.7 mL/gVS CH4. The CH4 content of the biogas was 69.6 ± 1.3%. The increase in biogas and CH4 yield compared to pure aerobic granular sludge anaerobic digestion was 34.4% and 40.1%, respectively. An increase in the proportion of waste fats in the substrate had no significant effect on the efficiency of methane fermentation. Strong positive correlations (R2 > 0.9) were observed between biogas and CH4 production and the C/N ratio and VS concentration.

Improving yields, compatibility and tailoring the properties of hydrothermal liquefaction bio-crude using yellow grease

Low quality waste feedstocks like food wastes, waste fats, manures etc. offer huge potential for replacing an appreciable quantity of petroleum crude. Owing to high water content of some of these feedstocks, hydrothermal liquefaction is the preferred route for its transformation. The present work performed in a continuous pilot scale hydrothermal liquefaction system studies the influence of yellow grease on the yields and quality of bio-crude, properties of bio-crude/blends, and its compatibility with petroleum fractions. Blends of food waste, yellow grease, and algae were used as feedstocks. Key fuel properties such as density and viscosity of bio-crudes and its blends with diesel and butanol were evaluated. Compatibility of different bio-crudes with petroleum fraction was investigated using microscopy imaging of blends of bio-crude and commercial diesel. Enhanced yields of bio-crude and lower asphaltene content were observed with the addition of waste lipids in the form of yellow grease while also decreasing the viscosity and density of bio-crude. Bio-crude from food wastes showed regions of compatibility at higher bio-crude concentrations while lower concentrations of bio-crude were incompatible. A combination of feedstock mix and blending of bio-crude could be used to improve the properties and compatibility of bio-crude for specific end-use devices and processes.

Formulation of biobased soap gels from waste-derived feedstocks

Novel thermoresponsive biobased soap gels are formulated from waste fats and oils to prevent their disposal and mitigate their environmental impacts.

Transesterification reaction of tristearin (TS) & glycerol mono stearate (GMS) over surface basified PAN fibrous solid catalyst

A unique process for transesterification at low temperatures using a novel functionalised polyacrylonitrile polymer mesh acting as a strong heterogeneous base in the production of biodiesel. A promising solution for energy minimisation and the sustainable use of waste fats and oils.

Pengaruh Jarak dan Kemiringan Plate Settler pada Reaktor Grease Trap terhadap Penurunan Kadar Lemak dan Minyak Limbah Cair Pelayanan Makanan

Liquid oil waste water cause oxygen solubility and damage aquatic life. The purpose of the study: knowing the effect of distance and slope between settler plates on grease trap reactors on the elimination of oil and wastewater fats. The research method used field experiments, food service wastewater samples of as much as 250 liters with fat and oil content of 92 mg/l-152 mg/l with random sampling techniques consist of 3 treatments with 6 repetitions, namely treatment 1 (distance 1 cm-slope 500, 600, 700), treatment 2 (distance 2 cm-slope 500, 600, 700), treatment 3 (distance 3 cm-slope 500, 600, 700). There is a significant influence between distance and slope to decreased levels of oil and liquid waste fats (p-value<0.001). There is a jointly significant influence between distance and slope against the decrease in oil levels and liquid limbar fat, with a distance of 1 cm and a slope of 600 providing the largest average decrease in oil and fat content of 93.6 mg/l. Liquid waste advice PT X should be processed to prevent water pollution.

Synergistic effect in co-processing a residue from a transesterification process with vacuum gas oil in fluid catalytic cracking

• Co-processing of bio-oil in existing fluid catalytic cracking unit produces biofuel. • Bio-oil oxygen content determines its blends level with vacuum gas oil or VGO. • Distillation residue from biodiesel production using waste fats and oil is used. • Synergistic effect of bio-oil and VGO shows yield of gasoline higher than predicted. • Cracking of 10 wt% bio-oil has the closest coke characteristics compared to VGO. The catalytic co-processing of bottom fuel oil (BFO) with refinery vacuum gas oil (VGO) using a commercial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) zeolite equilibrium catalyst was carried out to ascertain its potential as a source for biofuels. The BFO used was the distillation residue from biodiesel transesterification process using waste fats and oil; being a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. The catalytic cracking experiments were performed in a laboratory fixed bed micro activity test (MAT) reactor at 516 °C and atmospheric pressure. As well as the VGO and BFO, three different blends were used with BFO to VGO mass ratios of 10:90, 20:80 and 50:50, and catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratios of 3.0 – 5.7. The synergistic effect of BFO in VGO blends includes the yield of gasoline, and LPG being higher than predicted for the blends of 10 wt% BFO in VGO. Also, the formation of more CO 2 with the increase in BFO blend level suggests CO 2 production through decarboxylation reactions as a possible route. The compositions of the produced gasoline for pure VGO and 10 wt% BFO are similar as well. The cracking of 10 wt% BFO gives a higher fraction of aromatics, alkenes and naphthenes than other blends. However, some deterioration was observed when higher substitution levels of BFO were used, resulting in a decrease in the gasoline yield and higher yields of LCO, HCO and coke as predicted. Overall, co-processing BFO with VGO may be economically attractive because the BFO is obtained from waste oils and fats which are one of the under-exploited sources of biodiesel feedstocks and add value to waste management.

Desulfurization of biodiesel produced from waste fats, oils and grease using β-cyclodextrin

Making biodiesel from the fat, oil and grease in wastewater is attractive for sustainable biofuel production, waste management and public health. Sulfur reduction is a critical problem in biofuel production from low grade feedstocks containing high levels of sulfur contamination. Traditional desulfurization methods face challenges due to the financial and environmental costs of required catalysts, reagents or energy.This paper presents a new desulfurization method applied to biodiesel that uses β-cyclodextrin as the adsorbent. Biodiesel was produced from brown grease decanted from the FOG delivered to a local wastewater treatment plant. The equilibrium and kinetic behavior of the adsorption process were quantified with experimental measurements using the produced biodiesel and commercially available β-CD. A convection/diffusion model was then developed to simulate the adsorption process in a fixed bed adsorber. A 3-column design is presented based on the model results and compared with a sulfur reduction system based on vacuum distillation.The β-CD system operates at ambient temperature and pressure, whereas the vacuum distillation system operates at less than 0.01 Atm and near 200 C. The initial cost of the β-CD system is expected to be less than half the cost of the distillation system, but the operating costs may be similar. The β-CD system does not require the addition of hydrogen as in hydrodesulfurization but does require regeneration and periodic replacement of β-CD. Process intensification strategies such as polymerizing the β-CD or using more innovative process designs than fixed bed adsorbers may further increase the advantages of a β-CD based desulfurization system.

Biosolids-based catalyst for oxidative desulphurization of drop-in fuels derived from waste fats

In this work, the catalytic performance of a biosolids-based catalyst was tested in the oxidative desulphurization process of a model fuel solution containing benzothiophene ([S] of 500 ppm), as well as sulphur-rich products from a two-step thermal conversion process of brown grease to renewable hydrocarbons using biosolids as a water replacement during the hydrolysis step. The catalytic results of the biosolids-based material were compared with a classical Fenton-like reagent and a non-catalytic system. Biosolids-based catalyst outperformed the other systems at low temperature with a full desulphurization of benzothiophene solution achieved at 60 °C after 3 h and a good recyclability after four catalytic runs at 80 °C for 3 h. The desulphurization was less effective for hydrolysed fatty acids and crude pyrolysis oil derived from the conversion of brown grease to renewable hydrocarbons, which was due to the composition of the sulphur containing compounds, but still reached 87.7 ± 3.0 % and 74.7 ± 9.5 %, respectively.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of waste fats, oils and greases (FOGs): Status, prospective, and process intensification alternatives

The increasing global generation of waste fats, oils, and greases (FOGs) is resulting in a cascade of economic, environmental, and public health issues as mismanagement is a common practice worldwide. Hence industrial exploitation and valorization is required towards a circular economy within the oleochemical industry. FOGs suitable for further oleochemical exploitation include used cooking oils, trap greases, mill effluents, rendering fats, spent earths from filtration and bleaching, deodorization distillates, soapstocks, and sewage sludges, among others. However main challenge for FOGs harnessing are their heterogeneity and the high content of impurities, acidity, and water. Alternatively, waste FOGs could be subjected to complete hydrolysis to recover free fatty acids (FFAs), which are widely used oleochemical feedstocks. Different catalysts have been explored for this process, however, lipases are of particular interest because they are able to work on low-quality feedstocks under milder operating conditions. This paper reviews most recent investigations on the enzymatic hydrolysis of waste FOGs, describing main processes characteristics, operating conditions, challenges, current attempts to improve enzymes performance, the use of combined chemical processes to improve feedstock utilization, and the implementation of intensified processing technologies. Potential for industrial implementation and future research possibilities in the process intensification field are identified.

Assessment of the fuel recovery potential of cattle, sheep, and chicken waste fats in diesel engine

Assessment of the fuel recovery potential of cattle, sheep, and chicken waste fats in diesel engine

Submerged Fermentation of Animal Fat By-Products by Oleaginous Filamentous Fungi for the Production of Unsaturated Single Cell Oil

Animal waste fats were explored as a fermentation substrate for the production of high-value unsaturated single cell oil (SCO) using oleaginous fungi, Mucor circinelloides and Mortierella alpina. Both strains showed good growth and lipid accumulation when using animal fat as a single carbon source. The biomass concentration of 16.7 ± 2.2 gDCW/L and lipid content of 54.1%wt (of dry cell weight) were obtained for Mucor circinelloides in shake flask experiments, surpassing the biomass yield achieved in batch and fed-batch fermentation. In contrast, Mortierella alpina gave the highest biomass concentration (8.3 ± 0.3 gDCW/L) and lipid content (55.8%wt) in fed-batch fermentation. Fat grown Mortierella alpina was able to produce arachidonic acid (ARA), and the highest ARA content of 23.8%wt (of total lipid weight) was in fed-batch fermentation. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) was produced by both fungal strains. At the end of fed-batch fermentation, the GLA yields obtained for Mucor circinelloides and Mortierella alpina were 4.51%wt and 2.77%wt (of total lipid weight), respectively. This study demonstrates the production of unsaturated SCO-rich fungal biomass from animal fat by fermentation.

Electrocoagulation-electroflotation for primary treatment of animal rendering wastewater to enable recovery of fats

Rendering wastewater (RW) contains high levels of fats from the rendering process that recovers fats and proteins from waste animal fatty tissue. Primary treatment to remove floatable fats is necessary to avoid issues for downstream RW treatment. Recovery of waste fats that can be sent back to the rendering process can be an additional gain from RW primary treatment. Dissolved air flotation (DAF) with the addition of polymer coagulants is commonly used for primary treatment of RW, but this has two disadvantages: polymer coagulants are undesirable contaminants in reused fats and the fat quality is degraded through oxidation by pressurized air during DAF treatment. In this work, RW was treated by electrocoagulation-electroflotation (EC-EF) in a novel horizontally-placed electrode pair design as an alternative to DAF. EC-EF performed better in COD removal with increasing current densities. In situ flotation within the electrochemical cell from hydrogen gas bubbles produced was able to concentrate and preserve long chain fatty acids (LCFA). Treatment at higher current densities within the electrochemical cell generated surplus coagulants and allowed further coagulation in a separate following step. Longer mixing duration in the post-EC-EF treatment step enhanced overall COD removal. The overall COD removal for EC-EF with applied current densities of 2 mA/cm2 reached 69.5 ± 4.8% after 15 min of mixing at 100 rpm followed by 15 min of sedimentation. EC-EF thus provides competitive treatment performance and recovery of well-preserved rendering products.

Lassification Study of Solid Medical Waste in Heet General Hospital

Is rated about (10-25 %) Of these wastes as hazardous and can affect the public health environment and pollution in particular, the medical waste m n this hospital if it is not handled properly can cause health problems for health workers in the hospital and for the patients and the community. Medical waste consists of hazardous waste and non - hazardous wastes include waste and hazardous waste infectious , disease, drugs , sharp tools, chemicals, toxic waste genetic and radioactive either non - hazardous waste fats included garbage and general daily waste of residues of food , materials , office and other.

Electrocoagulation-Electroflotation for Primary Treatment of Animal Rendering Wastewater to Enable Recovery of Fats

Rendering wastewater (RW) contains high levels of fats collected from material processed during rendering. Primary treatment of RW to remove floatable fats is necessary for to avoid issues in downstream treatment. Recovery of waste fats that can be sent back to the rendering process can be of value to the rendering enterprise. Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is commonly used for primary treatment of RW but requires polymer coagulants that must be minimized to keep their concentrations low in the recovered fat stream. Oxidation of fats caused by dissolved air is another undesirable effect of DAF. In this work, RW was treated by electrocoagulation-electroflotation (EC-EF) in a novel horizontally-placed electrode pair design as an alternative to DAF. EC-EF performed better in COD removal with increasing current densities. In situ flotation within the electrochemical cell was able to concentrate and preserve long chain fatty acids (LCFA). Treatment at higher current densities within the electrochemical cell generated surplus cation release and allowed further coagulation in a subsequent step. Longer mixing duration in the post-electrochemical treatment step resulted in increased overall COD removal. The overall COD removal for EC-EF with applied current densities of 2 mA/cm2 reached 69.49 ± 4.83% after 15 minutes of mixing at 100 rpm followed by 15 minutes of sedimentation. EC-EF thus not only provides competitive treatment performance for RW, but also recovery of well-preserved rendering products.

Efficiency of the Diesel engine fuelled with the advanced biofuel Bioxdiesel

One way to reduce the negative impact of internal combustion engines on the environment is to use advanced biofuels, e.g. Bioxdiesel which is a mixture of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE), bioethanol and standard diesel, with vast majority of the content with biological origin. The FAEE are promising content of the Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol blends. The FAEE can be obtained from both vegetable, eg. rapeseed oil and animal fats, as well as waste fats. The article presents research results on the efficiency of a turbocharged Diesel engine equipped with a Common Rail fuel injection system which was powered by Bioxdiesel fuel and for comparison purposes also fed with standard fuel. The effects study showed that even with a lower calorific value of Bioxdiesel fuel when compared to that for the standard diesel, the overall engine efficiency obtained during the test results was comparable to the standard fuel. Due to the presence of oxygen in the particles of the biofuel, and thus more efficient combustion processes, for a wide range of the minor engine load, the fuel consumption of Bioxdiesel and Diesel fuels was comparable to each other, while at higher engine load the fuel consumption of Bioxdiesel was lower than that for the other fuel.

LIFE CYCLE ASSESMENT OF A BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM WASTE FATS

A biofertilizer production process from waste fats is analyzed through Life Cycle Assessment. The stages included in the assessment were: storage of raw material, anaerobic digestion with biogas combustion, and composting with Eisenia foetida. The objective was to identify the environmental impacts of the different stages and propose alternatives to minimize them. The functional unit was “ the production of 120 kg of biofertilizer”. The inventory data was provided by the enterprise operating the process. Data regarding electricity generation were obtained from official national information. The method to evaluate the environmental impacts was CML (baseline) by using the software openLCA. The results showed that the “Compost” stage contributes the most with the environmental impact. This behavior is due to the use of electricity for pumping water and the fuel used in the aeration of composting. “Anaerobic digestion” presents an environmental load mainly due to the pumping of materials to other stages. The most significant effect is on the category “Marine aquatic ecotoxicity”. The reason for this situation is linked to the life cycle of the obtention of electricity and diesel. After that, some alternatives to minimize the environmental impacts are identified: i) to replace fossil fuels by biodiesel, ii) to incorporate solar energy since it receives high radiation. Replacement of biodiesel improves the environmental performance of the process, and the use of solar energy does not contribute to reducing the environmental load of the process. Keywords: wastes revalorization, cleaner production, renewable energy, environmental impact, industrial bioprocesses.

The Quality of Emulsions with New Synthetized Lipids Stabilized by Xanthan Gum.

The study investigated the quality of emulsions containing rabbit fat modified with vegetable oil. The modification of the fat and introducing it as a fatty base into the emulsion was dictated by consumer preferences. Emulsion systems containing various fatty bases and viscosity modifier contents were evaluated in the terms of their stability (by means of Turbiscan test), texture properties, color, and viscosity. Moreover, the emulsions were assessed by a sensory panel in the context of the intensity of the following parameters: color, fragrance, consistency, greasiness, and hydration. The same characteristics were also subject to consumer evaluation. The results of the sensory assessment showed the sensory panel attributed higher scores to consistency and skin hydration to the emulsions formed with modified fats; these systems were more appreciated by consumers as well. The results confirmed a major role of sensory determinations in the development of new emulsion products. They also provide knowledge on modifications to product characteristics that would lead to the best possible quality and consumer acceptance. This research has also reaffirmed that looking for new fats among waste fats is becoming a solution to finding new fatty bases for emulsions. The natural origin of these components, and thus their agreeability with the human body, appear noteworthy as well. Enrichment with unsaturated fatty acids is an added advantage of the enzymatic modification of rabbit fat with pumpkin seed oil and can be applied not only for food but also for skin applications.

EMULSIONS OF WASTE FATS AND OILS FROM METALWORKING PROCESS AS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

The exploitation of industrial waste oils and fats, along with the influence of physical, thermal, chemical and biological factors, is the reason for their transformation and formation of waste emulsions that pose a potential risk of environmental pollution. This paper provides an overview of reference technological processes which are considered as the sources of environmental pollutants. In addition, this study presents the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of aqueous emulsions of waste fats and oils from metal processing and thus proposes a system for treatment that would minimize the risk of environmental pollution.

Durability Tests of Gaskets in Biofuels Environment

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The production of biofuels to means of transport allows the additional development and the full maintenance of the agricultural sector. The biofuel of II generation may be produced with usage of waste fats and oils. That biofuel is total renewable source of energy. The properties of tested new biofuels were described. Their influence on pipes and especially gaskets and gasket materials during durability tests was determined.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Gasket materials were tested in accordance with DIN 28090-3: 2014-11 and DIN28091-2. During 1000 hours of tests at 353 K, the weight loss of the biofuel and the change in elongation (tensile stress) of the flange bolts were measured. Fuel leakage rate was calculated.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The gaskets were checked and no delamination was observed.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The value of volatile biofuels emission after 1000 hours of testing was less than allowed in DIN Standard. Fuel leakage rate was also lower too. The main conclusion of this research was the suggestion that the gasket materials used may be allowed for contact with diesel with ethyl esters and diesel with methyl esters and ethanol named BIOXDIESEL.</div></div>