Waste Cooking Oil Research Articles

Biodiesel from Higher Alcohols for Removal of Crude Oil Spills from Coastal Sediments

Throughout the decades, the production, transport, and use of fossil fuels have led to numerous environmental concerns. Crude oil has caused catastrophic accidents after its spillage into the aqueous environment and accumulation on coastal sediments. To tackle this problem in a sustainable manner, researchers have used alternative remediation agents to extract these crude oil spills from the sediments. In this study, the biodiesels fatty acid methyl, ethyl, and butyl esters (FAME, FAEE, and FABE, respectively) were synthesized via transesterification reaction from waste cooking oil and corresponding alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, potassium hydroxide, and used as remediation agents for crude oil extraction. The influence of different experimental conditions on the crude-oil removal efficiency was studied (time of 1, 2, or 4 h; mass ratio of biodiesel to crude oil of 0.5:1, 1:1, or 2:1), with a simulation of coastal effects using a shaker. UV/Vis spectrophotometry was used to determine crude-oil separation efficiency based on the correlation of the residual crude-oil mass fraction and corresponding absorbance. The results show that FAME and FAEE were most effective in the removal of crude oil from sand (removing 88–89%), while FAEE and FABE extracted the most crude oil from gravel (removing 74–77%).

Biodegradation and high-value utilization of waste cooking oil: Strategies and mechanisms for producing lipopeptide biosurfactants using Bacillus subtilis YZQ-2

This study explored the strategies and mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis YZQ-2 in producing lipopeptide biosurfactants using waste cooking oil (WCO) as a raw material. The optimal conditions achieved a WCO utilization rate of 75.88% and a biosurfactant yield of 0.30g/L at pH 6.0, 30°C, with 20g/L WCO and 5g/L yeast extract. GC-MS analysis of degradation products at different intervals elucidated the mechanism of WCO degradation. After 72hours of fermentation, a reduction in linoleic and palmitic acid levels indicated the completion of lipid hydrolysis and the continuation of β-oxidation. The biosurfactants, identified as lipopeptides (surfactin and fengycin), exhibited stability in alkaline environments (pH 7.0-11.0) and high-salt concentration (5-45g/L). Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of Bacillus subtilis YZQ-2 revealed genes associated with biosurfactant production, which were upregulated in the presence of WCO. The differential expression values (log2 fold change) were SrfAA 3.30, SrfAB 3.31, SrfAC 3.63, FenA 2.42, FenB 2.55, FenC 1.99, FenD 2.03 and FenE 2.29, respectively. The proposed biosynthesis pathway of lipopeptides begins with the hydrolysis of WCO by lipase into glycerol and fatty acids. The glycerol is then transformed into pyruvate through glycolysis, entering the Tricarboxylic Acid cycle. Additionally, pyruvate contributes to synthesizing amino acids and branched-chain fatty acids, which serve as precursors for lipopeptide synthesis. These findings underscore the potential of WCO as a sustainable feedstock for biosurfactant production.

Evaluation of waste plastic and waste cooking oil as a potential alternative fuel in diesel engine

The generation of plastic waste and waste cooking oil is a serious environmental concern because of worldwide waste disposal issues. At the same time, increasing demand and contemporary geopolitics make fossil fuels a significant worldwide problem. As a result, there has been an increase in demand for alternate fuel for CI engines. To overcome these twin problems can be addressed by converting waste into liquid fuels. This research explores an intriguing area by mixing waste cooking oil biodiesel and waste plastic oil to create a mixture that remarkably seems like the physico-chemical properties of diesel fuel in a society that is looking for sustainable alternatives. So, in this investigation, a ternary fuel blend of Petro-diesel, waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB), and waste plastic oil (WPO) was used in the diesel engine. To enhance the properties of fuel, combustion, emission, and performance parameters of diesel engines, a ternary blend of B20P20D60 was employed in the CI engine as an alternative fuel. In the ternary fuel blends, WCOB, WPO, and diesel content were 20%, 20%, and 60%, respectively. The results were compared with conventional diesel fuel, showing that the ternary fuel blend B20P20D60 has an improved brake thermal efficiency of up to 1.71% at 80% loading and reduced emissions (HC, CO, NOx) compared to conventional diesel. Because of this, the ternary blends have significant potential for use in diesel engines.

Peranan medan magnet dan campuran etanol-biodiesel minyak jelantah pada pembakaran droplet terhadap perilaku api dan emisi gas buang

Petroleum reserves are increasingly depleting, causing a scarcity of petroleum fuel caused by the rapid progress of transportation and the manufacturing industry. This condition forces researchers to search for and develop new renewable energy source. The purpose of research is to understanding and determines role of north-south (U-S) and south-south (S-S) magnetic fields to blend waste cooking oil biodiesel-ethanol on flame evolution, flue gas emissions, and temperature during droplet combustion. Waste cooking oil biodiesel and ethanol were used in this research by adding variations in the direction of repulsive and attractive magnetic fields with an intensity of 11000 gauss. Diameter of droplets tested was 0.3 mm and was placed on a type K thermocouple wire with diameter of 0.1 mm. This research found the role of attractive magnetic field (U-S) in blend waste cooking oil biodiesel-ethanol 20% to produce the shortest flame evolution of 704 ms, lowest CO of 165 ppm, and highest temperature of 828.5 oC. This happens because ethanol has a low flash point and large oxygen content, causing the combustion reaction to occur rapidly. The attractive of magnetic field (U-S) plays a role on attracting oxygen around flame to enter combustion reaction, while the H2O resulting from combustion is pumped out of flame.

Tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption of a heavy-duty diesel vehicle using palm oil biodiesel blended fuels

Biodiesel application, such as using waste cooking oil biodiesel in Shanghai, China, is a sustainable solution that addresses the challenges posed by escalating air pollution, energy security, and climate change. Future efforts may involve blending biodiesel from alternative sources like crude palm oil with diesel in China. This study tested a China V heavy-duty diesel vehicle equipped with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system using various palm oil biodiesel blended fuels (B0, B5, B10, and B20). The findings indicated that using biodiesel blends led to decreased carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and particle number (PN) emissions compared to B0, while nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions remained similar. Higher biodiesel content significantly reduced petroleum diesel consumption, but no statistically significant differences were found in total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fuel consumption. Various factors such as vehicle speed, payload, and cold starts influence tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption. Specifically, high-speed phases notably reduced CO, HC, and PN emissions with the use of biodiesel blends. Lower payloads were linked to decreased CO2 emissions and fuel consumption but increased NOX emissions. Cold starts increased HC and NOX emissions, especially with higher biodiesel blending ratios. These results can provide valuable empirical insights into palm oil biodiesel emissions.

Towards Zero-Waste Biodiesel Production: Purification of Methanol Recovery

Abstract The depletion of crude oil sources, along with a rising awareness of the adverse environmental impacts of utilizing fossil fuels, prompted the growth of alternate strategies for converting waste biomass into biofuels. Wakud is a biodiesel production plant in Oman using waste cooking oil to turn it into biodiesel. The process generates excessive amount of methanol, the purpose of this study is to enhance methanol recovery purity. The experimental study was conducted using 3A molecular sieves for methanol dewatering process. In addition to a simulation study that was conducted using ASPEN PLUS software, one distillation column is used to obtain high purity methanol. The results of the experimental study showed 98% pure methanol is achieved. However, the distillation column purified methanol recovery by 99% and the biodiesel obtained by 96%. Both studies proved that these methods would effectively reduce water content in methanol.

Epoxidation of Hybrid Oleic Acid Derived From Palm Oil and Waste Cooking Oil For Eco-Friendly Polyol Production

Background: Palm oil and waste cooking oil undergo functionalization by introducing epoxy groups onto their double bonds, which are subsequently opened to yield hydroxyl groups. Objectives: The objective of this paper is to produce epoxidized hybrid oleic acid with an applied heterogeneous catalyst for polyol feedstock. Methods: In situ peracids are generated during the reaction by mixing an acid (commonly acetic acid or formic acid) with hydrogen peroxide. Range Kutta 4th Order Method of numerical integration was used to develop kinetic modeling for reaction based on the mathematical model. Results: After 40 minutes of epoxidation reaction, the relative conversion to the oxirane percentage reached its maximum of 51%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detected an absorption peak at 3300 cm-1, suggesting the presence of a hydroxyl group. Conclusion: Epoxidation of palm oil and waste cooking oil using in situ peracids is an efficient method for converting unsaturated fatty acids into epoxidized oils, which have significant industrial applications.

Innovative Approaches in Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oils and Waste Animal Fats

Innovative Approaches in Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oils and Waste Animal Fats

Pelatihan pembuatan sabun dari minyak jelantah pada Kader PKK Desa Merembu

Indonesian people have a strong preference for food processed using cooking oil. However, the continuous reuse of cooking oil can pose health hazards and have negative environmental impacts if disposed of directly into the soil and waterways. Therefore, innovation is needed to process used cooking oil waste into a product with economic value. Used cooking oil used for cooking can be transformed into soap which is environmentally friendly and has economic value. Hence, this community service aims to reduce the volume of waste cooking oil and improve the local economy. One area in West Nusa Tenggara that has the potential for this product development is the village of Merembu. Out of 2084 families, 727 are still classified as poor. Therefore, there is a need for business opportunities to improve the economy in the village, one of which is by transforming waste cooking oil into soap products. Community service activities in Merembu Village were well received and received positive responses from Empowerment of Family Welfare (PKK) group in Merembu Village. The positive response is reflected in the results of the final evaluation carried out. This activity is a means for PKK group to increase their knowledge of the dangers and methods of processing used cooking oil so that it does not become a pollutant for the environment.

Waste to energy: Enhancing biogas utilization in dual-fuel engines using machine learning based prognostic analysis

Alternative fuels derived from organic matter like biomass can be a viable solution in the present scenario of increasing greenhouse gases. In the present study, waste food and animal refuse-derived biogas were tested as fuel in a diesel engine. To further enhance the waste-to-energy perspective waste cooking oil biodiesel − diesel blends were used as pilot fuel. A comprehensive set of operational settings including fuel injection timing, pressure, compression ratios, different flow rates of biogas, and engine loads were tested. Four machine learning approaches Linear Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) were employed to develop prognostic models. The developed models for engine performance and emission were predicted with high accuracy with R2 values as high as 0.9962 for brake-specific fuel consumption and 0.9948 for brake thermal efficiency. The prediction errors were low 0.06 for BTE during model training and 0.18 during the model testing phase while it was almost negligible in the case of BSFC. All models were compared using statistical metrics and violin plots. The DT-based forecasting models were observed to be the best among all the models both based on statistical measures as well as violin plots.

Investigation on the Performances of Esterified Waste Cooking Oil Rejuvenator and Recycled Asphalt.

Waste cooking oil (WCO) recycled asphalt is facing issues regarding insufficient thermal oxidation stability and aging resistance. In this research, glycerol esterification was adopted to pretreat WCO, and the consequences of this treatment on the aging resistance and thermal stability of WCO were analyzed. The impacts of varying levels of esterification of WCO on the high-temperature, low-temperature performances, fatigue properties, and aging resistance of recycled asphalt were investigated. Furthermore, the mechanisms of regeneration and the anti-aging of deeply esterified WCO recycled asphalt were revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) tests. The results indicated that variations in the physical properties of WCO during the aging process were reduced, and its aging resistance was improved following glycerol esterification therapy. The initial thermal decomposition temperature was increased by approximately 115 °C, which resulted in the enhancement of thermal stability significantly. Recycled asphalt obtained from deeply esterified WCO exhibited superior high-temperature, low-temperature performances, and fatigue properties. Moreover, the thermal oxidation stability and aging resistance of recycled asphalt with deep-esterified WCO could be promoted by reducing the oxidation and volatilization of light components during the aging process, with the complex modulus ageing resistance index decreasing by 13.27% and the phase angle ageing resistance index increasing by 14.71%.

Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for the waste and edible vegetable oil classification

Twelve samples of waste cooking oil (WCO) were prepared by four different deep-frying procedures. The edible and the waste oil samples were characterised by Raman spectroscopy, revealing few and almost negligible differences between them. Therefore, the possibility of classifying the different groups of samples by extracting valuable data from the Raman spectra through statistical multivariate analysis was explored. Even if the number of samples was not enough to draw definitive conclusions, unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) conducted on the raw Raman signals, allowed to distinguish within edible and waste vegetable oil, and to select the most relevant combination of variables associated with each family. Using sparse partial least square discriminant analysis (S-PLS-DA), we determined a chemical fingerprint characteristic of each sample by creating a Variable In Projection (VIP) plot. The methodology herein presented could find relevant application in the detection of waste adulteration in vegetable oils sold for industrial purposes other than food.

Sustainable production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using magnesium oxide nano catalyst: An optimization study

Biodiesel is rapidly becoming an efficient substitute for fuel and a potentially significant future renewable energy source. In recent years, used cooking oil has been used as a feedstock for biofuel to reduce production costs. Due to its high catalytic activity, low cost, and eco-friendliness, Nano magnesium oxide (MgO) has attracted attention as a catalyst for biodiesel production. Our work presents the preparation of nanomagnesium oxide (MgO) by the sol–gel method, and its characterization. Optimum conditions and the productive combination of waste cooking oil, methanol, and the synthesized nanocatalyst were predicted using response surface methodology. The optimum conditions were methanol to oil ratio of 7:1, temperature of 50 °C and time of 60 min. The expected values for the yield of biodiesel production responses are quite like the actual values, demonstrating the consistency of the models used for establishing a relationship between the independent process variables and the responses. The predicted model's F-value was 9.09 indicating that the model is significant. The model's pure error had a poor correlation, as the "Lack of Fit F-values” 4.16. The quadratic model fits the data well because the R-squared value for the model equation 92%. The expected values for the yield of biodiesel production responses are quite like the actual values, demonstrating the consistency of the models used for establishing a relationship between the independent process variables and the responses. Biodiesel was characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Green ink revolution: Pioneering eco‐friendly 3D printing with vegetable oil‐derived inks

AbstractSustainability in additive manufacturing (AM) (3D printing) could play a pivotal role for manufacturers and producers in the next‐generation manufacturing framework. The market for 3D printing is expanding rapidly, and it is expected to do so in the foreseeable years to come. As ecologically, responsible manufacturing gains more attention, renewable substitutes for regular commercial 3D printable inks must be developed for lower environmental carbon footprints (less CO2 emissions, recycling, bio‐compatibility, and zero waste). Herein, we review the recent literature on using vegetable oil (VO) as bio‐based inks for sustainable formulations for digital light processing or stereolithography additive printing. The feedstock selections (VO, terpenes, and waste cooking oil), and the chemistry of the VO‐based synthons toward sustainability in the field of photopolymerization‐based 3D printing are discussed. These renewable materials can mitigate the detrimental environmental effects of AM while remaining competitive with the existing fossil‐based resins produced by industrial manufacturers. The current challenges and limitations of AM in terms of surface finish, material properties, photo‐curing time, and end‐of‐use recycling options from biomass‐derived photocurable monomers are also identified. Overall, this development promotes the bio‐based economy and allows for the on‐demand production of a variety of sustainable inks for AM and sustainable end‐of‐use products.Highlights The significance of vegetable oils (VOs) as photopolymerizable monomers is explored. The necessity for 3D printing, specifically recycling and end‐of‐use, for the industrial revolution is provided. Green developments in stereolithography/digital light processing 3D printing utilizing VOs are covered.

Artificial neural network based forecasting of diesel engine performance and emissions utilizing waste cooking biodiesel

Ecological and environmental problems resulting from fossil fuels are due to the harmful emissions released into the atmosphere. The rising interest in searching for alternative fuels like biodiesel is growing to solve these problems. Waste cooking oil (WCO) is transformed into methyl ester and combined with biodiesel in percentages of 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Research is done on the impacts of methyl ester blends on engine performance and emissions. Compared to diesel, the methyl ester combination showed 25% lower brake power and 24% loss in thermal efficiency at maximum load and 1500 rpm. However, diesel fuel showed 23% lower specific fuel consumption increase than biodiesel. Compared to diesel, methyl ester exhibits 15% lower air-fuel ratio and 4% volumetric efficiency. Biodiesel lowers CO, HC, and smoke concentrations by 12, 44, and 48%, respectively, compared to diesel. Biodiesel emits 23% higher NOx at 1500 rpm and 100% engine load. To predict the emissions and performance of different percentages of biodiesel at engine speed variation, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is presented. ANN modeling minimizes labor, time, and finances and uses nonlinear data. Predictions were produced about the brake output power, specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, air-fuel ratio, volumetric efficiency, and emissions of smoke, CO, HC, and NOx as a function of engine speed and blend ratio. All correlation coefficients (r) over 0.99 and R2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$R^{2}$$\\end{document} values were beyond 0.98 for all variables. There were low values of MSE, MAPE, and MSLE with significant predictive ability. WCO’s biodiesel is a viable diesel engine replacement fuel.

Influence of magnetic field on renewable oil flame characteristics-an experimental and image processing analysis with bibliometric study

This study investigates the influence of a magnetic field on the flame characteristics of waste cooking oil. A circular current-carrying coil was used to generate magnetic fields of varying strengths (131.37 G, 234.19 G, 337.07 G, 394.12 G, and 428.39 G), corresponding to different voltages (0–10 V). Flame behavior was captured with a digital camera, both without a magnetic field and under varying field strengths. Flame height and area were analyzed using ImageJ and MATLAB's Image Processing tools. Additionally, the thermal properties and fatty acid composition of the waste cooking oil were examined. Results indicated that the flame height increased by 11.06 % under the strongest magnetic field compared to the baseline. The flame area initially expanded due to magnetically induced diffusion but later decreased as the flame stabilized and turbulence reduced. A strong correlation was found between the flame area estimations from ImageJ and MATLAB.

Harnessing microbial potential: Exploiting heavy oil-laden soil microbiota for sustainable production of high-yield rhamnolipids from waste cooking oil

Oil polluted soil microbiota plays an important role in the production of biosurfactants. In comparison to synthetic surfactants, biosurfactants offer unique advantages, such as lower toxicity, biodegradability, selectivity, and effectiveness under unpleasant conditions. Despite these benefits, the widespread use of biosurfactants is limited by enormous production costs. To address this challenge, this study aimed to explore the adoption of waste cooking for rhamnolipids production. Two prominent bacterial strains: Kosakonia cowanni and Acinetobacter colcoaceticus, were obtained from heavy oil-laden soil samples, and further demonstrated their capability for rhamnolipids production from waste cooking oil (Acinetobacter colcoaceticus: 0.51 g/L, Kosakonia cowanii: 0.39 g/L). The biosurfactants obtained were characterized through TLC, FTIR, and H NMR to confirm their rhamnolipid identities as mono-rhamnolipids. The findings in our study emphasizes the potential of cost-effective production of rhamnolipids that possess interesting biotechnological features through the synergy of oil-polluted environments and waste cooking oil. This study contributes significantly to the development of sustainable rhamnolipid production using non-pathogenic strains. By harnessing these microorganisms, we advance towards addressing critical environmental challenges, such as heavy metal contamination in water. This research aligns with broader sustainability goals, including clean water and sanitation.

Box-Behnken design (BBD) for optimization and simulation of biolubricant production from biomass using aspen plus with techno-economic analysis

The growing concern and limitations for existing lubricants have driven the need for biolubricants, extensively proposed as the most suitable and sustainable lubricating oils. Biolubricant refers to lubricants that quickly biodegrade and are non-toxic to humans and aquatic habitats. Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the production of biolubricants due to the rising demand for replacing petroleum-based lubricants with those derived from renewable sources like vegetable oils and lipase that are used in various applications. In this study biodiesel (FAME) produced from blending animal fats and waste cooking was used as a raw material with ethylene glycol for biolubricant production using a transesterification reaction in the presence of calcium oxide which considers the newest and novel part as there is no production of biolubricant from animal fats and waste cooking oil in previous researches. The reaction parameters of biolubricant production were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with the aid of Box Behnken Design (BBD) to study the effect of independent variables on the yield of biolubricant. These variables are temperature ranging from (100–150 °C), reaction time ranging from 1 to 4 h, and FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) to alcohol molar ratio ranging from (2:1) to (4:1). The highest biolubricant yield is 91.56% at a temperature of 141 °C, a FAME/alcohol molar ratio of 2:1, and 3.3 h. Various analyses were performed on the produced biolubricant at the optimum conditions. The results include a pour point of -9 °C, a flash point of 192 °C, a kinematic viscosity at 40 °C of 10.35 cSt, a viscosity index of 183.6, an ash content of 0.76 wt.%, and a carbon residue of 1.5 wt.%, comparing favorably with the ISO VG 10 standard. The production process of biolubricant was simulated with Aspen Plus version 11 using a Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) fluid package. The simulation results indicated that the production process can be applied on an industrial scale. Economic analysis was performed on the biolubricants production plant. The total capital investment was $12.7 M with a payback period of 1.48 years and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 67.5% indicating the suitability and profitability of the biolubricant production.

A comprehensive analysis on cost, combustion, performance and emissions for diesel engine fueled with preheated esters of waste cooking oil

A comprehensive analysis on cost, combustion, performance and emissions for diesel engine fueled with preheated esters of waste cooking oil

Thermal activation of basic oxygen furnace slag as a heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification: Characterization and catalytic activity studies

The valorization of industrial by-products has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its potential to enhance sustainability and economic efficiency within various sectors. Basic Oxygen Furnace slag (BOF-S), a by-product generated in the steelmaking process characterized by its complex composition, presents an opportunity for waste management and resource recovery. This study investigates the potential of BOF-S as a catalyst in converting waste cooking oil to biodiesel via the transesterification reaction. To improve its efficiency, BOF-S was calcined at 850 °C (BOF-S 850), and 1000 °C (BOF-S 1000), for 5 h. The BOF-S was characterized using XRF, N2 sorption, XRD, TGA-DSC, SEM-EDS and FTIR. The characterization techniques showed that the BOF-S 850 had superior characteristics as a catalyst: rough surface, increased pore size and more active basic sites compared to the BOF-S and the BOF-S 1000 slag samples. The transesterification reaction was conducted at a methanol: oil ratio of 20:1, a catalyst loading of 20 wt %, a reaction time of 12 h, a reaction temperature of 60 °C, and a stirring speed of 750 rpm. The findings established that the BOF-S 850 was the best catalyst, with a 90.77 % biodiesel yield and was able to sustain a maximum of two transesterification cycle runs.