Waste Chicken Research Articles

Evaluation of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions in a Single Cylinder Four-Stroke Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel Derived from Chicken Waste with Additives

Biodiesel is a renewable, locally generated fuel made from vegetable oils, trans fats, or recycled restaurant grease for use in diesel automobiles and other diesel-powered equipment. The physical qualities of biodiesel are comparable to those of petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is used in compression-ignition engines in the same way as petroleum diesel. Biofuel can be made from biomass, but according to the Indian National Policy on Biofuels, biofuel extraction from edible oils is not permitted because it would result in a massive increase in consumer goods prices and perhaps lead to product scarcity. Hence, there is a need to search for alternative biofuel so that it does not affect our nation's national policy. Recently there has been a drastic increase in the consumption of chicken grown in farms. There is a huge problem in disposing of their waste. One major difficulty in waste treatment is poultry manure, often known as slaughter waste. This waste is sometimes dumped on wastelands, roadsides, and the banks of rivers, lakes, and ponds. This creates more sanitary problems for society. According to polls, poultry feces begin to decompose in around three hours. The odor of butcher's waste causes a lot of pollution in the air, as well as an increase in the density of bacteria in the atmosphere. Measures have been taken by the government for the safe disposal of these wastes. One of the major ways of disposal is to recycle this chicken slaughter waste in a useful manner so that it can serve society in a positive way. This could be done by converting this waste into fuel through various processes such as rendering, hydrolysis, extraction, acid esterification, alkaline transesterification, and finally by the extraction process. This produced fuel could be blended with existing diesel in varying concentrations and used in diesel engine-powered vehicles. In this work, the fuel is extracted from the chicken waste and blended with pure diesel and an Al2O3 additive in various proportions. These combinations are then tested on a single-cylinder diesel engine for fuel consumption and emission analysis. The results exhibited an overall better performance when compared to pure diesel.

Characterization of bio-crude produced by graphene carbon tetranitrate catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction and ultrasonication of Ulva prolifera mixed Chicken waste

<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;">The utilization of macroalgae, specifically </span><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;">Ulva prolifera</span></em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;">, for the manufacture of bio-crude demonstrates great potential as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuels. This is mostly owing to its abundant availability and renewable characteristics, making it an optimal choice for bio-oil production. This study examined the synthesis of bio-crude through the Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) method. The combination of Ultra-sonicated </span><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;">Ulva prolifera</span></em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;">, Chicken Waste, and water facilitated the transformation of the moist biomass into Bio-crude. The study also examined the influence of process parameters, including the optimal operational temperature, retention time, and feedstock mixing ratio (275 <sup>o</sup>C, 30 minutes, and 1:4 ratio) for the graphene-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4 </sub>catalyst, KOH. The study's findings verified that a significant amount of bio-oil, specifically 23.5wt.% based on dry weight measurements, was successfully produced. The bio-oil mostly consists of alcohols, esters, phenols, ketones, and acidic chemicals. Furthermore, the bio-oil exhibited a significant heating value of 38.15 MJ/kg, which can be attributed to the presence of carboxylic acid groups and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the carbon content in the bio-oil was found to be double that of the macroalgae used as feedstock. Additionally, the heating value of the bio-oil was shown to be 2.5 times greater than that of the macroalgae. Hydrothermal liquefaction may be used to efficiently create bio-oil from </span><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;">Ulva prolifera</span></em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:200%;">, a third-generation fuel that has great potential as an environmentally benign and sustainable energy source.</span></p>

Experimental Investigation on Performance Characteristics o f Diesel Engine Using Various Blended Biodiesels

Objectives: To evaluate the performance characteristics of diesel engines through experimental research with various biodiesel blends. Method: Three types of oils were chosen for this study: waste cooking oil, waste chicken oil, and palm oil. The methyl esters were produced from waste chicken oil (COME), waste cooking oil (WCOME), and palm oil (POME). The test runs were done on a 4.5 kW direct injection, air-cooled, four-stroke, single-cylinder, and constant-speed diesel engine using varied fuel at maximum load. Findings: This study finds performance analysis for a variety of methyl esters and diesel. The Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) was found to be: for Diesel (33.36%), POME (30.53%), WCOME (27.5%), COME (25.0%) at rated power (4.5) K.W. The brake thermal efficiency for palm oil methyl esters is similar to the diesel compared to the other methyl esters. Novelty: This research study provides a comparison between the diesel and methyl esters of break thermal efficiency for diesel engines. Keywords: Diesel Engine, Trans esterification, Biodiesels, Performance characteristics

Porous nitrogen-doped carbons derived from poultry feathers for electrochemical capacitors

The synthesis of a nitrogen doped carbon material (NDCM) from the ball-milling and chemical activation of high temperature carbonised waste chicken feathers is reported. Synthesised NDCMs with nitrogen content ranging from 2.2 to 6.6 wt% were analysed via a range of physio and electrochemical characterisation methods. The effects of carbonisation temperature, mechanical milling and chemical activation were evaluated on specific capacitance and charge retention. Electrochemical testing demonstrated that the optimised NDCM (carbonised at 700 °C followed by ball milling and chemical activation) possessed a specific capacitance of 195 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 current density. At the higher current density of 40 A g−1 89 % of the capacitance is retained. Moreover, this material showed a cycle life of 1000 galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles with a 1 % loss in capacitance at a current density of 5 A g−1.

Odorless Probiotic Chicken of Eco-Smart Poultry Coop

The smell of chicken waste has become a serious problem in Malaysia. Flies and an unpleasant odor from poultry coop plague the locals. To decrease the disagreeable odor of chicken manure, the approach used in this study is charcoal as an adsorption method to adsorb an ammonia gas. The sawdust is used as a drying agent for the chicken waste to ensure it produces no smell, and it also contains EM (Effective Microorganisms) as a decomposition mechanism for the bacteria in the chicken waste. The research result obtained positive results based on the number of flies, the odor examined through human surveys, the difference between probiotic and normal chicken waste, and the difference in fat content identified in probiotic chicken. It has been demonstrated by studies that while using wood dust and charcoal can aid in eliminating the odor of chicken droppings, processing chicken droppings with an EM solution is crucial before the droppings start to smell bad. Implementing an automatic system to manage chicken feed and drink is a recommended approach to ensure the project's success. This will ensure that the chickens obtain the proper amount of food and drink at the time specified. Given that chickens are highly susceptible to extreme heat or cold, the following recommendation is to monitor the cage's temperature and humidity levels. The ammonia odor associated with poultry farming affects not only the environment but also people. People who live close to the area where chickens are raised will feel uncomfortable because of this issue. The probiotic approach is the problem-solving strategy, according to the research. The chickens' digestive tract will be aided using EM solution as a drink and meal, resulting in less offensive chicken faeces.

Estimating the global warming potential of animal waste-based organic liquid fertilizer for urban hydroponic farms

Urban farms, particularly those utilizing vertical space and hydroponics, have the potential to address many challenges of the existing food system. The use of organic inputs in hydroponics can conserve dwindling non-renewable resources and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer production and use. The study compared plant growth using organic liquid fertilizer (OLF) from insect and chicken waste in a two-step aerobic bioreactor. Basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants were grown with an inorganic fertilizer control and a novel OLF at two separate locations. In the first part of the study, plant yield, nutrient uptake and tissue elemental composition were used to validate the functional equivalency of OLF versus inorganic fertilizer. The second part of the study used these results to conduct a life-cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify GHG mitigation potential of the novel OLF. N-mass balance showed a liquid nitrogen conversion rate ∼40% for the bioreaction. Solid output from the bioreaction contained approximately 35% of the initial N. N-gaseous loss was approximately 25% of total N-input. Because the nature of gaseous N-loss was unknown, LCA modeled different scenarios varying the percent of gaseous N-loss as N2O, as it is the only nitrogen-based gas with appreciable global warming potential. Models showed that N2O leakage during bioreaction must be below 5% of total N-input for OLF to mitigate GHG emissions associated with fertilizer usage in urban hydroponic production. Further studies should focus on direct quantification and characterization of gaseous N-loss during this type of bioreaction.

From Waste to Sensor: Facile Synthesis of a Copper‐Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite as a Colorimetric Sensing Platform for Uric Acid

AbstractUric acid serves as a vital diagnostic marker for diseases like arthritis, gout, etc. Accurate quantification of UA is crucial for diagnosis. The hydroxyapatite (HAp), being catalytic in nature, was used as a template for copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) synthesis and for providing surface area for chemical reactions needed for sensing uric acid. HAp was synthesized from waste chicken bones, followed by doping with copper metal salt through calcination. The synthesis of copper hydroxyapatite (Cu‐HAp) nanocomposite was confirmed using different techniques. SEM displayed the nanoporous morphology of the material. The hexagonal crystal structure of HAp was revealed by X‐ray diffraction analysis, and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis showed the successful doping of Cu on HAp. The Cu‐HAp nanocomposite and 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) dye were employed as a new colorimetric sensing platform for uric acid sensing. The fabricated sensing platform detected uric acid with excellent sensitivity (LOD, 0.24 μM) and a wide linear range (1–270 μM). Optimization experiments demonstrated that the proposed sensor performs best at 4 mg of Cu‐HAp nanocomposite, pH 6, with a response time of 100 s. Furthermore, TMB and H2O2 concentrations of 12 and 8 mM were used, respectively. The proposed sensor successfully detected uric acid in physiological samples.

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from waste chicken feathers for chlortetracycline sensing

Herein, we present a novel, straightforward, eco-friendly and cost-effective method for synthesizing fluorescent carbon dots. A simple one-pot hydrothermal method was used to create blue-emitting nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) from waste chicken feathers and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as precursors. The research demonstrates that N-CDs not only exhibit excellent photostability, but also serve as a versatile nanoscale fluorescence sensor for the efficient qualitative and quantitative detection of chlortetracycline (CTC) in samples. The mechanism of fluorescence quenching is attributed to the specific and rapid quenching of N-CDs fluorescence by chlortetracycline through the static quenching and inner filter effect (IFE). The concentration of CTC within the range of 0.05–0.35 mM exhibits a significant linear relationship with the fluorescence quenching of NCDs, as indicated by the formula (I0-I)/I = 4.74248c(CTC)-0.09041. Subsequent spiked recovery experiment confirms the feasibility of this method for the detection of CTC in samples. Therefore, leveraging the concept of turning waste into treasure, this study successfully developed a green and cost-effective method for synthesizing NCDs from natural biomass, offering a novel perspective for further development of multifunctional sensors.

Effect of organic fertilizer and amino acids on the vegetative growth of young pomegranate trees Punica granatum L. c.v. “Wonderful”

The experiment was conducted on a pomegranate field located in a deciduous fruit orchard at the Agricultural Research and Experimentation Station, which is associated with the College of Agriculture at the University of Kirkuk in the Republic of Iraq. The experiment took place during the 2023 season. The study incorporated 2 variables. The experiment consisted of 2 factors: the first factor included 5 levels of organic fertilization (0, 250 and 500 g tree-1 of residue poultry and 15 and 30 g tree-1 of humic acid) and the second factor involved spraying with 3 concentrations of amino acids (0-, 5- and 10- mL L-1). The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) within factorial experiments, with 2 factors and 3 replicates. The study involved a total of 90 young pomegranate trees, with 2 trees assigned to each experimental unit. The data were analyzed using Duncan's multinomial test at a significance level of 0.05. Applying 500 g of chicken waste per tree resulted in a notable enhancement in vegetative development, namely in stem length. The leaf area and dry weight of the leaves were measured at 6.45 cm2 and 54.67 % respectively. The level of 30 g tree-1 of humic acid resulted in a significant increase in the stem diameter, branch length and branch diameter, which was recorded at 23.16 mm, 39.98 cm and 6.30 mm respectively, compared to the control treatment. The application of a 10 mL L-1 concentration of amino acids led to a notable enhancement in the observed traits (stem length and branches, their diameters, leaf area and dry weight of leaves) in comparison to the control treatment. The mutual influence of organic fertilizer and spraying with amino acids resulted in a noticeable and statistically significant effect. This effect was particularly evident when using a level of 500 g tree-1 of chicken waste for fertilization and a concentration of 10 mL L-1 of amino acids for spraying, as it positively impacted most parameters.

The effect of raw material (cow and chicken manure) and reactor type for improving and maximizing biogas production.

Biomass energy is a type of renewable energy and animal waste is one of the main resources for its production. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of raw material type (cow and chicken manure) and the type of reactor (digester) on the biogas produced by measuring the amount of methane in the product. Three types of digester (metal, simple PVC, and PVC with leachate rotation) with the same volume (10 L) were prepared. Equipment was installed on the digesters to measure the pH and volume of produced gas. The experiments were carried out in controlled temperature conditions (28-30 °C) and in two stages. The first experiment was to load the digesters with cow excrement, and the second experiment was to load the digesters with chicken excrement. In both experiments, the digesters were fed with 1.5 kg of animal manure and water with a ratio of 1:1. During a period of 60 days, the volume of biogas and methane produced was measured and recorded. The results showed that the amount of biogas produced from chicken waste is more than the amount obtained from cow waste. However, the amount of methane produced using cow excrement was more than that of chicken excrement. Also, the performance of PVC digester with leachate rotation was better than the other two digesters, which could be due to the mixing of raw materials in this type of digester.

Effect of Extraction Parameters on Some Properties of Keratin obtained From Waste Chicken Feathers

Effect of Extraction Parameters on Some Properties of Keratin obtained From Waste Chicken Feathers

Mesoporous SO42− / kit-6-catalyzed hydrocracking of waste chicken oil

In this study, we studied the hydrocracking of waste chicken oil (WCO) catalyzed by mesoporous SO42−/KIT-6. The study included WCO extraction, SO42−/KIT-6 catalyst synthesis, hydrocracking, and catalytic characterization. XRD patterns revealed intense peaks in the low-angle region, with shoulder peaks showing an increase in sulphate loading from 10% to 30%. The BET-specific surface area for the pure KIT-6 supports measured at 1003 m2/g, indicative of a well-defined mesoporous structure. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a two-stage weight loss, attributed to the elimination of hydrated water (about 200 °C) and decomposition of sulphate ions (400–450 °C). SEM analysis highlighted the surface morphology of the active SK-2 catalyst. Hydrocatalytic and catalytic cracking reactions were performed, and about 99.8% conversion was achieved with 20 mL/H H2 flow, whereas higher production of bioliquids was observed at a flow of 15 mL/h. The hydrocracking mechanism was also studied to understand the formation of lower hydrocarbons. GC analyses of simulated distilled gasoline, kerosene, and diesel showed diverse hydrocarbon compositions. For engine testing, non-hydrocracked fuel rose to 28 kW at 3000 rpm and declined to 21 kW at 3500 rpm. Emission analysis revealed decreasing trends in NOX emissions of hydrogen-rich blends, with values of 65 ppm, 54 ppm, and 48 ppm for petrol, NHBL, and HBL, respectively. Similarly, SO2 emissions reduced from petrol to NHBL and HBL at 910 ppm, 800 ppm, and 600 ppm, respectively, suggesting reduced environmental impact. CO emissions exhibited a substantial reduction in NHBL (0.90%) and HBL (0.54%) compared to petrol (2.70%), emphasizing the cleaner combustion characteristics. Our results provide a comprehensive exploration of waste chicken oil hydrocracking, emphasizing catalyst synthesis, fuel characterization, engine performance, and environmental impact, thereby contributing valuable insights to the field of sustainable bioenergy.

Effect of anaerobic co-digestion of waste chicken feather with banana stem juice for production of biogas

Effect of anaerobic co-digestion of waste chicken feather with banana stem juice for production of biogas

Optimization of the biofuel production by idealized fermentation of the animal manure, chicken wastes, and sewage sludge

Abstract This study aims to optimize an economic procedure to produce biogas and bio-ethanol from different organic wastes such as sewage sludge (SS) and/or cattle dung (CD) and/or poultry manure (PM). The experiment was carried out at a wastewater treatment plant in Egypt. Each waste type was mixed with the starter, CaCO3, and water then loaded in a fermenter and kept for 35 days at 35 °C under the anaerobic digestion. The evolved volume of the biogas and the content of methane CH4 were measured daily while the cellulase and protease enzymes were tested every four days. Results have indicated that the digester containing the SS has produced the greatest biogas volume (L) 27.45 Lb/D/d (liters biogas/digester/day), 0.61 Lb/D contents’ volume/d, and cumulative 606.30 Lb/D during the 16th day. Significant CH4 volume percentages produced during the 17th day were 72.07, 71.16, and 71.11% while the produced bio-ethanol alcohol was 2.47, 2.32, and 1.99% from the SS, CD, and PM, respectively. The procedure efficiency is prominent by the production of the biogases and in-situ activating enzymes all in one reactor that was periodically monitored for its reactants and product content. No need for the pre-treatment of wastes as raw materials or chemical additives and the fermented residue can be further tested for soil fertilization. These wastes can be promising for bio-energy production being economic and environment friendly.

Effect of air gap on sound absorption in layered composite structures produced of sustainable materials

Numerous materials have been produced to isolate the noise that negatively impacts people’s health and productivity at work. Some of these materials are not preferred for usage because they are expensive, inefficient, or harmful to the environment. In this study, composite materials were produced with waste chicken feathers (CF) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) binder in different mixture ratios. After CF was washed and cleaned, it was shredded into 2–3 mm lengths with a chopper. Then CF was mixed with PVAC binder and thermal bonding was applied. As a result of the process, composites with a thickness of 10 mm and dimensions of 15 cm × 15 cm were formed. These composite plates are supported by sandwich constructions made of various varieties of polyester-based felt (NW), knitted fabric (KF), leather (L), spacer fabric (SF), and air gap (AG5, AG10, AG15) in thicknesses of 5, 10, and 15 mm. Impedance tubes with four microphones were used to evaluate the sound absorption coefficient and sound transmission loss values of these manufactured structures, and the resulting data were analyzed. According to this; The NW + CFC1 two-layer structure is 0.33 (500 Hz), but when a 15 mm thick air gap layer is added, it is seen that it increases to 0.85 (500 Hz). Other sandwich structures produced also show similar results. The best results were achieved with layered composite structures. Adding an air gap layer between the composite layers to increase sound absorption has improved results, especially at low frequencies. The air gap layer can significantly reduce production costs because it can be used instead of a material layer. The production of textile-based sound insulation structures from the waste material CF is also of great importance in terms of sustainability.

Understanding Pathways, Substrates, and Media Optimization to Maximize Microbial Biosurfactant Production

Abstract: The production of amphiphilic chemicals, known as biosurfactants, by different microorganisms is essential for lowering interfacial and surface tension. The pathways of biosurfactant synthesis are examined in this review, with a focus on the influence of carbon substrates on biosynthesis. It also covers the variety of substrates used in the production of biosurfactants, such as lignocellulosic wastes, agro-industrial wastes, oil processing byproducts, starch-rich wastes, industrial wastes derived from plants and animals, fish and chicken wastes, fruit and vegetable wastes, and wastes from fish and poultry operations. In addition, the optimization of media for the formation of biosurfactants is discussed, with particular attention to temperature, pH, concentration of salt, and sources of carbon and nitrogen. It is crucial to comprehend these routes and optimization techniques in order to address the economic and environmental issues related to waste management and increase the efficiency of biosurfactant production.

Teachers' Perception toward Electronic Student Worksheet Based on Hand Washing Waste Treatment Projects to Improve Students' Creative Thinking Skills

Creative thinking skills are very important in the 21st century. This research aims to determine the perceptions of Natural Science teachers towards electronic student worksheets based on chicken manure waste processing projects to improve students' creative thinking abilities. This research uses mixed methods with a sequential explanatory design. Data was collected through questionnaires, then descriptive analysis was carried out. Questionnaires were distributed to 18 natural science teacher respondents and 115 junior high school students in Lampung Province. The research results show that 83% of teachers have not used project-based e-worksheets; 79% of teacher respondents have implemented Project Based Learning; while only 56% of teachers have not carried out creative thinking ability tests. Based on student response questionnaires, 82% of teachers have given project assignments, but these projects are not based on real problems in the environment. The survey results show that 86% of teacher respondents already know about creative thinking skills, but the indicators of creative thinking skills that teachers understand are different from the indicators of creative thinking skills that should be measured. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that e-worksheets based on chicken waste processing projects are needed to improve students' creative thinking abilities

Strategic Way of Synthesizing Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nano-onions Using Waste Chicken Fat Oil for Energy Storage Devices.

An easy way of synthesizing low-cost carbon nanomaterials without the need for high-temperature processing approach is critical for energy storage applications because the demand has increased for affordable, long-term, and environmentally friendly synthesized carbon-based materials. Herein, we synthesized multilayered graphitic carbon nano-onions (CNOs) using an oil-wick flame pyrolysis approach, employing biowaste (chicken fat) oil as a cost-effective precursor. The prepared CNOs can provide enhanced ion movement and less resistance for electron transport by interconnecting CNO particles with one another. Furthermore, heteroatom (S,N)-doped CNOs (h-CNOs) were synthesized to optimize the hydrophilic and conductive properties of carbon materials, which eventually exalted the capacitive charge transfer kinetics. The h-CNOs demonstrated superior, highest specific capacitance of 261 F/g, while the undoped CNOs showed a capacitance of 180.6 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. In addition to capacitance, the h-CNOs also demonstrated a rate capability of 69% and a good cycling stability of 97.5% under high current densities. An asymmetric supercapacitor was fabricated using the h-CNOs as the negative and MnCo2S4 (MCS) as the positive electrode. The device showed high energy and power performance of 32.8 Wh/kg and 7350 W/kg, respectively, with a capacitance retention of 97% over 5000 cycles. Considering the facile strategic way to produce novel carbonaceous materials derived from biowaste oil (chicken fat oil), this could be considered a potential advantage for commercial energy storage devices and may open the door to producing inexpensive, industrially revolutionizing energy storage devices.

Investigation of the mechanical, thermal and wear properties of eggshell/PLA composites

Abstract The current study investigated the potential application of agricultural waste chicken eggshell (CES) as a reinforcement in composites made of poly (lactic acid) (PLA). With the use of twin extruder and injection molding machine, polymer composites have been developed. The performance of the composites was assessed with respect to its mechanical, thermal, and wear properties. It was shown that the increase in eggshell content led to the increase in void content and water absorption. Despite the increase in void content, the mechanical properties, in particular, micro-hardness, tensile strength and flexural strength were significantly improved. Conversely, when the eggshell content increased from 0 to 30 wt%, the impact strength was decreased. A slight decrease in fracture toughness was observed. Thermal properties, such as thermal stability and thermal degradation temperature, were improved with an increase in eggshell content. PLA, PLA-CES-10, PLA-CES-20, and PLA-CES-30 composites exhibited increase in erosion rate by 13.8 %, 10 %, 9 %, and 6 %, respectively, when the impact velocity was increased from 30 m/s to 50 m/s. Data were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s HSD test (α < 0.05). Overall, PLA/eggshell based polymer composites performed exceptionally well, in addition to their environmental benefits, pollution control, waste utilization, and reduced production cost.

Bioenergy production from chicken feather waste by anaerobic digestion and bioelectrochemical systems

BackgroundPoultry feather waste has a potential for bioenergy production because of its high protein content. This research explored the use of chicken feather hydrolysate for methane and hydrogen production via anaerobic digestion and bioelectrochemical systems, respectively. Solid state fermentation of chicken waste was conducted using a recombinant strain of Bacillus subtilis DB100 (p5.2).ResultsIn the anaerobic digestion, feather hydrolysate produced maximally 0.67 Nm3 CH4/kg feathers and 0.85 mmol H2/day.L concomitant to COD removal of 86% and 93%, respectively. The bioelectrochemical systems used were microbial fuel and electrolysis cells. In the first using a microbial fuel cell, feather hydrolysate produced electricity with a maximum cell potential of 375 mV and a current of 0.52 mA. In the microbial electrolysis cell, the hydrolysate enhanced the hydrogen production rate to 7.5 mmol/day.L, with a current density of 11.5 A/m2 and a power density of 9.26 W/m2.ConclusionsThe data indicated that the sustainable utilization of keratin hydrolysate to produce electricity and biohydrogen via bioelectrical chemical systems is feasible. Keratin hydrolysate can produce electricity and biofuels through an integrated aerobic-anaerobic fermentation system.Graphical