Waste Chicken Research Articles

Application and Future Perspectives of Keratin Protein Extracted from Waste Chicken Feather: A Review

In the present review, we have focused on the utilization of keratin from poultry bio-mass. Keratin is a tough, fibrous protein that is mostly found. There are millions of tonnes of keratin-containing biomass produced by the food sector, particularly the meat market, slaughterhouses and wool industry. These proteins which make up the byproduct of keratin contain between 15-18% of Nitrogen, 2-5% of sulphur, 1.20% of Fat and 90% of Protein. It is an eco-friendly and economical method for the production of uniaxially and randomly oriented polymeric products. The chemical and mechanical techniques can be utilized right away to make a wide range of cosmetics, lotions, shampoos, hair conditioners and biomedical items. The natural protein is better suited for usage on or application to human hair and skin. In the present study, various sources of keratin, purification and separation of keratin from organic waste have industrial application and their future perspectives have all been discussed.

Fabrication of sustainable closed-cell aluminium foams using recycled fly ash and eggshell powder

Closed-cell aluminum foams are a novel materials which consists of unique properties such as good mechanical strength combining low mass and high stiffness, high energy and sound absorption, corrosion resistance, and recyclability. In spite of these potential properties, the usage of expensive constituents (stabilizing and foaming agents) and processing methods of making foams hinder its wide spread usage in industrial applications. This work involves the use of cost-effective constituents for processing aluminium foams by stir casting technique. The industrial waste fly ash (Class-F) is used as a source of stabilizing agent and for the first time the viability of waste chicken egg shell is used as a foaming agent to produce sustainable aluminium foams. Ex-situ characterization investigations are carried out on the manufactured foams in accordance with industry standards. It is evident that the produced foams have a fine cell structures with appreciable compressive strength and energy absorption characteristics. The experimental findings indicate that eggshell powder can be used as a cost-effective foaming agent for synthesizing aluminium foams and fly ash as foam stabilizing agent.

Can waste eggshell replace commercial zeolites as catalyst for bio-oil production?

The utilisation of calcium oxide (CaO) from waste chicken eggshells, fishbone, and dolomite as a catalyst in the co-pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and high-density polyethene plastic (HDPE) was investigated and compared with existing commercial zeolite catalysts (HZSM-5, NaY, and FCC). In-situ catalytic co-pyrolysis of EFB-HDPE was performed for each CaO and zeolite-based catalyst. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyse the hydrocarbon content of the bio-oil produced by pyrolysis. The highest hydrocarbon content (61.62%) was obtained from the calcined eggshell (CES) catalyst and was comparable to that of the commercial zeolite catalyst, HZSM-5, with a hydrocarbon content of 53.53%. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis, and Particle Size Analysis (PSA) have proven the viability of CaO-based catalysts in the co-pyrolysis process for bio-oil production via fast pyrolysis. The CES achieved the desired pore diameter (175.15 nm) which was exhibited in the morphology analysis (SEM) and exhibited a uniform arrangement of calcium oxide particles and a porous structure. This finding provides fundamental insight into CaO from organic waste as a suitable alternative to zeolite catalysts in the co-pyrolysis of organic and inorganic feedstocks.

Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite derived from waste chicken eggshells for cyanide removal application

In the present study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) was synthesized from waste chicken eggshells using wet chemical precipitation method. The entire process involved the conversion of raw chicken eggshells to calcined form to finally HAp via precipitation. The functional groups in the synthesized sample were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. HAp was also characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) to describe its morphology and elemental composition, respectively. The potential of HAp for cyanide removal in aqueous solution was further investigated via batch sorption with 3 × 2 factorial experimental design to determine the effects of initial cyanide concentration and HAp dosage. The highest percent removal was 50.31% attained at 64 mg L−1 cyanide concentration and 0.3 g HAp dosage after a 30-min contact time with solution pH maintained within the range 8.5–9.5. Two-way ANOVA results show significant main and interaction effects of the varied factors to the cyanide removal efficiency at 95% confidence level.

Environmental monitoring of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in North Carolina water and wastewater using the WHO Tricycle protocol in combination with membrane filtration and compartment bag test methods for detecting and quantifying ESBL E. coli

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens human and animal health; effective response requires monitoring AMR presence in humans, animals, and the environment. The World Health Organization Tricycle Protocol (WHO TP) standardizes and streamlines global AMR monitoring around a single indicator organism, extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec). The WHO TP culture-based method detects and quantifies ESBL-Ec by spread-plating or membrane filtration on either MacConkey or TBX agar (supplemented with cefotaxime). These methods require laboratories and trained personnel, limiting feasibility in low-resource and field settings. We adapted the WHO TP using a simplified method, the compartment bag test (CBT), to quantify most probable numbers (MPN) of ESBL-Ec in samples. CBT methods can be used correctly in the field by typical adults after a few hours’ training. We collected and analyzed municipal wastewater, surface water, and chicken waste samples from sites in Raleigh and Chapel Hill, NC over an 8-month period. Presumptive ESBL-Ec were quantified using MF on TBX agar supplemented with cefotaxime (MF+TBX), as well as using the CBT with chromogenic E. coli medium containing cefotaxime. Presumptive ESBL-Ec bacteria were isolated from completed tests for confirmation and characterization by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion tests (antibiotic sensitivity) and EnteroPluri biochemical tests (speciation). Both methods were easy to use, but MF+TBX required additional time and effort. The proportion of E. coli that were presumptively ESBL in surface water samples was significantly greater downstream vs upstream of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outfalls, suggesting that treated wastewater is a source of ESBL-Ec in some surface waters. The CBT and MF+TBX tests provided similar (but not identical) quantitative results, making the former method suitable as an alternative to the more complex MF+TBX procedure in some applications. Further AMR surveillance using MF+TBX and/or CBT methods may be useful to characterize and refine their performance for AMR monitoring in NC and elsewhere.

Nutritional Properties Evaluation of Blowfly Larvae from Fish and Chicken Wastes for Asian Sea Bass Feed Formulation Application

This present research characterized the proximate nutrient, fatty acids and amino acids compositions of the wild third instar blowfly larvae collected from fish and chicken wastes as well as its mixture, in view of aquaculture feeding for Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer). Analyses of crude protein, crude lipids, crude fiber, ash, carbohydrates, amino as well as fatty acids were performed. Results revealed that the larvae that fed on the mixed substrates (chicken and fish, 50:50 ratio) had significantly the highest nutritional values (51.47 ± 0.32% of crude protein, 29.4 ± 1.47% of crude fat, 4.81 ± 0.83% of crude fiber, 4.85 ± 0.01% of ash and 12.71 ± 1.67% of carbohydrate) for formulating feeds for Asian sea bass when compared with that of chicken and fish wastes alone (P < 0.05). Similarly, significantly higher percentages of fatty acids (DHA and EPA) and amino acids (Arg, Lys, Met, Trp, His, Val, Ile, Leu and Phe) were observed in the larvae from mixed-substrates when compared with that of the remaining two substrates (P < 0.05). The findings supported the utilization of blowfly larvae harvested on mixed substrate as a possible candidate of nutrients for Asian sea bass feed formulations

Microscale combustion calorimetry assessment of green composites made with chicken feather-modified soy protein resins and jute fabric

Biodegradable, and sustainably produced, ‘green’ plastics are actively being researched to replace conventional, environmentally harmful petroleum-based plastics. However, before these green plastics get adopted, they must match the properties of their conventional counterparts. In many applications, fire-safety can be a key parameter where naturally derived green materials could potentially outcompete petroleum-based plastics. In the present research, green resins and composites were fabricated using soy protein isolate (SPI), waste chicken feather fibers (CFF), jute fabric (JF), and glutaraldehyde (GA), and evaluated for their critical fire-safety parameters through Microscale Cone Calorimetry (MCC) characterization. The loading of CFF from 0 to 30 wt% increased the specific peak heat release rate (pHRR) from 101 to 120 W/g for CFF/SPI resins without GA and from 94.5 to 114 W/g for GA crosslinked CFF/SPI resins. GA was thus shown to improve fire-safety for CFF/SPI resins. However, for JF/(CFF/SPI) composites, CFF did not show a proportional relationship with fire-safety. Rather, at 20 wt% CFF, the pHRR was minimized to 81.1 W/g for JF/(CFF/SPI) composites without GA and to 86.0 W/g for GA-crosslinked JF/(CFF/SPI) composites. This demonstrated that the addition of JF improved fire-safety despite its known combustibility, and even removed the need of the toxic crosslinker GA. Results also indicated that all variations of the fabricated CFF/SPI resins and JF/(CFF/SPI) composites had lower specific pHRR than typical petroleum-based plastics, clearly demonstrating the benefits of switching to SPI based green resins and composites. These green composites would be suitable for many applications including housing and transportation where fire-safety can be critical.

Fabrication, Thermo-Mechanical, and Morphological Characterization of Hydroxyapatite-Reinforced Polyurethane Biocomposites as Dye Adsorbent for Effluent.

Petrochemical costs, limited fossil fuel reserves, and concerns about greenhouse gas emissions have raised interest in developing renewable approaches for synthesizing biobased polyurethanes. This study aims to solve these problems by making nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) reinforcement from waste chicken eggshells and adding it to polyurethane synthesis through in situ polymerization. The novelty of the research lies in the utilization of HA as a reinforcement material and renewable resources for polyurethane production. The results confirm that HA was successfully added to the polyurethane backbone. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the NCO groups were changed to urethane linkages. TGA examination demonstrated that the samples exhibited thermal stability up to 457 °C with a mass loss of 61%, indicating enhanced thermal stability. DMA measurements showed improved mechanical properties of the synthesized polyurethanes, with storage modulus (E'), complex modulus (E*), and compliance complex (D*) values of 0.177, 22.522, and 0.660 MPa-1, respectively. SEM analysis confirmed the homogeneous surface and well-dispersed HA reinforcement. Swelling characteristics revealed an optimum absorption of 30% H2O, 35% CH3OH, and 45% CCl4. Polyurethane composites exhibited significant chemical resistance and hydrolytic stability in acidic and basic media. Additionally, the composites demonstrated efficient adsorption of methyl orange from wastewater, with the PUHCI series achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 85.50 mg/g under optimal conditions of 0.030 g/mL dose, 45 °C temperature, 2.5 h contact time, and pH 6.0..

Performance of IC Engines Using Chicken Waste as Biofuel, CNT and MnO Nano-Biofuels and Diesel Fuel: A Comparation Study

Biofuel production and its properties improvisation are the wide areas of research in internal combustion (IC) engines. This research derived biofuel from industrial chicken waste. Nanofuels were produced in this study by adding 40 nm-sized nanoparticles of carbon nanotube (CNT) and manganese oxide (MnO) with a variation of 100 to 200 ppm to the derived oil. Four fuel blends (biofuel (B), B with CNT, B with MnO, and B with CNT+MnO) were compared to the performance of diesel fuel in a 3.5 kW CI engine. The combustion process (peak pressure and heat release), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust emissions (CO, HC, NOx, and CO2) were used as parameters to evaluate the fuel’s performance. The result revealed that nanofuel outperformed both diesel fuel and biofuel. The addition of 200 ppm CNT in biofuel enhanced the fuel properties, resulting in higher BTE by 28% and 9.7% compared to diesel fuel and biofuel. The CNT-biofuel also generated fewer emissions compared to diesel fuel by 26%, 9.4%, and 25% for NOx, HC, and CO gases respectively.

Thermogravimetric catalytic pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene over iron modified chicken eggshell wastes

Among the major concerns of our current world include the accumulation of plastic wastes and the exhaustion of petroleum resources. Efforts to resolve these issues have contributed to multiple research and alternatives to be explored. One of the attractive alternatives that have been approached is the pyrolysis of plastic wastes. The use of catalysts offers multiple advantages in pyrolysis and different types of catalysts have been investigated in recent years. The potential of discarded natural wastes is acknowledged and studies to use food waste as a catalyst are to be developed in this research. The main objective of this project is to investigate the pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) over iron (Fe) modified waste chicken eggshell (WCE) as the catalyst. The pyrolysis was conducted at a temperature of 30 – 700℃ via a Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). WCE was washed, dried, and calcined in the furnace at 900℃ for 4 h. Fe was loaded (5 wt%) on the calcined WCE via the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method. The catalyst to HDPE mass ratio was fixed at 1:1. For comparison purposes, the commercial calcium oxide (CaO), calcined WCE, and Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil − 5 (HZSM-5) were utilised in the pyrolysis of HDPE. Catalytic pyrolysis of HDPE over WCE and CaO had almost completely degraded with mass loss of 99.50% and 99.83% respectively at Phase II followed by pyrolysis of HDPE (94.05%), HZSM-5 (77.50%) and Fe/WCE (31.40%) samples. Among tested catalytic samples, the WCE catalyst works best to degrade HDPE into the highest volatile matter which attributes to higher pyrolysis oil yield.

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of Chicken Manure Pyrolysis for Sustainable Waste Management in the Poultry Industry

This study explores the kinetics of the pyrolysis process applied to chicken manure as an environmentally sustainable waste management technique within the poultry industry. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion method, involves the decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen, yielding biochar, gases, and bio-oil. Experimental runs were conducted using a fixed-bed reactor, varying reactor temperature and heating rate settings. Pyrolytic conversion was determined by weighing the reactor contents before and after each run, allowing for the construction of pyrolytic conversion curves. Through the application of the Coats-Redfern method, the pyrolysis kinetics was determined. It was found that a second-order kinetics model exhibited better agreement with the experimental data than a first-order model, yielding coefficient of determination (R2) values ranging from 0.99 to 1.00, compared to 0.94 to 0.97 for the first-order model. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was estimated to fall within the range of 140.4 to 151.2 kJ/mol. Additionally, the pre-exponential factors (A) were found to be significantly high, on the order of 1010 min-1, suggesting a low pyrolytic reactivity. The calculated enthalpy of reaction (ΔH) ranged from 134.1 to 145 kJ/mol. Importantly, the energy barrier, represented by the difference between activation energy (Ea) and enthalpy of reaction (ΔH), was determined to be low at 7 kJ/mol. These findings indicate the potential for efficiently and sustainably valorizing chicken waste through pyrolysis. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the kinetics and thermodynamics of chicken manure pyrolysis, supporting its adoption as an energy-efficient and environmentally sound waste management strategy within the poultry industry.

Environmental remediation by hydroxyapatite: Solid state synthesis utilizing waste chicken eggshell and adsorption experiment with Congo red dye

This study reports the adsorption efficacy of hydroxyapatite (HAp) for removing Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous solution. HAp was synthesized utilizing chicken eggshell as a precursor of Ca source. Solid state synthesis method was implemented which comprised calcination at 950 °C (E-HAp950). XRD analysis confirmed the formation of bi-phasic HAp with 15.5% of β-TCP. Elemental composition was evaluated by XPS and EDX analysis. FESEM analysis revealed the particles are of plate and spherical shaped also confirmed by the TEM images. DLS particle size, zeta potential, BET surface area and point of zero charge were also evaluated. Adsorption efficacy of E-HAp950 for removing CR was evaluated by batch adsorption experiment. Maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was found to be 9.64 mgg−1 which was best explained by the non-linear fitting (R2 = 0.98) of Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption kinetics profusely followed pseudo second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.999) with qe (experimental) being very much closer to qe (calculative) for this model. Thus, hydroxyapatite prepared by utilizing eggshell waste through solid state method has the potential to remove toxic dyes.

Biodegradable Cellulose/Polycaprolactone/Keratin/Calcium Carbonate Mulch Films Prepared in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid.

Ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM][Cl] was used to prepare cellulose (CELL), cellulose/polycaprolactone (CELL/PCL), cellulose/polycaprolactone/keratin (CELL/PCL/KER), and cellulose/polycaprolactone/keratin/ground calcium carbonate (CELL/PCL/KER/GCC) biodegradable mulch films. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to verify the films' surface chemistry and morphology. Mulch film made of only cellulose regenerated from ionic liquid solution exhibited the highest tensile strength (75.3 ± 2.1 MPa) and modulus of elasticity of 944.4 ± 2.0 MPa. Among samples containing PCL, CELL/PCL/KER/GCC is characterized by the highest tensile strength (15.8 ± 0.4 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (687.5 ± 16.6 MPa). The film's breaking strain decreased for all samples containing PCL upon the addition of KER and KER/GCC. The melting temperature of pure PCL is 62.3 °C, whereas that of CELL/PCL film has a slight tendency for melting point depression (61.0 °C), which is a characteristic of partially miscible polymer blends. Furthermore, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that the addition of KER or KER/GCC to CELL/PCL films resulted in an increment in melting temperature from 61.0 to 62.6 and 68.9 °C and an improvement in sample crystallinity by 2.2 and 3.0 times, respectively. The light transmittance of all studied samples was greater than 60%. The reported method for mulch film preparation is green and recyclable ([BMIM][Cl] can be recovered), and the inclusion of KER derived by extraction from waste chicken feathers enables conversion to organic biofertilizer. The findings of this study contribute to sustainable agriculture by providing nutrients that enhance the growth rate of plants, and hence food production, while reducing environmental pressure. The addition of GCC furthermore provides a source of Ca2+ for plant micronutrition and a supplementary control of soil pH.

Evaluation of artificial neural network models for predictive monitoring of biogas production from cassava wastewater: A training algorithms approach

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an established technology for resource recovery and renewable energy production. However, its performance is dictated by diverse variables including operating parameters and system design. Then, the development of modelling and optimization strategies, such as the application of machine learning (ML), to predict/maintain its performance have received significant attention. In this study, ML integrated based models for predicting cumulative biogas from cassava wastewater AD were developed using artificial neural networks (ANN). Biogas generation was investigated for 21 days with and without the addition of calcium particles from milled calcined chicken waste as a low-cost substitute for buffering. Digestion time, pH, and calcium eggshell-based concentration were selected as input features for biogas prediction through the implementation of the ANN approach. Moreover, seven different training algorithms were used to train the model, and a genetic algorithm (GA) was also implemented to optimize the ANN architecture, resulting in faster learning and higher prediction performance. Given the data set, the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with a hyperbolic tangent as a transfer function to the hidden and output layers was the most efficient model in predicting the biogas produced with an R-value of 0.9999.

Hyper-thermophilic anaerobic pretreatment enhances the removal of transferable oxazolidinone and phenicol cross-resistance gene optrA in enterococci

The extensive use of florfenicol in poultry industry results in the emergence of optrA gene, which also confers resistance to clinically important antibiotic linezolid. This study investigated the occurrence, genetic environments, and removal of optrA in enterococci in mesophilic (37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) anaerobic digestion systems, and a hyper-thermophilic (70 °C) anaerobic pretreatment system for chicken waste. A total of 331 enterococci were isolated and analyzed for antibiotic resistance against linezolid and florfenicol. The optrA gene was frequently detected in enterococci from chicken waste (42.7%) and effluents from mesophilic (72%) and thermophilic (56.8%) reactors, but rarely detected in the hyper-thermophilic (5.8%) effluent. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that optrA-carrying Enterococcus faecalis sequence type (ST) 368 and ST631 were the dominant clones in chicken waste, and they remained dominant in mesophilic and thermophilic effluents, respectively. The plasmid-borne IS1216E-fexA-optrA-erm(A)-IS1216E was the core genetic element for optrA in ST368, whereas chromosomal Tn554-fexA-optrA was the key one in ST631. IS1216E might play a key role in horizontal transfer of optrA due to its presence in different clones. Hyper-thermophilic pretreatment removed enterococci with plasmid-borne IS1216E-fexA-optrA-erm(A)-IS1216E. A hyper-thermophilic pretreatment is recommended for chicken waste to mitigate dissemination of optrA from animal waste to the environment.

Comparative study of enhanced catalytic properties of clay-derived SiO2 catalysts for biodiesel production from waste chicken fat

Comparative study of enhanced catalytic properties of clay-derived SiO2 catalysts for biodiesel production from waste chicken fat

The Relationship Between the Growth of Leaves, Stems, and Roots of Elephant Foot Yam at Each Application of Bokashi and NPK Fertilizer

Research on the relationship between the growth of leaves, stems, and roots of elephantiasis plants in each application of bokashi fertilizer and NPK fertilizer was carried out from July to October 2022 in Rante Dengen, Lembang Karre Limbong, Nanggala District, North Toraja Regency. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the growth of leaves, stems, and roots of elephantiasis after each application of bokashi from chicken waste and NPK fertilizer. The experiment used a randomized group design (RB) with two treatment factors: liquid organic fertilizer from chicken waste and NPK. The results showed that giving bokashi at a dose of 400 g/plant gave the best results, and NPK fertilizer at a dose of 20 g/plant was also the treatment that gave the best results. The relationship pattern between leaf, stem and root growth variables is linear. The variables that most contribute to the dry weight gain of plants are stem diameter and akare's volume. Our sincere gratitude goes to DRPM, Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud Ristek DIKTI), Indonesia, as well as the Indonesian Christian University of Toraja, for their financial support throughout this study.

Cure kinetics and mechanical properties of carbonized chicken feather reinforced styrene butadiene rubber composites

AbstractPolymers are part and parcel of our life and society due to the immense applications resulting from their unique properties. High performing products based on bio feed stocks have gained special attention compared to non‐renewable resources. In the present research work, carbon black (CCF) prepared from waste chicken feathers has been used as reinforcement in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Cure kinetics of SBR‐CCF composites and their mechanical properties have been evaluated with respect to loading of filler and concentration of dicumyl peroxide crosslinking agent. The cure reaction of all compounds obeys first order kinetics and the rate constants increase with filler loading as well as temperature. A decrease in energy of activation of cure has been noted with increase of loading of CCF filler, which assists for an increase in the rate of production of articles using the filled SBR compounds. The improvement in tensile properties with CCF has been supported by the fractography of the composites and by the crosslink density values obtained using equilibrium swelling method. The performance of the developed composites points to their applications in the area of car‐tire industry, tread rubber sector and structural applications such as drive and shaft couplings.

Magnetite Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes for Improving the Operation of Mesophilic Anaerobic Digesters.

Anaerobic waste processing contributes to the development of the bioenergy sector and solves environmental problems. To date, many technologies have been developed for increasing the rate of the anaerobic digestion process and yield of methane. However, new technological advancements are required to eliminate biogas production inefficiencies. The performance of anaerobic digesters can be improved by adding conductive materials. In this study, the effects of the separate and shared use of magnetite nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes in anaerobic digesters converting high-nitrogen-containing waste, chicken manure, were investigated. The tested nanomaterials accelerated the methane production and increased the decomposition of products from the acidogenesis and acetogenesis stages. The combined use of magnetite nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes gave better results compared to using them alone or without them. Members of the bacterial classes Bacteroidia, Clostridia, and Actinobacteria were detected at higher levels in the anaerobic digesters, but in different proportions depending on the experiment. Representatives of the genera Methanosarcina, Methanobacterium, and Methanothrix were mainly detected within the methanogenic communities in the anaerobic digesters. The present study provides new data for supporting the anaerobic treatment of substrates with a high content of inhibitory compounds, such as chicken wastes.

Waste Chicken Eggshell-Derived CaO Based Magnetic Solid Base Catalysts for the One-Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydro-4H-chromenes and Benzopyranopyrimidines

Waste Chicken Eggshell-Derived CaO Based Magnetic Solid Base Catalysts for the One-Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydro-4H-chromenes and Benzopyranopyrimidines