Waste Animal Research Articles

Effect of Dominant Fatty Acid Esters on Emission Characteristics of Waste Animal Fat Biodiesel in CI Engine

This present study aims in understanding the influence of dominant fatty acid esters of waste animal fat biodiesel on its emission characteristics in CI engine. Biodiesel was produced from waste animal fat by means of base catalysed transesterification; and Ethyl oleate (40.21%), ethyl palmitate (25.36%) and ethyl stearate (16.87%) were characterized as dominant fatty acid esters using GC spectra. Test samples were prepared for these ester molecules based on their availability, in addition to biodiesel blend and plain diesel and were tested for their emission levels in single cylinder four stroke CI engine using flue gas analyser. High exhaust gas temperature was contributed by Ethyl oleate (1.15% lesser than biodiesel), as a result of low cetane number due to unsaturation and high viscosity. Likewise, the increased carbon chain length and unsaturation of ethyl oleate (2.55% lesser than biodiesel) resulted in high concentration of CO emission for biodiesel whereas high CO2 emission concentration was because of ester molecules with increased carbon chain length (stearate and Oleate esters). Reduced NOX emission for biodiesel was as a result of higher cetane number from ethyl stearate (CN=86.83) and ethyl palmitate (CN=86.55), which reduced its ignition delay thereby moderating the heat release rate. In addition, long carbon chained ester molecules (oleate and stearate esters) in biodiesel consumed more oxygen content for improving overall rate of combustion while increased HC emission was explained by unsaturation in biodiesel because of ethyl oleate (on average ,50 PPM).

Biodiesel Production from Mutton Waste Fat – A Short Review

Currently, the world is facing an immense threat from pollution and global warming. Fossil fuels are limited, and they are considered as non-renewable source of energy. Crude oil reserves are consumed at large scale with respective passing year. If the consumption rate is increased, it may cause ruination and irreplaceable damage to the environment. It now poses a great threat to mankind and to our planet earth. Renewable source of energy is revolutionary in this modern era. Biofuels are one of the most promising alternatives to conventional sources of fuel. Biodiesel is an eco-friendly, non-toxic green fuel that reduces the use of fossil fuel and helps combat climate change. Biodiesel can be produced through transesterification of waste animal fats into fatty acid methyl esters. India is the second largest producer of goat-based meat in the world. Currently, there is so much of waste fat being generated from meat processing plants and dumped in open grounds. It is hazardous waste and causes environmental pollution. The process of converting waste fat to biodiesel will reduce the dumping of waste fat. It can act as a major technique in fighting menace of pollution and helps in better waste management.<div><br></div>

Methyl palmitate hydrodeoxygenation over silica‐supported nickel phosphide catalysts in flow reactor: experimental and kinetic study

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe search for alternative sources of fuels is crucial for sustainable development now and in the near future. Biomass attracts much attention as an environmentally friendly, green and CO2‐neutral source of fuels. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of fatty acid‐based feedstocks such as nonedible vegetable oil, waste cooking oil and animal fat is a versatile technology for producing efficient fuels. HDO schemes are often contradictory and have different numbers of stages. In the work reported, a highly active nickel phosphide catalyst was obtained and methyl palmitate (MP) HDO kinetic modelling was carried out to elucidate the HDO reaction scheme.RESULTSThe effect of reduction temperature (400–600 °C) on the catalytic properties of the catalyst in MP HDO was evaluated and the most active catalyst (after reduction at 450 °C) was used in the kinetic experiments. The experimental data were collected in a wide range of MP conversion. The reaction scheme of MP HDO was elucidated by means of mathematical modelling which was specified by successive consideration of the experimental results of HDO selectivities at low MP conversions (1–10%), additional experiments of alcohol HDO (dodecanol‐1 as an analogue for hexadecanol‐1) and analysis of gas‐phase products.CONCLUSIONSIn accordance with the results obtained, both hydrolysis of MP and hydrogenolysis of C&amp;bond;OCH3 bond should be considered for describing the conversion of MP to intermediate compounds. This finding could explain the synergetic effect of acid and metal centres, which has been reported in the literature on aliphatic ester HDO, and justify the higher activity of bifunctional catalysts in this reaction. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Improvement of the compression ignition behaviour and combustion efficiency of the second generation biofuel BIOXDIESEL

Biodiesel fuel is covering more and more place in the market. The reason is a limited fossil fuels resources and the need to reduce emission of harmful substances by application of the fuel made of renewable resources. Currently in Poland and in Europe, the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters are used as biocomponent of the biodiesel fuel or it is used as pure biodiesel fuel. This paper presents the research on the biofuel, which contains mainly Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters, (the energetic value of FAEE is higher than FAME) and mineral Diesel fuel is a small addition. This paper presents research on the improvement of the compression ignition behaviour and combustion effectiveness of the second generation biofuel BIOXDIESEL, which contains up to 75% of biocomponents (FAEE with bioethanol) with addition of mineral Diesel fuel. Improvement of the auto-ignition properties is achieved through the multi-component composition of Bioxdiesel fuel and dosing of enriching additives. The quality of the fuel has been evaluated during engine testing and during laboratory measurement of fuel parameters. Whereas satisfactory results show that it is appropriate to supplement the composition of biofuels produced from waste vegetable and animal fats and alcohol with the refining additive.

Pemberdayaan Kelompok Tani Desa Jatimalang, Kabupaten Pacitan melalui Pelatihan Pembuatan Pupuk Organik

The farmer group of Lestari II, Jatimalang Village, Arjosari Subdistrict, Pacitan Regency has potential in the production of organic fertilizer because it is supported by agricultural residues (straw, corn stalks, soybean stalks, etc.), and livestock waste (animal waste) overflow. Utilization of agricultural and livestock waste is still not optimal. Processing of agricultural and livestock waste into compost carried out by most farmers in Jatimalang Village has not used the fermentation process, so the results and quality are not optimal. The purpose of this farmer group empowerment activity is to provide knowledge about the process of making organic fertilizers from providing raw materials, making bio-activators, and packaging the results of products. The method used is structured training and direct practice of making organic fertilizer. The results obtained from this empowerment activity are that farmer groups are able to make organic fertilizers independently with good quality products, but the stirring process is still not evenly distributed so the granules of organic fertilizer are not the same size.

Reuse of waste animal fat in biodiesel: Biorefining heavily-degraded contaminant-rich waste animal fat and formulation as diesel fuel additive

Here we report a study on the technical feasibility of using purified animal fat as additive in a diesel fuel for internal combustion engines. The objective is to obtain a base fat with contaminant-free and ready to be diluted in petroleum diesel to obtain a diesel fuel blend with acceptable characteristics in terms of engine-system tolerances.A crude fat refining process composed of a vacuum distillation step and a glycerolysis step to convert the free fatty acids (FFA) recovered from distillation step into triglycerides (TAG) is used. Parametric study to determine the optimal purification-process conditions are used. The TAG obtained after a refining step, is then blended with standard diesel.A satisfactory formulation has already been used to power a system-equipped (converted) diesel engine, and blend ratio of up to 40% in standard diesel perform well enough to run the target engine.The results of this study show that this approach is technically feasible and economically interesting for recovering this waste into fuel. Moreover, it permits a decrease of the fuel carbon balance.

Synthesis of biodiesel from Schizochytrium oil using renewable catalyst and study of its quaternary blend phase behaviour

In this present work, waste animal bone is used for the first time to synthesis nano hydroxyapatite heterogeneous catalyst. The sodium nitrate salt was doped with synthesized nano hydroxyapatite to form sodium modified nano hydroxyapatite for transesterification of biodiesel from schizochytrium algae oil. Locally collected waste bone was washed, cleaned, dried, powdered and calcined at different temperature at 900 °C for 2 h to convert into tri-calcium phosphate and it is characterized. The synthesized heterogeneous catalyst was tested for biodiesel production. The maximum biodiesel yield of 96% was achieved at 9 wt.% catalyst concentration, 1:12 molar ratio and 2 h reaction time. The produced biodiesel was characterized to evaluate the quality for the application in diesel engines and the results exhibited that the properties are in ASTM standard limit. Blending of biodiesel, lower alcohol with diesel have been considered as the common fuel modification for reducing the pollution. In this study, the phase behaviour of the synthesized Schizochytrium biodiesel, diesel and higher alcohol (Octanol) was studied with water in oil emulsions (Quaternary blend). Octanol was used because of its high carbon number and better fuel property. The effects of different hydrophilic lipophilic balance were studied to find an optimum HLB number by varying the Span 80 and Tween 80 ratio (20 to 100%) in the quaternary blend. The optimum fuel blend was found at the HLB number of 12 (Span 20%: Tween 80%) and the quaternary blend at the HLB 12 showed no phase separation for two months.

The novel use of waste animal bone from New Zealand agricultural sources as a feedstock for forming plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings on biomedical implant materials

This study presents the feasibility of using animal bone-derived hydroxyapatite (HAP) as feedstock powders for plasma spraying. Bovine, cervine and ovine bone from abattoirs was boiled in a pressure cooker to remove blood, fat and adhering meat tissue. The bone was then placed in a muffler furnace, pyrolyzed at approximately 1000 degrees C to remove collagen and resid-ual organics, cooled and subsequently ground to a powder then digested in nitric acid. Sodium hydroxide was added to the digest to reprecipitate the HAP. Ageing of the precipitate followed by filtration, extensive washing and drying produced the white powder used as the feedstock. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the powder to be poorly crystalline HAP with low-level carbonate. Out of several batches of the sieved powders, one batch was plasma sprayed to produce adherent HAP coatings; therefore, demonstrating that animal bone-derived HAP powders can be seri-ously considered as a feedstock powder, subject to the powder being processed for the correct rheological characteristics for easy flowing within the plasma spray flow lines. The phase composition of the successful plasma sprayed HAP coatings on both stainless steel and titanium were found by XRD to be mainly HAP with minor contributions from á -tricalcium phosphate, tetra-calcium phosphate and CaO; therefore, demonstrating that feedstock decomposition on its passage through the plasma spray torch was insignificant under the conditions employed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the coatings indicated that their morphology featured the classical heterogeneous and splat-like appearance expected of plasma sprayed coatings. Young's modulus and Vicker's microhardness tests conducted on the coatings revealed values in the range, respectively, 22-87 GPa and 166-287 (HV200 ) indicating high strength plasma spray HAP coatings had been produced from the feedstock powder.

Metal hydrated-salts as efficient and reusable catalysts for pre-treating waste cooking oils and animal fats for an effective production of biodiesel

A very efficient chemical pre-treatment method that uses cheap and safe hydrated-salts as catalysts for the conversion of waste cooking oils and animal fats having a high Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) content into an oily feedstock convertible into biodiesel through a conventional route (basic catalysis) was investigated. These hydrated-salts allow FFAs to be efficiently (>99%) esterified with alcohols under very mild conditions (343 K, 2 h). At the end of this treatment, a very convenient separation of products was verified. Two different phases were eventually obtained: an upper alcoholic phase, which contains most of the unreacted alcohol, water obtained by direct-esterification (>95%), and the salt that was used as catalyst (recovery >99%); and a lower oily-phase mainly composed of glycerides, methyl-esters derived from direct-esterification of FFAs (residual acidity of about 0.8 mg KOH/g), and part of unreacted alcohol (7–10%wt). Such a separation was convenient because the oily-phase could be directly trans-esterified through conventional base-catalysis, without any further pre-treatments, thus avoiding production of salty-waste. Also, the alcoholic phase could be recovered and directly re-used for new pre-treatments cycles of fresh waste-oils. A final scheme of the proposed process was discussed and the relevant advantages with respect to conventional routes were highlighted.

Influences of biodiesel fuels produced from highly degraded waste animal fats on the injection and emission characteristics of a CRDI diesel engine

In the current study, biodiesel fuels produced from waste chicken fat and waste fleshing oil with high free fatty acid were tested in a four stoke, four-cylinder, water-cooled, turbocharged-intercooled, common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. Their effects on the injection and exhaust emission characteristics of the test engine were determined and compared with those of petroleum-based diesel fuel (DF) as the reference fuel. Engine tests were performed at different engine loads and constant engine speed of 2000 rpm. Injection characteristics showed differences with respect to engine load and fuel type. However, the effects of biodiesel fuels on the injection profiles were more dominant for main injection characteristics such as the start of main injection, end of the main injection, injection amount and injection rate and these effects became more pronounced with increasing engine load. Compared to DF, animal fat based biodiesels had better total hydrocarbon (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, but their carbon dioxide (CO2) and especially nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were higher. In addition, waste fleshing oil-based biodiesel fuel emitted lower emissions than waste chicken fat-based biodiesel.

A kinetic model for a single step biodiesel production from a high free fatty acid (FFA) biodiesel feedstock over a solid heteropolyacid catalyst

Production of biodiesel from yellow grease (waste cooking oil and waste animal fats) is fast emerging as a promising alternative to address the twin challenges before the biodiesel industry today-fluctuation in prices of vegetable oil and the food versus fuel debate. Yellow grease has a high percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) and proves to be an unsuitable feedstock for biodiesel production from commercially viable alkali-catalyzed production systems due to saponification problems.“Green” methodologies based on heterogeneous solid acid catalyzed reactions have the potential to simultaneously promote esterification and transesterification reactions of yellow grease to produce biodiesel without soap formation and offer easy catalyst separation without generation of toxic streams. This paper presents kinetic studies for the conversion of model yellow grease feeds to biodiesel using a heteropolyacid supported on alumina (HSiW/Al2O3) using a batch autoclave. Three model yellow grease feeds were prepared using canola oil with added FFA such as palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid. A pseudo homogeneous kinetic model for the parallel esterification and transesterification was developed. The rate constants and activation parameters for esterification and transesterification reactions for the model yellow grease feeds were determined. The rate constants for esterification are higher than the transesterification rate constants. The kinetic model was validated using the experimental biodiesel data obtained from processing a commercial yellow grease feed. The kinetic model could be used to design novel processes to convert various low-value waste oils, fats and non-food grade oils to sustainable biodiesel.

Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics and their Interactions in Agricultural Soils – A Review

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are antibiotics widely used in human and veterinary medicine. The main sources of FQ contamination in agricultural soils result from the irrigation of fields with wastewater and the use of waste sludge and animal manure as fertilizer. Due to their physicochemical properties, these chemicals exhibit strong sorption in soils, presenting low mobility, high persistence and, therefore, long-term biological action in this matrix. This review addresses their main physicochemical and biological interactions in soils, as well as their main biotic and abiotic degradation pathways. In addition, we highlight the possible impacts of FQs on organisms that play an important role in the maintenance of biogeochemical cycles such as soil microbiota, earthworms, and plants. Routes of exposure to human beings through food grown in contaminated soils, and possible exposure to resistant genes derived from microbiota-soil-antibiotic interactions are also discussed. This review emphasizes the need for establishing regulatory limits on FQ contamination sources through fertilization with human and husbandry waste in agriculture soils. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v11i1.1352

Waste Animal Bone as a Novel Layered Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Transesterification of Biodiesel

A novel layered heterogeneous catalyst of hydroxyapatite and phases of calcium phosphate was prepared by two step process from waste animal bone for the synthesis of biodiesel. In the two step method, calcination of the animal bone is followed by hydrothermal reaction, to obtain a heterogeneous catalyst with layered structure. The heterogeneous catalysts were characterized by dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, fourier transmission infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Brunauer-Emmer-Teller to understand the behaviour of the materials. The increase in the surface area of the catalyst synthesized by hydrothermal reaction is mainly due to the formation of the layered structure of the material. Biodiesel was prepared by the transesterification of honge oil and methanol, using the heterogeneous catalyst synthesized from raw dried animal bones, by calcination and hydrothermal reaction and yield was compared.The yield obtained for the calcined and hydrothermally treated samples were found to be 88% and 96% respectively. Higher yield was observed for catalyst synthesised by hydrothermal method as compared to that synthesized by calcination which is mainly due to enhanced surface area of the catalyst prepared through two step process. The performance of the catalyst was evaluated by comparing the biodiesel yield obtained. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was also done for the analysis of biodiesel. The layered heterogeneous catalyst synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of animal bones with better surface area, is an efficient catalyst for the transesterification of biodiesel, with better yield.

Wet corrosion behavior of copper exposed to recycled groundnut oil as biofuel

AbstractThe scarcity of fossil fuels may lead to a depletion of coal, oil and natural gas in the near future. Alternative fuels, especially biofuels, are receiving considerable attention for their environmental benefits. Biodiesel is a renewable and clean burning fuel that is made from waste vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease for use in diesel vehicles. Biodiesel produces fewer toxic pollutants and greenhouse gases than petroleum diesel. Many biofuels have been extracted and synthesized but little has been undertaken to study their effects on corrosion. The present investigation aims to evaluate the wet corrosion behavior of copper in used groundnut oil (UGNO) as a biofuel. The varieties of its blending ratios with commercial diesel (5, 10 and 20 %) were studied in accord with the mass loss method for a period of 100 h. The corrosion rate of the metal was evaluated according to mass loss and electrochemical methods. The corrosivity and conductivity of the test media were positively correlated. Wettability studies also supported the non-corrosive nature of biodiesel.

Investigation of Waste Animal Fat Based Biodiesel Fuels’ Usage in a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine: Performance and Combustion Characteristics

Investigation of Waste Animal Fat Based Biodiesel Fuels’ Usage in a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine: Performance and Combustion Characteristics

Deep Eutectic Solvents for Purification of Waste Animal Fats and Crude Biodiesel

U ovom je radu istražena mogućnost primjene niskotemperaturnih eutektičkih otapala za ekstrakcijsku deacidifikaciju otpadnih životinjskih masti te uklanjanje glicerola i glicerida iz sirovog biodizela. Istraživanje je uključilo odabir povoljnog katalizatora te masenog omjera katalizatora, metanola i masti koji bi rezultirali najvećom konverzijom triglicerida u metilne estere masnih kiselina. Definirano je potrebno vrijeme pročišćavanja sirovog biodizela te optimalan maseni omjer otapala i sirovog biodizela. Ekstrakcijskom deacidifikacijom pomoću niskotemperaturnog eutektičkog otapala na bazi kalijeva karbonata uspješno je reducirana kiselost sirovine uz relativno mali utrošak otapala (maseni omjer otapala i masti: 0,25 : 1,00) i kratko vrijeme trajanja procesa (30 min). Kalijev hidroksid pokazao se kao učinkovitiji katalizator. Udio katalizatora u reakcijskoj smjesi utječe više na konverziju masti od udjela metanola. Udio glicerola i glicerida reduciran je ekstrakcijom pomoću niskotemperaturnog eutektičkog otapala na bazi kolin klorida na vrijednosti manje od standardom propisane vrijednosti (EN 14214:2019). Odabrano se otapalo pokazalo selektivnim zbog toga što nije došlo do redukcije udjela metilnih estera. Pri masenom omjeru otapala i biodizela 1 : 1 i 90 min trajanja ekstrakcije postignuti su najbolji rezultati. Pročišćeni biodizel također zadovoljava standard kvalitete s obzirom na udio estera, gustoću i viskoznost.

Investigation of Waste Animal Fat Based Biodiesel Fuels’ Usage in a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine: Performance and Combustion Characteristics

Investigation of Waste Animal Fat Based Biodiesel Fuels’ Usage in a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine: Performance and Combustion Characteristics

Some Studies on Waste Animal Tallow Biodiesel Produced by Modified Transesterification Method Using Heterogeneous Catalyst

Abstract This research work deals with production of biodiesel from tallow waste through the transesterification process by miniature reactor with heterogeneous catalyst. The production of biodiesel and biomass are solid waste removing process from odor environment. Now a days the biodiesel extraction from the various seeds and animal wastes are in progress to balance the fossil fuels demands. The heterogeneous catalyst are diluted sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) with Methanol (CH3OH) as an alcohol used in transesterification reaction. In biodiesel production experimental and optimized process parameters are rated temperature at 600C, reaction time 90 mins and agitation speed 400 rpm. The functionality process parameters are 6.5:1 molar ratio, 2.5 wt% catalyst concentration. Finally the Tallow biodiesel has been yielded 62% with (NaOH) catalyst and 10% higher than potassium hydroxide (KOH) (grade-1) and also physicochemical properties are studied and compared as per the ASTM standards.

Spatiotemporal dynamics and risk factors of rotavirus A circulation in backyard pig farms in a Philippine setting.

Rotavirus A is one of the leading etiological agents of porcine gastroenteritis, a condition which results to stunted growth among piglets. Moreover, there is increasing evidence for zoonosis of rotavirus A (RVA), which is also the principal cause of diarrhea in children. In the absence of rigorous animal health monitoring in Philippine backyard farms, there is therefore a strong need for RVA surveillance. In this study, 30 randomly selected backyard farms were subjected to surveillance for RVA for 12months. Results show that RVA detection at a monthly farm-level rate ranged from 0 to 52%, with an overall average of 23%. RVA had higher detection rates in adult pigs compared to young piglets and was most prevalent in non-diarrheic stools, indicating asymptomatic circulation of the virus. Spatiotemporal analysis demonstrated that the viral circulation exhibits a seasonal pattern that peaks and forms geographical clusters during the cooler months of the year, suggesting farm-to-farm transmission. Risk factor analysis identified specific farm conditions that increase the likelihood of RVA circulation: presence of gilts, larger herd size, presence of other animals, and abiotic factors such as low relative humidity and low altitude. The same analysis also revealed three major management practices that can help reduce the pressure of infection in these farms: sanitation and waste disposal, animal grouping, and diet. This new perspective on porcine RVA circulation will benefit the underprivileged backyard farmers and help empower them to protect both animal and public health.

Preliminary Monitoring of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water Wells from the Village of Bivolari (The Moldavian Plain)

Abstract The main objective of the paper is focused on water quality research in the village of Bivolari, Iasi County. The Bivolari settlement is situated in the Prut meadow and develops along the road connecting Iasi and Stefanesti. The research done in this paper starts from the collection of data on water pH, water LDO (oxygen concentration), CDC (dissolved salt content) and water temperature. The parameters were measured for 7 months using the HACH-LANGE multiparameter of the Geoarchaeology Laboratory at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi (Inter-disciplinary Platform ArheoInvest). The study is structured in two sections: scientific substantiation and applicative research. The scientific substantiation part analyzes the water features in the context of the integrated management approach as well as an analysis of the quality aspects of the water supply. The applied research part required monthly field measurements in 50 fountains (without the winter season). The approached subject is is complex and up-to-date because the citizen is a priority for EU Member States (EUPAN, 2009): the aspect of “customer satisfaction” represents a capital priority. Finally, the database is structured into two categories: spatial information such as maps; tabular information attached to spatial data. The paper also follows the transition from the field of research into the field of application by presenting models of data representation, which are at the same time tools adapted to the practical needs. In order to achieve this goal, the concept of quality (both in terms of product - drinking water and local consumer) is defined and addressed in an integrated manner. Of the 50 wells monitored, only one had a water shortage in the last 10 years, and in two other cases there were problems with household waste and dead animals that damaged the water supply. Some fountains can dry at intervals of 3-4 years.