Washing Effect Research Articles

Influence of postwashing process on the elution of residual monomers, degree of conversion, and mechanical properties of a 3D printed crown and bridge materials.

This study aimed to determine the effects of the postwashing method and time on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of three-dimensional (3D) printed crown and bridge resin. DLP (digital light processing)-printed specimens produced from Nextdent crown & bridge (C&B) resins were washed separately using an ultrasonic bath and rotary washer with TPM (tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether) for 3min, 6min, 10min, 20min, and 1h. Postcuring was applied for 30min to each specimen after the washing process. The flexural strength, Vickers hardness, water sorption and solubility, degree of conversion (DC), elution of residual monomers, and biocompatibility of the specimens were evaluated. The ultrasonic bath showed greater washing efficacy by reducing the residual HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) from 2.0634ppm to 0.1456ppm and reducing the residual TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) from 1.4862ppm to 0.1484ppm. With prolonged washing, the flexural strength significantly decreased from 129.67±6.66MPa (mean±standard deviation) to 103.17±7.20MPa, while the Vickers hardness increased slightly for the first 6min and then decreased thereafter significantly. The DC was 87.78±1.34% after 3min and then gradually decreased with extended washing time. The cytotoxicity significantly decreases with the increment of the washing time. The washing effect on the elution of residual monomers was better for an ultrasonic bath than for a rotary washer. Extending the washing time reduces the mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of the Nextdent C&B resin.

Effect of wearing and washing temperature on the performance of compression socks

Compression socks regulate blood flow in venous systems and are used for therapeutic purposes. The present study, it was aimed to analyse the influence of multiple levels of wearing and washing temperature on compression pressure. 9 pieces of compression socks samples with 3 different combinations (with different polyamide/ elastane body and inlaid yarn) were developed using compression socks knitting machine with a 1×1 laid in, 1×1 knit-miss structure. After the production of the samples, to simulate the “wearing and washing effect” a test protocol was designed. Compression pressure values were measured by using MST Professional II Medical Stocking Tester in different phases and results were evaluated statistically. The results show that when compression socks are worn for 15 days and washed 5 times, their compression pressure and graduation values change. After wearing compression socks on wooden leg pressure values shows a slight decrease due to a long period of stretching. In addition, after wearing and washing cycles it is seen that the pressure values increase as the washing temperature increases. 50 ̊C results show the highest increase at compression pressure. Statistical results show a correlation between temperature and compression pressure. Many researches were carried out on the production factors of compression socks, however, there are very few research studies on the usage performance of socks. The study contains results for both the literature and the producers/end users

Water Conscious Blue Jeans Washing Process: A Case Study of Turkey

Washed denim garments represent a popular field of fashion design, and environmental effects of denim washing are being increasingly explored since the process has adverse impacts on the environment due to its chemical discharge and other pollutant emissions that affect water sup-plies. As one of the biggest suppliers of denim apparel manufacturing worldwide, Turkey has also faced problems of high water consumption and pollution. To reveal the pressure on the envi-ronment caused by the denim washing sub- sector in particular, the water related environmental negative impacts in the industry need to not only be quantified, but also reduced. Accordingly, the study was conducted to develop a sustainable washing process for blue jeans for a medium scaled, commercial denim apparel washing plant. The results showed that the sustainable washing approach displayed superior performance with 36% lower grey water footprint (GWF), lower environmental impact in all categories, 28% lower overall energy demand, 50% lower natural gas and 36% lower direct water resource consumption with similar garment quality and washing effect attained.

Occurrence and Distribution Patterns of Magnetic Particles Within Stalagmite Growth Laminae

AbstractThe concentrations of magnetic particles in stalagmites depend greatly on the regional hydrologic condition, and thus can act as an important proxy for paleoclimate reconstruction. The central axis region of a stalagmite is usually selected for such magnetism study. However, little is known about the distribution and influence factors of exogenetic magnetic particles within the growth laminae. In this study, the occurrence and variations of magnetic particles along the growth laminae of three shape stalagmites were investigated by a set of magnetic measurements, including isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition curves and low‐temperature magnetic analysis. The results show the main magnetic remanence carrier is detrital magnetite/maghemite, coexisting with small amounts of hematite and goethite. The distribution of soft magnetic particles along the growth laminae showed different patterns among the three shape stalagmites (dome, cone, and candle). For the dome shape stalagmite, the soft magnetic particle concentrations in all studied growth layers showed an increasing trend from center to edge. Similar patterns were also appeared in the bottom growth layers of the cone and candle shape stalagmites. This edge enrichment of magnetic particles is caused by drip water washing effect. However, such enrichment pattern became weaker or even inverse in the top growth layers of the cone and candle shape stalagmites, indicating that the shapes of stalagmites could also affect the surface distribution of soft magnetic minerals. These uneven distributions of magnetic particles imply that the central axis region of a stalagmite may not always be the optimal specimen for environmental magnetism study.

Experimental investigation on the development features of a gas jet on the surface of a vertical moving body with a constant volume chamber

Based on the motivation of trajectory stabilization using a stable air layer generated by multi-point injection, the dynamic behaviors of a bubble exhausted from a single-hole have been studied experimentally. The pressure inside the air chamber is recorded by the pressure sensor, and the bubble dynamic behaviors are captured by high-speed cameras. First, the repeatability of the experiment is validated and an indirect method to measure the bubble volume is introduced. Subsequently, according to experimental results, a flow feature map is constructed to depict the bubble morphologies under different conditions, where two stable modes and three unstable transition modes can be observed. Moreover, the formation mechanism of different modes has been studied. Finally, based on the investigation of bubble morphologies, pressure evolutions, and bubble scales under different initial pressure inside the air chamber and motion states of the model, the effects of the initial pressure inside the air chamber and motion state of the model are analyzed. The generation of the gas jet can be delayed by the washing effect of the incoming water flow while the large pressure difference can promote the generation of the gas jet. The bubble dynamic behaviors are the result of mutual interaction between the two effects.

Optimizing of Submerged Entry Nozzle for Bloom Continuous Casting Based on Physical and Numerical Simulation

Herein, a physical model with a geometric similarity ratio of 1:1 and a 3D numerical model of macrosegregation are established to study the initial metallurgy behavior of the 410 mm × 530 mm section bloom continuous casting (CC). The results show that the average wave height, liquid surface velocity, and washing velocity of the five‐port nozzle are greater than those of the straight nozzle, but the center temperature and the temperature gradient at the solidification front are lower. Meanwhile, the diagonally installed five‐port nozzle can avoid the excessive washing effect under the orthogonally installed five‐port nozzle, which improves the minimum subsurface negative segregation index, which is increased from 0.753 to 0.802. For the Steel 45 bloom CC process, when the straight nozzle is changed to the diagonally installed five‐port nozzle, the length of the equiaxed crystal zone is increased from 97.5 to 198.5 mm, and the asymmetry of the solidification structure is improved.

Efficiency of diesel-contaminated soil washing with different tween 80 surfactant concentrations, pH, and bentonite ratios

Soil contaminated with diesel fuel is a hazard to the environment and people; therefore, it needs to be remediated. Soil washing enhanced with Tween 80 (TW80), non-toxic and non-ionic surfactant, can effectively remove diesel from contaminated soils. In this study, the effects of 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% (v/v) [TW80] concentrations; 0%, 5%, and 15% (w/w) bentonite; and variation in pH on washing efficiency were examined in a batch test. The prepared samples were physiochemically characterized on the basis of particle size, zeta potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. When the bentonite content in soil was 5% or 15%, 1.5% [TW80] solution exhibited the highest washing efficiency. The diesel removal efficiencies in soil with 0% bentonite were slightly higher than those in soils with 5% and 15% bentonite because of the increase in adsorption sites by bentonite; consequently, diesel could not be easily washed out. The extracted n-alkanes showed that the percentage of carbon number 20 was higher than that of the other even-numbered carbons in the retained washed samples analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In all the washing tests, the diesel removal efficiencies in soil with 15% bentonite and 0.1% [TW80] were lower than those in soil with 15% bentonite and water because of adsorption. The bentonite samples washed with TW80 have different morphologies, with a voluminous structure composed of the fusion of all layered structures, as supported by SEM results. Changes in the diesel content and residual TW80 content in the soil before and after washing were shown by the carbon content in the EDS results. The mechanism of the washing effect was investigated by CEC and zeta potential measurements. This study may aid in selecting appropriate conditions for improving washing efficiencies in future field applications.

Wool Wax Extraction From Washing Effluent and Effect on Olea europea Germination and Growth.

Effluents from textile industry using wool pose serious environmental nuisances in Tunisia that are mainly due to their pollutant load and the release of unpleasant odors. In order to minimize these hazards and to take advantage of these wastes for the sake of our environment, the present work consists on valuating wool wax from washing effluent on olive (Olea europea), germination and growth. Extraction was made in water at 70°C or hexane using sonication followed by concentration of the extracts in soxhlet apparatus. Results showed that this waste is characterized by its richness in total lipid content with extraction yields of 60.7 and 95.6%, respectively. GC-MS analysis of wax showed its richness on fatty acids. Six saturated fatty acids ranking from 15 to 27 carbon atoms were characterized. Furthermore, diluted wax at a dose of 1.25 mg/g significantly improves germination of olive seeds by germination index calculation, to reach a maximum of 150 ± 17%. In fertigation experiment, the use of the same dose of diluted wax promotes plant length to reach 45.7 ± 2.52 cm. GC-MS analysis after derivatization showed significant enhancement of auxin production in plants treated with 1.25 mg of wax/g of soil compared to control with a concentration of 1.1 ± .1 and .7 ± .2 ng/mg, respectively. This leads us to valuate wool wax as environmental friendly natural product in agricultural and fertigation practice of olive plant.

Washing Reagents for Remediating Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soil: A Review

Heavy-metal pollution of soils has become a major environmental concern around the world presently. Soil washing provides an effective measure of removing contaminants from soil permanently, of which washing reagent plays a vital role in the process. This article reviews the current knowledge acquired on the main aspects concerning washing reagents of soil washing for remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil based on more than 150 published studies over a period from 1990 to 2021. The review identifies and discusses the types of washing reagents with their associated characteristics. Based on the factors influencing washing remediation, multi-criteria decision-analysis, together with an integrated four-step procedure, is put forward to manage the selection and prioritizing of washing reagents. It crops out from the literature survey that the selection of the washing reagents is a balanced process by considering washing effect, environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness. On the basis of such observation and evaluation, it is recommended that further study should be focused on developing new washing reagents or compound washing reagents that possess the advantage over heavy-metal removal ability, eco-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness as well. Selecting washing agents that are capable of being recovered from waste such as dissolved organic matter would be a promising trend in washing remediation. Artificial intelligence is expected to assist in the selection of washing reagents.

Study on the thermal washing of oily sludge used by rhamnolipid/sophorolipid binary mixed bio-surfactant systems

Demulsification and crude oil desorption are usually a necessary step for the treatment of oily sludge in the petroleum industry. In this study a binary mixed bio-surfactant (rhamnolipid / sophorolipid, RL/SL) was used to strengthen the removing oil efficiency for oily sludge by thermal washing method. Surface tension values of the single and the mixed surfactants were carried out to investigate the effect of mixing systems on reducing critical micelle concentrations (CMC) value. The models proposed by Clint, Rubingh and Gibbs et al. had been employed to interpret the formation of mixed micelles and synergism and found out in case of the mass ratios of 4:6 the synergism was the strongest in RL and SL mixed surfactant systems, which was selected as the washing agents to treat the oily sludge produced from Huabei oilfield. Through the optimization of oil washing process parameters, the oil removal rate reached the maximum value (95.66%, residual oil rate 1.98%) at the condition of heating temperature of 45 °C, detergents concentration of 500 mg/L, washing time of 3 h, liquid/solid mass ratio of 1:4, stirring speed of 300 r/min, and washing 4 times. The factors affecting the oil washing effect were analyzed from the composition and performance characteristics of oily sludge samples, washing oil system and washing process parameters. The results showed that low oil content of oily sludge, small specific surface area, strong wetting and solubilization of the oil-washing system all can increase the oil-washing effect and the washing time and temperature had a great influence on the oil-washing effect. Compared with the results of other researchers, the oil washing temperature and the concentration of oil washing agent were significantly lower and high oil removal rate and low residual oil rate were obtained in this study. It was confirmed that thermal oil washing method using RT/SL binary bio-surfactant mixing system was proved to a high-efficiency, low-consumption and wide range of applications technology.

A Novel Denoising Method for Retaining Data Characteristics Brought from Washing Aeroengines

Airlines evaluate the energy-saving and emission reduction effect of washing aeroengines by analyzing the exhaust gas temperature margin (EGTM) data of aeroengines so as to formulate a reasonable washing schedule. The noise in EGTM data must be reduced because they interfere with the analysis. EGTM data will show several step changes after cleaning the aeroengine. These step changes increase the difficulty of denoising because they will be smoothed in the denoising. A denoising method for aeroengine data based on a hybrid model is proposed to meet the needs of accurately evaluating the washing effect. Specifically, the aeroengine data is first decomposed into several components by time and frequency. The amplitude of the component containing the most noise is amplified, and Gaussian noise is added to generate noise-amplified data. Second, a Gated Recurrent Unit Autoencoder (GAE) model is proposed to capture engine data features. The GAE is trained to reconstruct the original data from the amplified noise data to develop its noise reduction ability. The experimental results show that, compared with the current popular algorithms, the proposed denoising method can achieve a better denoising effect, retaining the key characteristics of the aeroengine data.

Orthogonal vortices characteristic, performance evaluation and classification mechanism of a horizontal classifier with three rotor cages

Horizontal classifiers with multiple rotor cages have competitive advantages of larger process capacity and smaller cut size. This study represents the gas-solid simulation, performance evaluation and classification mechanism of a horizontal classifier with three rotor cages. The gas turbulence was modeled using the Reynolds stress model (RSM), and the particle flow was predicted by the dispersed phase model (DPM). More than fifty operating conditions were analyzed for the performance evaluation. A schematic map showing the gas-solid flow dynamics was constructed. It was found that three rotating gas screen are independently induced and evenly distributed around the rotor cages. The M-shaped axial and tangential velocities have strong shear and washing effect on the near-wall particle. The maximum particle residence time of the cut size can be hundreds of seconds. The experimental cut sizes range from 7.2 μm to 25.7 μm with high classifying sharpness index (>55%) and superfine particle yield (>71%).

Experimental investigation of water washing effect on high-chlorine coal properties

ShaErHu (SEH) coal in Xinjiang province of China, with a reserve of 90 billion tons, is one of the most representative high-chlorine-alkaline coal. The chlorine content in raw coal generally exceeds 1%, which leads to severer corrosion during its combustion in the furnaces. Water washing pretreatment technology is proposed to remove chlorine effectively, and affects the fuel properties. This paper aims to study the effect of water washing pretreatment on the leachate characteristics with inorganic elements and organic matter from SEH coal. Furthermore, the characteristics of coal combustion and ash migration between raw coal and washed coal were compared. Results show that water washing removes approximately 80% of Na and Cl elements as well as some organic matter. The extracted organic matters are primarily aromatic compounds, accounting for more than 75% of the total organic matter. In raw coal, Cl is mostly existed in the inorganic components, accounting for 82.82% of the total, whereas in washed coal, it is mostly present in the organic components, accounting for 70.98% of the total. The alkane structure and -OH group are more prominent in washed coal than in raw coal. The combustion properties of SEH raw coal can be improved by pretreatment with water. When the temperature of the muffle furnace rises above 815 °C, the Na and Cl of SEH raw coal release 99.7% and 92.8 %, respectively, whereas washed coal cannot release nearly all the inorganic elements.

A fast and efficient method for the efficient recovery of crude oil from spent hydrodesulphurization catalyst

The deoiling process is a critical issue in catalyst regeneration and recovery of precious metals from spent catalysts. This study developed a fast and efficient method to recover crude oil from spent hydrodesulphurization (HDS) catalysts. We employed four solvents (p-xylene, acetone, dichloromethane, and n-hexane) with different polar and aromatic properties to remove crude oil from the spent catalyst. The effects of environmental factors, such as contact time, ratio of catalyst to solvent, temperature, stirring rate, and particle size on washing efficiency were investigated. The crude oil and solvent in the oil-containing washing solution were then effectively separated and recovered. The recovered solvent was used to evaluate solvent cycle washing performance, and the recovered oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The spent and deoiled catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscope, interracial rheometer, and contact angle. The results showed that p-xylene, which has similar polarity and aromaticity to the molecular structure of crude oil, achieved an excellent crude oil washing effect. The crude oil washing efficiency of the spent catalyst can exceed 94% in 2 min. Furthermore, the solvent was recycled 10 times, and still maintained a removal efficiency of over 93% for crude oil in the spent catalyst. Compared to crude oil, recovered oil has less viscosity, ash, residual carbon, and a higher heat of combustion, allowing it to be more easily refined and recovered, and to gain more energy as an energy source.

Practical analysis of cleaning water supply pipeline using air and water flushing technology

To ensure the safety of water quality, pipe network cleaning and security management are put forward higher requirements. Traditional single-phase water flushing pipe technology requires high velocity and large flow rate of water, which does not suitable for large-diameter pipes. Air and water flushing pipes are new pipeline cleaning technology, which has high efficiency, good washing effect, and can save a lot of water. The principles of airwater flushing large-diameter, large-deviation-elevation, and many- ups-and-downs pipes are described in this paper. Based on the two-phase flow theories, it analyzes complex hydraulic characteristics and control parameters for flushing pipeline. Combine with engineering practice, air and water flushing diameter of 800 mm pipeline in Shanghai city and flushing pipe parameters are introduced. The air and water flushing effect and water resource consumption reduction are analyzed, as well.

Effect of Feed Speed of Object to be Washed on Washing Effectiveness Using Coaxial Fan Jet

Washing with water jets has been used effectively in various areas in recent years. In this study, a coaxial fan-shaped jet combined with a high-pressure jet is being investigated to improve the washing effect using a fan-shaped jet nozzle. The combination of nozzles and jetting pressure have been studied as washing conditions, and effective jetting conditions are now being shown. In this report, we evaluate the washing effect of a relatively small object coated with a starch-derived thin film on a flat plate, focusing on the feed rate as a washing condition. As a result, we found that increasing the number of washes is more effective than slowing down the feed rate (lengthening the washing time per cycle) for the same washing time (jet impingement duration).

Bioenergetic valorization of <i>Sargassum fluitans</i> in the Mexican Caribbean: The determination of the calorific value and washing mechanism

<abstract> <p>The advent of large volumes of <italic>Sargassum sp</italic>. on the Mexican Caribbean coast has become an emerging issue for the Mexican population. The most frequent action is harvesting, but a correct treatment or energy recovery strategy is still missing. This work aimed to evaluate the energy potential of <italic>Sargassum fluitans</italic>, through elemental calculations and direct measurements, considering the effect of its washing. The calorific value determined by the direct method was 9.24 ± 0.28 MJ/kg and 12.64 ± 0.18 MJ/kg for dirty and washed <italic>Sargassum</italic>, respectively. The washing effect increased the calorific values in <italic>Sargassum fluitans</italic> by 36.80%. The washing effect increased the calorific values determined by indirect methods, increasing 10.10% and 41.04%, each method, respectively. The content of toxic metals was lower in both materials than that established for non-woody biomass from energy use, concerning the ISO 17225:2014 standard. The unit energy cost of <italic>Sargassum fluitans</italic> is ＄0.007 and ＄0.011 per MJ for dirty and washed conditions, respectively. Finally, the results of this work indicate that the <italic>Sargassum</italic> wash provides better characteristics to be considered an alternative fuel option in combustion systems such as thermo-electric plants (based on carbon), sugar mills, and cement kilns with co-processing of solid waste. Attending from a bioenergetic approach, <italic>Sargassum's</italic> emerging seasonal problem affects the Mexican Caribbean coast.</p> </abstract>

Compatibility and Washing Performance of Compound Protease Detergent

Protease is the main enzyme of detergent. Through the combination of different proteases and the combination of protease and detergent additives, it can adapt to different washing conditions to improve the washing effect. In this experiment, whiteness determination, microscope scanning, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to detect the whiteness values of the cloth pieces before and after washing, as well as the stain residue between the fibers on the surface of the cloth pieces. The protease detergent formula with better decontamination and anti-deposition effects was selected. The combination of alkaline protease, keratinase, and trypsin was cost-effective in removing stains. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of the protein significantly changed after adding the enzyme preparation during washing, and the molecular weight of the protein was directly proportional to protein redeposition. The composite protease had a better comprehensive decontamination effect, and when compatible with suitable surfactants, anti-redeposition agents, and water-softening agents, the compound protease detergent exhibited a stronger decontamination ability than commercial detergents.

Research and application of K/S value in stain identification

PurposeThe intelligent identification of stains can quickly and accurately identify stains. At present, stains are identified subjectively by appearance, color, taste, feel, location, etc. Color is an important factor in identifying stains. K/S value is used to analyze the color of textile fabric, and it has additivity. The purpose of the study is to explore its application in stain recognition is of great significance to intelligent washing.Design/methodology/approachA certain method used to stain the textile, then the K/S value of the textile before and after the stain was analyzed and tested by the color difference instrument. The K/S curve of the stain was calculated by the addition of K/S, and then the stain was identified and distinguished.FindingsThe K/S value of the textile stained with stains could be deducted by the K/S value of the color difference meter. After deducting the base cloth, the K/S curve of the same stain is basically the same. Then the stain can be identified and analyzed.Research limitations/implicationsThe K/S value can be used for stain analysis, but it needs to be analyzed and tested in the laboratory.Practical implicationsThis study provides a simple method for stains identification.Originality/valueIn addition to common methods of stain identification, such as appearance, color, feel, smell, location, stain removal materials, breaking the substrate, IR, etc., K/S value can be used for stain analysis. Identifying stains and washing them in a targeted way to achieve a better washing effect could provide certain technical support for the development of smart washing and smart home appliances.

Cotton canvas trousers washing: an inception of a new horizon in apparel industry

Nowadays, fashionable trouser (denim) with washing effect is very popular, especially among the youth. The global fashion trend has led to the development of diverse washing processes that are predominantly applied to denim fabric. However, no known research has studied the application of the washing effect on canvas fabric. Therefore, this paper aims to make fashionable canvas fabric trousers by applying various washing effects. To do so, ready-to-dye canvas fabric trouser was constructed, then dyed with dischargeable reactive dye (Lava). Chemical washing processes such as whisker, enzyme, and PP spray were then applied on dyed canvas trousers. Finally, developed samples were being characterized by mechanical tests such as tensile strength, tear strength, stiffness, abrasion, pilling, colorfastness to wash, and colorfastness to rubbing. Besides, to evaluate fabric surface, various tests such as Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), Reflectance% values have also been characterized. Tensile strength, tear strength, stiffness, reflectance% value, and wear index% changed significantly for every subsequent process. The tensile strength of finished trousers was 489.87 N at warp and 350.57 N at weft direction and the tear strength was 48.01 N and 35.56 N at warp and weft direction, respectively. The reflectance% value of 18.74 was observed at the PP sprayed area. Overall, the research revealed the possibility of using cotton canvas as a pair of fashionable trousers contributing to the development of the apparel industry.