WASH Services Research Articles

Untangling the vicious cycle around water and poverty

AbstractDespite the recent improvements, there is still a problem of access to WASH services. This problem access is linked to poverty and inequality, which in turn cause difficulties in accessing water, thus creating a vicious cycle. This article analyses this vicious cycle using data from international organisations related to these issues. These data show how the lack of water access leads to limitations for households, which are deprived of employment or/and education due to the difficulty in obtaining water. This opportunity cost is the main mechanism through which the feedback between lack of access to water and economic poverty occurs. Not being able to obtain employment or/and education makes it impossible to get out of a precarious situation, which prevents the wider society to benefit from any economic gain, which in turn slows down the achievement of the goal of guaranteeing access to water for all. The responsibility lies with national and international institutions, which should not only focus on obtaining the necessary financial resources for infrastructure improvements, but also on having adequate governance to ensure water sustainability and equity.

Waterborne exposure during non-consumptive domestic use of surface water: a population study across WASH service levels in rural India.

Exposure to pathogens from domestic use of surface water is understudied. In many low- and middle-income countries, surface water is used for hygiene, sanitation, amenity, and recreational purposes. In this study, self-reported use of and structured observations at community ponds were collected to measure waterborne exposure across water and sanitation service levels in a rural population of Khorda District, India. Overall, 86% of households (n = 200) reported using ponds on a regular basis. Among observed people (n = 765), 82% put water into their mouth at least once, with a median frequency of five occurrences per visit. Reported and observation data were combined to estimate the proportion (p) of the population that put water in their mouth at least once per day, and their mean daily rate of oral exposure (OE). These were highest for individuals with neither safely managed water nor basic sanitation access (p = 93%, OE = 14 day-1), but still high among those with both (p = 67%, OE = 6 day-1). The results suggest widespread exposure to waterborne pathogens in settings where non-potable surface water bodies continue to be used for domestic purposes, even among households with access to safely managed drinking water.

Progress on sustainable development goal 6 in refugee camps in the Middle East: a comparative study

This paper examines the water and sanitation procedures taken in refugee camps to provide inclusive services, preserve the environment, and design out waste, based on empirical data collected using a questionnaire distributed in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. Our study finds that refugees in Lebanon were the furthest left behind compared to refugees in Jordan and Iraq. Moreover, considering the culture of refugees, installing quality WASH services, and shifting from the traditional linear approach to the circular economy approach is an advantage in refugee camps that creates more resilience opportunities for refugees and their hosts. Without the concrete Partnership between governmental institutions, NGOs, and stakeholders, SDG6 and other related ones, including SDG3, SDG4 SDG5 and SDG8 will not be accomplished by 2030.

Pengaruh Harga, Promosi Dan Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Keputusan Penggunaan Jasa Pada Khanza Dry N Wash Tanjung Morawa, Kab. Deli Serdang

This study analyzes the effect of price, promotion and service quality on the decision to use Khanza Dry N Wash services in Tanjung Morawa, Kab. Deli Serdang. The research method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. This research was conducted in Hamlet II Jl. Tirta Deli No. 90 A Tanjung Morawa. The time of this research began in January 2022 until March 2022. The population in this study were consumers of Khanza Dry n Wash Tanjung Morawa, amounting to 1,110 people. The results of using the slovin formula in this study the researchers took a sample of 92 consumers of Khanza Dry n Wash Tanjung Morawa. The analytical method used is the multiple linear regression method using the SPSS program. The results of this study indicate that the value of t-count > t-table (2.955 > 1.29114) and a significant value of 0.004 is less than 0.1, meaning that the price has a significant effect on the decision to use the services of Khanza Dry n Wash Tanjung Morawa, then Ha1 is accepted. The value of t-count > t-table (3.157 > 1.29114) and a significant value of 0.002 less than 0.1 means that promotion has a significant effect on the decision to use the services of Khanza Dry n Wash Tanjung Morawa, then Ha2 is accepted. The value of t-count > t-table 5.544 > 1.29114) and a significant value of 0.000 is smaller than 0.01, meaning that service quality has a significant effect on the decision to use the services of Khanza Dry n Wash Tanjung Morawa, then Ha3 is accepted. The value of Fcount (43.811) > Ftable (2.76), and a significance value of 0.000 < 0.1, it can be concluded that the fourth hypothesis is accepted, meaning that Price (X1), Promotion (X2), and Service Quality (X3) variables affect simultaneously (simultaneously) on the Decision to Use Services (Y). The adjusted coefficient of determination (R Square) is 0.639, this means that 63.9% of the dependent variable can be explained by the independent variable while the rest (100% - 63.9% = 36.1%) is explained by other variables outside the variables studied

Transparency, governance, and water and sanitation: Experimental evidence from schools in rural Bangladesh

Can transparency interventions improve WASH service provision? We use a randomized experiment to evaluate the impacts of a transparency intervention, a deliberative multi-stakeholder workshop initiated with a community scorecard exercise, in schools in rural Bangladesh. To measure impacts, we combine survey data, direct observations, and administrative data. The intervention leads to moderate but consistent improvements in knowledge of WASH standards and practices, and institutions for WASH service management, but does not improve school WASH service provision or change WASH facility use patterns. Drawing on rich descriptive data, we suggest several reasons why the intervention we evaluate did not improve WASH service outcomes and propose ways to improve the design of future interventions.

Customer Relationship Management in Increasing Customer Loyalty using the K-Means Algorithm

Advances in technology allow humans to more quickly and precisely in carrying out various activities in everyday life. One of the companies engaged in the field of vehicle washing services is Doorsmeer Keluarga Nasution. Doorsmeer. The Nasution Family Doorsmeer, located on Jl. Medan Padang Aek Godang Panyabungan, Mandailing Natal Regency, provides services in the form of car and motorcycle washing. Bookkeeping at the Nasution Family Doorsmeer is still done manually, allowing for loss of important transaction data, as well as a lack of business promotion in the community resulting in slow business development. The purpose of this study is generally to apply Web-based Customer Relationship Management with the K-means algorithm method for marketing/transactions at the Nasution Family Doorsmeer. This research is a combined type, using descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods. From the research results it is known that with the existence of Web-based Customer Relationship Management it can simplify and assist in managing good marketing strategies so that they can increase sales revenue, and by providing the best service will encourage customer loyalty and make it easier to determine loyal customers with the K-means algorithm in order to continue to provide convenience to customers.

Forecasting Service Sales Turnover Using Double Exponential Smoothing Method (case Study: Kinclong Sub)

As the lifestyle of modern society develops, service companies are businesses in the form of services that sell specialskills in order to make it easier for customers, one of which is shoe washing services. However, the problem thatusually occurs is that the number of service requests is not certain which results in raw materials that sometimesaccumulate or run out every month, errors in predicting the sales turnover of shoe washing services can result inowners experiencing losses if the target raw materials are not appropriate.This study aims to create a forecasting system for the amount of turnover from each service sale by Kinclong Sub usingthe Double Exponential Smoothing method, so that the raw material needs needed every month can be optimal. Thebest turnover forecasting results for each service on Kinclong Sub for the following month, May 2022, were Rp.10.006,248 with a MAPE value of 17.86% for DeepClean services. And Unyellowing got Rp. 1493,374 with a MAPEvalue of 17.18 %. So it can be concluded that the service that has the most turnover for the next month is DeepClean,the forecasting results can make it easier for Kinchlong Sub shop owners to provide raw materials from services thatare most in demand by consumers.

BOOK4WASH: Mobile car wash booking system

The need for car wash services nowadays is increasing since most car owners are too busy to wash their automobiles themselves. Nowadays, car wash facilities give numerous car wash or car detailing services such as foam washing, waxing, and polishing, which are handy for consumers. However, there are certain limits revealed that customers must queue up for a long period till their turn. During busy hours, clients could have to wait for a few hours, which wastes customers’ time. Besides, it is problematic for people living in apartments because there is no place for them to wash their cars. Other than that, most individuals are frightened to leave their homes because worried about the COVID-19 virus. Hence, the recommended solutions in this application can address the issues by integrating the booking system while being online. The Mobile Application Development Life Cycle (MADLC) has been used as a methodology for the entire research, including all phases except the deployment and maintenance phases. The purpose of this research is to make it more convenient for the user by providing door-to-door vehicle wash services at shopping malls, parking lots, places of employment, residential driveways, and other locations.

Status of drinking water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene in West Bengal: evidence from the National Family Health Survey of India (NFHS), 2019–2021

Abstract Access to safe drinking water and sanitation are essential fundamental rights for every citizen of a country. It is an important indicator of quality of life. Inadequate access to WASH services harms children under five and adolescent girls. This study examines the status of WASH services in West Bengal. A comprehensive assessment of WASH services was conducted using data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey. Data were statistically analyzed using Stata V. 14.1 software. A multivariate ordinal logistic regression model was applied to examine the association between experimental and explanatory variables. Furthermore, adjusted odds ratios, significance levels, and confidence intervals were provided for each dummy variable. The study found that only 33.69% of households in West Bengal have access to improved sources of drinking water. Moreover, only 74.35% of households have access to hygienic sanitation facilities within their premises, while 14.60% still practice open defecation. However, urban, Pucca, and non-nuclear households have better access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene. The study also reported that drainage facilities are lacking in the state. Finally, the study recommends some policy measures to improve the access of WASH services in the state.

Методологічні аспекти збору первинних даних: порівняння поведінки споживачів послуг з миття автомобілів в Україні, Європі та США

The article focuses on the analysis and comparison of behavioral models of consumers of car washing services in Ukraine, the countries of the European Union and the United States, as well as the identification and analysis of key factors influencing the choice and preferences of consumers in the context of using these services. In the course of the study, numerous surveys devoted to the analysis of consumer preferences in the market of car wash services are considered, the most thorough of which are conducted every three years by the International Carwash Association (ICA). The general aspects of the methodology for analyzing consumer behavior in the market of car wash services in Ukraine, which corresponds to similar studies of the US and European markets, have been identified, a questionnaire has been developed and an online survey of car owners using Google forms has been conducted. To ensure the representativeness of the study based on the theory of sampling observation, the required number of respondents to be interviewed to establish the values of the selected features has been calculated (412 people have been interviewed). The study was conducted according to four main directions: coverage of consumers of car wash services by market segments; advantages in the provision of car wash services; barriers to the provision of car wash services; differentiation of consumer preferences. In the course of the analysis, it is found that in Europe the average frequency of using car wash services is 10.5 times a year, in the USA – 13.6, in Ukraine – 13.2. The results of surveys of service consumers in Europe and Ukraine showed a high level of loyalty to professional car washes compared to the United States. 74% in Europe and 66% in Ukraine prefer exclusively professional car washes, while in the USA this figure is only 44%. The high environmental awareness of consumers in Europe has been determined, where 70% of respondents believe that washing at a car wash is safer for the environment than washing at home. The benefits of digital marketing and customer engagement through electronic communication, especially through email and Facebook, are considered.

IMPLEMENTATION OF USER INTERFACE AND USER EXPERIENCE CAR WASH SERVICE PROVIDER ANDROID BASED APPLICATION “SPOTLESS” USING DESIGN THINKING METHOD

"SPOTLESS" is an Android-based mobile application that provides car wash services to assist customers in ordering car wash appointments and vehicle wash pick-up services at the customer's desired place. "SPOTLESS" can be a solution for car users to avoid long queues for car washing or the lack of time to take their car directly to the washroom. The increasing demand for vehicle washing services affects business competition in this business, causing many customers to complain because they have to wait in queues for too long, disrupting customers' routine activities. To improve customer satisfaction, the interface is designed using the design thinking method, which was tested using the eye-tracking method through 5 participants to determine the feasibility level from the user's side After 3 iterations of testing using Maze, we got a usability score of 86 which is included in the high usability category.

Assessing the Impact of Community-Led Total Sanitation and Sustainability of WASH Services in the Mion District of Northern Ghana

The study was conducted in the Mion District of the Northern Region with the objective of evaluating the impact of community-led total sanitation (CLTS) and the sustainability of WASH services. The study design was mainly quantitative, in which a sample of 225 was employed to collect the data. The study found that 73.4% indicated that their toilets have hand washing facilities for washing their hands after defecating, and 62.2% of the respondents indicated that their toilets had hand washing facilities, running water, and soap for people who use their toilets. Before CLTS in the Mion District, 84.0 percent of the respondents indicated that besides the cost of constructing toilets, other factors made it difficult for them not to have toilets in their homes. Over eighty-four (84.4%) percent of the respondents indicated that they needed technical support from the government and other benevolent organizations to help them construct toilets. The study recommends that government should ensure the harmonization of CLTS activities by non-governmental organizations in the Mion District in the implementation of CLTS. Further education of community members and cooperation between governmental, non-governmental, and chiefs are essential to ensure sustainability.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 5S WORK CULTURE (SEIRI, SEITON, SEISO, SEIKETSU AND SHITSUKE) AT KHANSA OTO CARE

Khansa Oto Care is a service provider to pamper vehicles with its services, namely car wash, nitrogen filling, oil and air filter change service, and accessories sale to make vehicles interiors comfortable. The work environment has not implemented the 5S system such as unused items are present in the work environment (Seiri), items have no storing place (Seiton), there is a lot of oil and plastic waste (Seiso), lack of caring for work equipment (Seiketsu), and the lack of the workers discipline in implementing the work culture (Shitsuke). The purposes of this research were to implement the 5S Work Culture and to find out its effect on the workers activities after the implementation The approach taken was by observation, distributing questionnaires using the Likert scale method, interviews, and documentation of the 5S implementation. Based on the implementation of the 5S Work Culture, it provided comfort and flexibility for the workers in carrying out their work (Seiri), it eased the workers to find the work items (Seiton), it provided comfort for the workers in doing their work (Seiso), it made the work equipment always in an optimal condition and reduced the risk of machine damage, thus, it could minimize the equipment damage cost (Seiketsu), and as an implementation form of commitment of the owner and the work (Shitsuke). Based on the program score, the score before the 5S implementation was 34.3% which was in the category of bad. After the implementation, it showed the score of 92.5% which was in the category of very good. It means that all of the workers recognized that the 5S Work Culture had a good impact on the work environment.

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR PENCUCIAN KENDARAAN DENGAN SISTEM FILTRASI MENGGUNAKAN FILTER MULTIMEDIA

The increase in vehicle washing services has a major impact on the environment, human health and ecosystems in water bodies. One method of treating vehicle washing liquid waste using a filtration system has been proven to be effective and capable of breaking down pollutants contained in wastewater. However, filtration using activated carbon, silica sand, zeolite and gravel media with different variations and doses of media thickness to reduce levels in the parameters pH, TSS, COD and Phosphate has not been studied. This study was conducted to determine the effect of variations and doses of filter media and their effectiveness in reducing the levels of TSS, COD, pH and Phosphate in vehicle washing waste, with variations in the thickness of activated carbon media 10, 20, 25 cm and silica sand, zeolite, gravel 15 , 20 cm. The results showed that activated carbon, silica sand, zeolite and gravel media were able to reduce TSS, COD, pH and phosphate levels. The decrease in levels is highest in the 6th variation. The percentage of TSS is 97.13%, COD is 93.93%, Phosphate is 74% and a decrease in pH 7. From the data presented, it can be seen that all variations are able to reduce levels of pollutant parameters. in vehicle washing waste.

Working with local governments to increase access to WASH services: a case of WaterAid's participatory approaches in Nigeria

Abstract Attempts to implement participatory processes are often complicated by realities which make objectives of participation unattainable. Hence, if participation is to mean more than good intentions, it is vital to understand the strategies deployed by international nongovernmental organisations (INGOs) in participatory development. This study employed a qualitative case-study approach to evaluate the participatory processes employed in two WASH projects implemented by WaterAid Nigeria attempting work with Local Government Areas: the Sustainable Total Sanitation project and the HSBC Water programme. WaterAid Nigeria's participatory development approach recognises the responsibility of the various tiers of government for its citizens' wellbeing, especially the need for partnership with the Local Government Area (LGA) towards the delivery of WASH services. The state, as the ‘duty bearer’, is responsible for the provision of WASH services. Thus, both projects centred on government capacity building and community empowerment through the establishment and capacity development of WASH units in LGAs, insistence on counterpart funding and the establishment of water, sanitation and hygiene committees (WASHCOMs). Despite these attempts, findings highlighted the persistence of inefficiencies within the LGA WASH system that rendered partnerships ineffective. At the community level, WASHCOMs were not sustainable. Despite the challenges of implementing partnerships between INGOs and LGAs, such partnership remains a way to improve the provision of WASH services in Nigeria and other low- and middle-income countries. To better work within the participatory model, WASH INGOs should explore how to better use existing LGA arrangements for service delivery. Additionally, the LGA, as a duty bearer, could foster genuine, non-discriminatory spaces for the participation of communities by taking political, socio-economic and cultural differences into account.

Causal relationship between Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED), poor WaSH practices and growth failure in children from Rukwa-Tanzania

Stunting is the most prevalent form of chronic undernutrition. The Rukwa region in Tanzania has one of the highest prevalence of stunting, despite being one of the most food secure region in the country. It is therefore important to understand other possible environmental and biological factors for stunting/growth failure, apart from food insecurity. This was a hospital based prospective cohort study aimed at assessing other causal relationship between Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED), WaSH practices and growth failure in children aged between 1–2 years from Rukwa, Tanzania, using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. We found very significant causal relationship between growth failure and combined water availability (p = 0.0055), toilet sharing by parents/caregivers (OR = 2.632, CI: 1.156–6.233, p = 0.023 from univariate analysis, and OR = 4.067, CI: 1.484–12.206, p = 0.008 from multivariate analysis), and handwashing by parents/caregivers before food (OR = 3.363, CI: 0.928 -11.454, p = 0.05 from univariate analysis and OR = 15.038, CI:2.422–115.8, p = 0.005 from multivariate analysis). This significant causal relationship may be linked to increased diarrheal incidence and other waterborne infections among the studied children, which may then lead to inadequate absorption of nutrients and subsequent growth failure. The findings herein should therefore improve policy and programs designed to deliver targeted intervention strategies in Tanzania, to also identify and include other entry points for managing child growth failure and improving WaSH services.

Micronutrient Status and Select Characteristics of Adolescents: Results From a School Nutrition Program in Bangladesh

ObjectivesTo describe select characteristics of adolescent girls and boys and micronutrient status of adolescent girls at baseline prior to starting a school nutrition intervention. MethodsGirls (n = 2244) and boys (n = 773) in grades 8–9 attending 74 schools participated in a baseline survey including questions on individual and household characteristics, nutrition knowledge and experience and dietary diversity. Venous blood was collected from girls for micronutrient status assessment. Iron status was assessed using inflammation-adjusted serum ferritin. Vitamin A status was based on retinol binding protein. Folate status was defined using serum and red blood cell folate (RBCF). In-school observations of WASH infrastructure resources and drinking water quality testing were conducted. All estimates accounted for clustering. ResultsGirls and boys, respectively, had ever heard of anemia 34% and 27%, iron-folic acid (IFA) tablets 31% and 14%, deworming tablets 84% and 85% and worm infestation 49% and 52%. Reported IFA use in the last month and deworming tablet intake in the last 6 months were 4% and 1% and 81% and 86%, among girls and boys, respectively. Mean dietary diversity score suggested adequacy among girls (5.2) and boys (5.3) with 63%–68% having scores > 5, and 36%–39% consuming rich sources of heme iron. Adolescents perceived the existence of iron in household tubewell (21%–24%), with 5–9% describing the taste, smell, or color of rust in drinking water. The prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and severity varied: anemia 24.7%, iron deficiency 9.1%, iron deficiency anemia 3.9%, vitamin A deficiency 3.3%, RBCF insufficiency 76.1%, risk of RBCF deficiency 8.9%, RBCF deficiency 2.5%, and serum folate deficiency 9.5%. In schools, 70% met the sustainable development goals (SDG) indicator for basic drinking water service, 59% of all sampled drinking water sources complied with WHO standards for E. coli, 42% met the SDG indicator for basic sanitation service, and 3% met the SDG indicator for basic hygiene service. ConclusionsThe baseline results show variable awareness and coverage of interventions, adequate dietary diversity, micronutrient deficiencies among girls, and room for improvement to achieve SDG basic WASH services and reduce E coli. contamination of drinking water sources in schools. Funding SourcesNutrition International, Ottawa, Canada.

Perancangan Sistem Informasi Jasa Cuci Mobil dan Motor Doorsmeer

The purpose of the research is to design an information system for car and motorcycle washing services that will be used by doormeer business users, which is expected to assist doormeer entrepreneurs in recording every transaction, queue, payroll management and can be used with various platforms both desktop and mobile. In the process of designing an information system for doormeer car and motorcycle washing services, we use the DevOps software design method. From the results of research and observations that have been made on Doorsmeer CV. XYZ, it can be concluded that from the results of the design of an information system for car and motorcycle washing services at Doorsmeer CV. XYZ web-based parties make it easy to inform washing services that are ready to use through the ordering system. With the website, customers can access and get information and order services quickly from their homes, and can choose the services they want to use according to the customer's plan, and Applications information system for car and motorcycle washing services at Doorsmeer CV. XYZ can handle and control and supervise service transaction data, create invoices that can avoid delays and in making contract reports for each transaction activity.

Strengthening country-led water and sanitation services monitoring and data use for decision-making: lessons from WaterAid experience in four countries

Abstract Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are fundamental human rights, of critical importance to health, education, wellbeing, and economic prosperity. To fulfil these human rights and drive progress towards universal and sustainable access to WASH services, government service-level monitoring processes and data use are vital for effective decision-making and accountability. Despite increasing sector efforts to improve WASH data access, there is limited evidence of this translating into effective data use to inform effective planning for equitable access and budgeting and of the factors affecting this. Four case studies where WaterAid has worked with national government and sector stakeholders to strengthen WASH monitoring processes in Uganda, Cambodia, Papua New Guinea (PNG), and Myanmar were analysed through an analytical framework to understand the impact of different factors and related system-strengthening activities towards outcomes of increased data coordination, timely and relevant data availability and data use to inform decision-making in WASH service delivery. The analysis highlighted that strengthening activities aiming at improving indicators, data collection and analysis, and the type of data collection and visualisation technology have a direct impact on improving WASH sector coordination and timely data availability. However, to ensure strengthening activities support data use for decision-making, they need to be developed from within and adapt to the on-going wider political economy systems evolution, including formal processes such as decentralisation and evolving informal political drivers.

A Review of On-Site Carwash Wastewater Treatment

In recent years, people’s environmental awareness has increased. The high density of the urban population has caused a considerable increase in the demand for car washing services, which has created large quantities of car wash wastewater. The main pollutants in car wash wastewater are detergents, dirt, oil, and grease. Untreated wastewater released into rainwater sewer systems or other water bodies may pollute the water and generate excessive bubble foams, which negatively affects urban appearance. Car washes are divided into mechanical car washes and manual or self-service car washes. In general, car washes have a small operation and scale, occupy limited land, and cannot afford wastewater treatment costs. Therefore, most car washes are not equipped with wastewater treatment facilities. Consequently, the discharge of wastewater from car washes negatively affects the water quality in the surrounding environment and results in wasteful use of water resources. This study reviewed 68 research papers on the quality, treatment techniques, treatment costs, and treatment effectiveness of car wash wastewater to provide a reference for car wash operators to contribute to the preservation of water resources. We found that there is a higher chance of recycling car wash wastewater when combing two different techniques for car wash wastewater treatment.