Wash Oil Research Articles

Henry Fuseli: Greek Tragedy and Cultural Pluralism

The wash drawings and oil paintings of subjects from Greek tragedy by Anglo-Swiss painter Henry Fuseli (1741–1825), routinely categorized as romantic classicism, might be better explained in terms of the contemporary revival of Greek tragedy, made possible by the philosophical anthropology of Johann Gottfried von Herder and David Garrick's theater of character. From this climate of experimentation with foreign cultures arose a morally detached spectator and a critique of Eurocentrism in the era of Captain Cook and the American Revolution. Fuseli's classicism thus played its part in the formation of the modern liberal version of cultural pluralism.

Reservoir-Navigation System and Drilling Technology Maximize Productivity and Drilling Performance in the Granite Wash, US Midcontinent

Summary The Granite Wash unconventional gas and oil play of the US midcontinent has a multitrillion-cubic-feet-equivalent upside potential. The condensates and natural-gas liquids associated with this gas play make it one of the most-prolific and fastest-growing unconventional fields in North America. However, efficient extraction of hydrocarbons from the Granite Wash play poses drilling and geological challenges. The Granite Wash deposit has significant lateral variation, with extremely abrasive thinly bedded sandstones. Geological complexity of this field requires precise placement and navigation of the wellbore in real time to overcome the variable characteristics of the reservoir. To overcome these challenges, logging-while-drilling (LWD) technology was used in conjunction with geosteering. An azimuthal gamma ray image was used to determine formation bed dip and stratigraphic complexity within the reservoir. Multiple-propagation resistivity measurements were used to correlate position within the reservoir and indicate formation porosity. The LWD data was transmitted in real time by means of satellite to a remote reservoir-navigation center where the reservoir-navigation engineer incorporated the real-time data into the geological model. This strategy has been implemented to drill with excellent results, as compared with the offset wells. The initial production rate obtained was 19.4 MMcfe/D (cfe = cubic foot equivalent). The well was completed 10 days ahead of schedule, resulting in significant cost savings. With the successful implementation of real-time reservoir-navigation and drilling technology, the operator accelerated their drilling program. The results are significant organic production growth, improved drilling performance, precise placement of the wellbore, and significant reduction in rotating hours at lower drilling and production costs.

Solid–liquid equilibrium of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wash oil

Binary phase diagrams of several polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in wash oil including dibenzofuran+anthracene, dibenzofuran+carbazole, acenaphthene+carbazole, acenaphthene+anthracene, fluorene+anthracene, and fluorene+carbazole have been determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the former five systems are simple eutectic systems. The Ott equation and regular solution equation were employed to correlate the solid–liquid equilibrium data. Both two equations can accurately represent the nonideality of the liquid-phase for the former five systems. As to system of fluorene+carbazole, it turns out to form solid solution at any composition. Further, the experimental data were correlated using regular solution equation. The correlated results are also in good agreement with the experimental data.

Coal flotation using wash oil as a new type of collector

The use of wash oil as a coal collector is proposed to overcome the disadvantages of regular collectors in coal slime flotation. These disadvantages include high price, limited sources and high consumption. The effect of additives on flotation was studied and an innovative “one rough separation—one cleaning separation” flotation technology was developed. The experimental results show that the clean coal ash content decreases by about 1.36% and the clean coal yield declines by around 10% with the application of the depressant. There is an increase of 3.76% in the yield of clean coal and a decrease of 0.40% in the ash content caused by utilizing a dispersant. An ultimate product having an ash content of 10.78% and yield of 70.12% can be attained using a combination of dispersant and depressant. The use of this new technology decreases the ash content by 1.21%, decreases the yield by 2.80% and an increases the coal flotation perfect index by 2.03%. Compared to common flotation, the utilization of the new technology reduces ash by 0.17%, increases yield by 5.3% and increases perfect index by 4.18%.

Manufactured Gas History and Processes

Thousands of manufactured gas plants operated in the United States for more than 150 years and were important to the industrial and social development of the country. There are many people who have contributed to the development of economical methods of manufactured gas production. While there were other factors, the decline in the use of manufactured gas was largely due to improvements in the long-distance transmission of natural gas, the development of oil-burning equipment, and the availability of electricity. The decline in manufactured gas use changed the gas utility industry from a manufacturing industry to a gas distribution industry. An understanding of the historically important processes can assist in the study of former gas plant sites since the raw materials, reactors, and appurtenances employed and the residuals produced can vary with the production process employed. A recent paper published in Environmental Forensics by Murphy et al., 2005 grouped historical and process aspects of manufactured gas production processes together while focused on evaluating accidental versus intentional disposal at manufactured gas plant sites. This paper separately reviews the raw materials, processes employed, gases produced and residuals generated by each of the historically important town gas processes in order to emphasize the differences between the processes. Gasification processes and the associated fuel gas produced include: producer gas consisting of carbon monoxide and hydrogen; carburetted water gas consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and illuminants, and oil gas consisting of hydrogen and methane with lesser amount of carbon monoxide and illuminants. Coal gas is produced from the carbonization of coal and consists of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and illuminants. Each of the town gas processes discussed (i.e., coal gas, oil gas and carburetted water gas) contained water vapor, tar, naphthalene and hydrogen sulfide as impurities. The removal of these impurities resulted in residuals containing these components. Water vapor was removed as condensate. Tar-water emulsions were common to oil gas and carburetted water gas processes that used heavy oils or asphaltic-based oils. Emulsions were not common from processes that used lighter oils or from coal gas processes. Carburetted water gas tars are similar to oil gas tars but are lower in filterable carbon. Unlike coal gas tar, carburetted water gas and oil gas tars do not contain tar acids, nor is ammonia liquor produced in these processes. Much of the naphthalene would be removed with the tar. Additional naphthalene could be removed with wash oil. In the oil gas process, naphthalene was removed using a wash oil and the used wash oil was recycled into the gas-making oil. Town gas purifier wastes generally contained sulfides, but cyanide-bearing purifier wastes were common only to coal gas processes. Lampblack was generated in significant quantities only from the oil gas process. Coal gas processes produced coke. Petroleum ash was generated from the oil gas process. Coal ash and clinker were generated in the producer gas and carburetted water gas process, but not from the oil gas or coal gas processes.

05/00950 Upgrading of low rank coal with solvent

After solvent extraction of Taiheiyo, Miike and Balmer coals using wash oil under nitrogen atmosphere at 370 °C for 30 min, the extraction yield is always within the additivity law. Further studies used Yallourn, Soyakoishi, Taiheiyo, Horonai, Miike, Shin Yubari, Balmer coals and their blends which were hydrogenated in tetralin, wash oil or creosote oil, with or without catalyst, at 400–450 °C under 10 or 3 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure. When hydrogen is available, the additivity law exists for blended coals, but when the hydrogen supply is deficient, the experimental conversion of blended coals is always lower than calculated conversions. This may be due to the faster consumption of the hydrogen by more reactive coals and thus the less reactive coals were unable to react with hydrogen.

Enhancing The Wash Oil Antifouling Action In A Cracked Gas Ompression (CGC) System

Pure grade samples from operational wash oil (used in cracked gas compression unit), light cycle oil, heavy residue and heavy diesel oil were obtained. Miscible blend samples of ratio 1:1 were also obtained from wash oil/light cycle oil and wash oil/heavy residue. These samples were subjected to characterization and the following quality parameters were measured, namely: aromatic content, specific gravity, gum content and distillation range. The results obtained from Tables 2 and 3 for wash oil/heavy residue blend, sample E, showed 44.10, 0.951, 6.72 and 184.2oC – 223.2oC as aromatic content, specific gravity, gum content and distillation range respectively. These quality parameters were seemingly consistent with the standard for wash oil (Table 3). Enhanced antifouling and dispersing action were observed to be adequate in the wash oil / heavy residue blend, sample E probably due to its high aromatic content. Heavy residue, sample C was therefore seen as most suitable blending solvent for the operational wash oil, sample A. KEY WORDS: Gas Compression, Polymeric Fouling, Antifoulant, Quality Parameters and wash oil. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol.11(1) 2005: 99-105

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for fast screening of wash oils.

Fast screening of wash oils is demonstrated using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC). Wash oils are used in ethylene production plants to minimize compressor fouling. The composition of a wash oil determines its effectiveness in solubilizing heavy hydrocarbons. In particular, the relative amount of 1- and 2-ring aromatics is important. The presence of oxygenates is undesirable because of adverse effects to the process. It is shown that GCxGC is well suited for this application. Species in wash oils are separated and grouped into three bands: a nonpolar aliphatics band, 1- and 2-ring aromatics band, and polyaromatics band. For a given polar secondary column, the spacing between bands in the second dimension can be adjusted in a broad range by selecting a primary column and an oven-temperature-programming rate. Integration of GCxGC peaks is evaluated using a standard GC integration program and a new GCxGC integration program. Consistent results are obtained using both programs for well-separated GCxGC peaks with relative differences for individual peak ranging from 0.04% to 1.6%. Peak responses are integrated by the GCxGC software, and the relative amounts of aromatics content and aliphatics content are estimated by peak response percent with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.15% to 2.8% (n = 3).

Removal of tar base from coal tar aromatics employing solid acid adsorbents

Aromatic compounds from coal tar generally contain a small amount of tar bases, such as quinoline and isoquinoline. These nitrogen-containing compounds can poison the acid-type catalysts and downgrade the aromatic products because of stinking odor. Four solid acid catalysts, silica-alumina, HY, NH4-mordenite, and γ-alumina are used to remove tar bases by adsorption. Wash oil (WO), refined naphthalene (RN), and an intermediate distillate from the China Steel coke plant (Taiwan) contain quinoline ranged from 0.03 to 8.9%. Quinoline and isoquinoline can be selectively removed from a mixture due to their strong chemisorption on acidic sites, thus the remaining compounds are not disturbed following adsorption. Naphthalene, a neutral compound, is physically adsorbed on solid acids, and is desorbed near its boiling point. Silica–alumina gives the best adsorption results because its wide-ranging pore sizes are accessible to the bulky quinoline molecule. The adsorption of HY and mordenite are significantly decreased because of the extremely diffusion limitation of quinoline in pore channels. Solid acids can be completely regenerated in air at 500–600°C. The adsorption ability of silica–alumina can be completely restored even after three cycles of regeneration. The adsorption rate increases with temperature although the capacity decreases. This work demonstrates that the adsorption through the use of solid acids is an effective method that can be used to reduce the amount of tar bases in coal tar aromatics.

Fundamental Study of the Phase Behavior of Wash Oil with Diphenyl Ether

Diphenyl ether is a potential modifier to decrease the melting temperatures of wash oils and thus to prevent solid formation from the recycled stream in an aromatics removal process. Fundamental study of the solid-liquid equilibria for the related mixtures was undertaken in the present work. Solid-liquid equilibrium data were measured for binary and multicomponent mixtures containing model compounds of wash oils (acenaphthene, dibenzofuran, fluorene, and phenanthrene) and diphenyl ether. The results showed that adding diphenyl ether substantially lowered the melting points of wash oils. A series of batch distillations with various initial feeds were also made to investigate further the property changes of the wash oils before and after recovery. It was found that diphenyl ether could still remain in the residues (the recovered wash oils) and changes in the melting temperature of oils were minor. These low-melting wash oils can be recycled directly to benzol scrubber for reuse. The binary solid-liquid equilibrium data were correlated with the NRTL model. The solution model with the determined parameters is capable of predicting the solid-liquid equilibrium temperatures of the pseudo-binary (multicomponent) system to an AAD of 0.3%.

Solid−Liquid Equilibria for Binary Mixtures Composed of Acenaphthene, Dibenzofuran, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, and Diphenylmethane

The liquidus lines were determined with a solid-disappearance method for binary mixtures composed of acenaphthene, dibenzofuran, fluorene, phenanthrene, and diphenylmethane. While the first four substances are model compounds of wash oil, which has widely been used as a solvent to remove aromatics from coal oven gas, diphenylmethane is a high-boiling and low-melting compound that is a potential additive to modify the performance of wash oil. Each of the seven binaries appears to be a simple eutectic system. as evidenced by the experimental results. The Wilson and the NRTL models were employed to correlate the solid−liquid equilibrium data. Both activity coefficient models were found to represent accurately the nonideality of the liquid-phase for the investigated systems.

EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF BIOSURFACTANTS AS AGENTS OF OIL SPILL RESPONSE

ABSTRACT Biosurfactants play an important role in facilitating the natural biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. In order to characterize the biosurfactant-producing potential of environments at risk of anthropogenic oil contamination, we collected a number of distinct marine bacteria that emulsified crude oil from relatively pristine and from polluted areas. The bacteria belonged to diverse taxonomic groups and varied widely in oil-emulsifying capability, surface tension reduction of culture media, and hydrophobicity. We used laboratory assays that directly evaluated biosurfactant preparations from these and other strains for use as cleaning agents for oiled surfaces. The subjects of the study were the oil emulsification capabilities and the surface-active characteristics of the biosurfactants, which were compared to those of selected synthetic surfactants. We also examined the ability of different biosurfactants and synthetic surfactants to wash oil from porcelain tiles. To assess the efficacy of biosurfactants as enhancers of oil biodegradation, we applied preparations of biosurfactants along with our standard mix of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in either shake-flask experiments or in sandy-beach microcosms. In general, surfactants of either class (biosurfactants or synthetic surfactants) performed similarly in all of these experiments. Although some biosurfactants show merit as cleaning agents, the current production technology may not make their use cost-effective. Safety issues relating to biosurfactants were addressed by examining their toxicity and their biodegradability (and thus persistence in the environment) relative to selected synthetic surfactants. Standard toxicology bioassays were used: (1) the mysid, 7-day chronic estimator, and (2) the inland silverside 7-day chronic estimator. The biodegradability of biosurfactants and synthetic surfactants was compared by measuring the increased biochemical oxygen demand generated by the surfactants in raw seawater. Some biosurfactants were indeed highly biodegradable; however, we found no tight association of biodegradability to either class of surfactants. These results suggest that the environmental safety of surfactants is best evaluated on the basis of toxicity and degradability data for specific cases.

Determination of trace elements in petroleum exploration samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis

A suite of geochemical oil samples from a wide geographic area and a variety of depositional environments was analysed by INAA and ICP-MS. Good correlation between the two techniques was obtained for V, Ni and Co (r= 0.95–0.90). The correlation decreased in the order: Zn (r= 0.87), Fe, Sb, Se, U, Ti, La, As, Ba, Mn and W (r= 0.18). The contribution of trace elements to oils from produced waters, drilling fluids, biodegradation and migration has been suggested by some of the samples for which there was disagreement. Laboratory experiments confirmed that barite contributes Mn, Fe, Ga and Pb to oil samples that have not been filtered. On the ICP-MS 130Ba2+ interferes with 65Cu+ whereas 63Cu+ suffers from interference by 51V12C+. If formation water and produced water is not removed from the oil, the water contribution of elements e.g., As and Br is superimposed onto the organically bound contents in the oils. In such instances, it appears that these elements are not useful in fingerprinting and classifying oils. However, when the formation water contribution is removed, elements e.g., As are shown to be geochemically significant. It has thus been demonstrated that it is important to water wash and filter oil samples before analysing for geochemical exploration purposes. This work has also shown that metals such as Zn, Cd and Pb are picked up by oils migrating through ore bodies of these metals. Prior to examining the contributions of water, barite and migration, oils could only be classified using their V, Ni and Co contents. The new understanding acquired from this work, has made it possible to identify and eliminate samples with severe contamination. Application of multivariate statistics to the V, Ni, Co, Mo, As, Sb, Fe, Mn, Zn and Bi data for the Exxon oils enabled appropriate oils to be correlated with each other.

Diagenetic Reactions in Sandstones of the Red Wash Oil Field, Uinta Basin, Utah: ABSTRACT

Diagenetic Reactions in Sandstones of the Red Wash Oil Field, Uinta Basin, Utah: ABSTRACT

Mass transfer parameters in spray columns

To determine mass transfer parameters in spray columns the spray characteristics are required. A photographic technique that allows determination of these characteristics of wash oil sprayed through solid nozzles is described. Special precautions had to be taken because wash oil rendered the column walls opaque. Results are given for a specific nozzle as function of liquid and countercurrent gas flow rate.

New Flotation Reagents from Coal Tar

The use of the petrochemical and coking industries by-products as coal flotation reagents is evaluated. Wash oil, the coal tar distillation fractions, is shown to be an efficient and environmentally acceptable coal flotation reagent.

Low temperature—long time, high temperature-short time liquefaction of coal: The Hokudai process

A Japanese cola was hydrogenated in wash oil with fine iron dust and sulphur as catalyst under a reaction pressure of 12–13 MPa at 420 °C for 2 h and then at 500 °C for 0–20 min. The liquid yield boiling up to 600 °C amounted to 55–66 wt%. Pyridine conversion was ≈ 100 wt%, benzene conversion 82–90 wt% and n-hexane conversion 53–70 wt%. Compared with direct hydrogenation at 500 °C for 10 min the low temperature-long time plus high temperature-short time liquefaction process (the Hokudai process) is a very effective method for obtaining high liquid yield under relatively low hydrogen pressure without coking, using disposable catalyst and non-donor solvent.

Coal liquefaction by in-situ hydrogen generation. : 1. Zinc-water-coal reaction

Liquefaction of coal was carried out in a zinc—water—solvent system to give a product with high concentration of pyridine and benzene solubles. In this system the metal reacts with water to produce the corresponding metal oxide and hydrogen. This hydrogen was used for in-situ hydrogenation of coal. The effects of reaction time, temperature, type of solvent, the quantity of metal used and the rank of coal were investigated. The solvent has a very marked effect on the conversion of coal to benzene-soluble materials, especially at short reaction times. A maximum benzene conversion of 96% for Taiheiyo coal was obtained when it was treated at 445 °C for 1 h using wash oil as solvent. With regard to the influence of coal rank it was found that low rank coals were more reactive than high rank coals. The amount of preasphaltene is only slightly influenced by coal rank but depends on the temperature and the type of solvent used.

Effect of blending on liquefaction of coals

After solvent extraction of Taiheiyo, Miike and Balmer coals using wash oil under nitrogen atmosphere at 370 °C for 30 min, the extraction yield is always within the additivity law. Further studies used Yallourn, Soyakoishi, Taiheiyo, Horonai, Miike, Shin Yubari, Balmer coals and their blends which were hydrogenated in tetralin, wash oil or creosote oil, with or without catalyst, at 400–450 °C under 10 or 3 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure. When hydrogen is available, the additivity law exists for blended coals, but when the hydrogen supply is deficient, the experimental conversion of blended coals is always lower than calculated conversions. This may be due to the faster consumption of the hydrogen by more reactive coals and thus the less reactive coals were unable to react with hydrogen.

Effect of air oxidation on coal hydrogenation

Japanese Taiheiyo coal (75.9%C) was oxidized with air at 250 °C for 3–40 h and at 300 °C for 3–10 h. The weight decreased from 16.3 to 46.5% at 250 °C and from 21.7 to 41.3% at 300 °C. Carbon loss and yield of NaOH soluble were obtained. The resultant oxidation products were hydrogenated at 370 °C for 1 h under 10 MPa hydrogen pressure using red mud with sulphur as catalyst and wash oil as solvent. Conversion to pyridine, benzene and n-hexane soluble fraction shows a minimum for the coal oxidized 10 h at 250 °C and for the coal oxidized for 3 h at 300 °C. Initial oxidation makes a network structure which contributes to a reduction in conversion, but in later stages of oxidation, splitting of bridge linkages and/or ring opening of aromatic structures, contribute to increases in conversion.