Wash Fastness Research Articles

Color and functionality construction of cellulose towels with biological Monascus pigment based on a nano-suspension system

As a sanitary textile that directly contacts sensitive parts of the human body, such as mouth, nose and eyes, towel is very important for our daily life and health. However, the colored cellulose towels we use daily are dyed with synthetic dyes. This can be a problem for people with sensitive skin, particularly babies. In this research, cellulose towel fabric was dyed using a nano-level Monascus pigment dyeing solution, which eliminated the need for organic solvent to dissolve the pigment, making it an environmentally friendly dyeing scheme. After 90 °C pre-mordanting treatment and 80 °C dyeing for 30 min respectively, the K/S value of towel fabric could reach 9. In addition, the washing fastness of dyed towel fabric was 3–4, the dry/wet friction fastness was 4–5 and 3–4, and the K/S value remained high even after 20 washing times, and also demonstrated a certain level of UV resistance and antibacterial properties. In conclusion, the application of the dyeing method for cellulose towel fabric with biological Monascus pigment based on a nano-suspension system was found to be both efficient and environmentally friendly, which was anticipated to replace certain traditional synthetic dyes in the future.

Dyeing ability of C. longa L. and T. stans (L.) Juss. Ex Kunth on unmordanted and mordanted silk and cotton fabrics

The work was on the extraction of both the C. longa rhizomes and the petals of T. stans using four different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, water, and n-hexane). The dyeing potential of the C. longa and T. stans extracts was evaluated on cotton and silk fabrics without or with mordants using potash alum, phosphomolybdic acid, iron (II) sulphate, and tartaric acid at varied temperatures and tested for colour fastness properties (wash and light fastness). The pH and absorbance of the dye bath before and after dyeing were studied. However, cotton, which is cellulosic, was better dyed than silk, which is proteinous, which showed a better choice for fabrics dyeing at 80 °C; hence, it had a good colour efficiency. Iron (II) sulphate exhibited complexes in the octahedral configuration of the coordination six with CH2O- of cotton and NH3+ and COO- of silk fabric. In addition, it was also observed that the higher the dyeing temperature, the greater the dyeing intensity. The spectroscopic characterization of the extracts was determined with the help of UV-Vis and FTIR. The UV-Vis and FTIR spectral analyses revealed the chromophore, auxochrome groups, and functional groups, respectively, within the extracts. Curcumin and rutin were identified as being responsible for the dyeing of the fabric.

Sustainable enhancement of wool fibers using Hymenocrater platystegius flower and natural dyes for improved Insect-Repellent and color properties

This study investigates the application of Hymenocrater platystegius flower as a natural mothproofing agent for wool fibers and examines the effects of aluminum mordanting on the dyeing properties of wool treated with various natural dyes. Wool fibers were treated with Hymenocrater platystegius flower powder and aluminum salts, followed by dyeing with Madder, Reseda lutea, Indigo, or Walnut shell dyes using different mordanting methods. FTIR analysis revealed the characteristic absorption bands and confirmed the interactions between the wool fibers and the treatment agents. The insect-repellent properties were assessed by weight loss measurements after exposure to Anthrenus verbasci larvae, showing significant improvements in treated samples, particularly with the combination of Hymenocrater platystegius and aluminum mordanting. GC–MS analysis of the essential oil identified as α-Pinene, Trans-Verbenol, Linalool, and β-Bourbonene as the main constituents, contributing to the insect-repellent effect. The L*a*b* color space analysis demonstrated that aluminum mordanting significantly enhances the color strength and stability of dyed wool, with pre-mordanting generally providing better results. The study further evaluated the washing and light fastness, as well as the mothproofing properties of the dyed wool samples. These results indicate that the weight loss percentages of treated wool fiber after washing are slightly higher than before washing, but the difference is not significant. Overall, the use of aluminum mordant in conjunction with Hymenocrater platystegius flower powder not only improves the color characteristics of wool dyed with natural dyes but also provides effective mothproofing properties, making it a viable and eco-friendly option for textile applications.

Synthesis, characterization, and color performance of bis-azo and bis-pyrazole derivatives for dyeing of polyester

In this study, a novel series of bis-azo dyes 3–10 were synthesized via a two-step process. Initially, benzene-1,4-bis(diazonium) chloride was reacted with several active methylene compounds, such as ethyl acetoacetate, acetyl acetone, ethyl cyanoacetate, and malononitrile. yielding the corresponding bis-azo dyes 3–6. Subsequently, these dyes were cyclized through condensation with phenylhydrazine, resulting in the formation of bis-pyrazole derivatives 7–10. Comprehensive spectroscopic characterization, employing techniques like infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, along with elemental analysis, elucidated the structural features, and electronic transitions of the synthesized dyes. The electronic absorption properties were investigated experimentally and computationally, revealing bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts influenced by substituents and tautomeric forms. The dyes showcased excellent dyeing performance on polyester fabrics, exhibiting notable color strength, perspiration fastness, light fastness, and wash fastness. Theoretical investigations of the electronic properties were conducted utilizing Density Functional Theory (DFT) methodology, employing the B3LYP functional with the 6–31G(d,p) basis set, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationships governing the dyeing behavior of these dyes on polyester.

Study of Dyeing With Natural Extract of Butterfly Pea Flowers (Clitoria Ternatea) on Cotton Fabrics

Objective: This study aims to optimize the dye extraction and dyeing variables in cotton fabrics using dried Butterfly Pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea), in order to evaluate its potential as a natural dye in the dyeing of cotton fabrics. Theoretical Framework: This research is presented based on fundamentals related to dyeing with natural dyes, dye extraction and pre-mordanting procedures, as well as studies related to the dyeing of cotton fabrics. Method: This research was carried out by varying the dye extraction temperature and dyeing parameters, which were documented and optimized. The pre-mordanting process was also used with 5 different biomordants, at the end the washing and friction fastness properties of the fabrics dyed with and without the pre-mordanting process were observed. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the best dye removal temperature was 70°C and the optimized dyeing conditions were a temperature of 50°C, time of 60 minutes and pH 3. In general, the use of biommordants did not promote improvements in solidity interactions. Research Implications: The use of natural dye made from Butterfly Pea flowers in dyeing provides a blue color to the cotton fabric, which is difficult to achieve. Originality/Value: The use of natural dye made from Butterfly Pea flowers in dyeing provides a blue color to the cotton fabric, which is difficult to achieve.

Bio Dyeing of Nylon 6 Fabrics Using Beetroot and Natural Mordants

AbstractIn this paper, the potential of beetroot as a natural source to dye a synthetic fiber that is, nylon 6 fabric, has been examined. We analyzed the impact of the most important dyeing parameters, such as dyeing temperature, dyeing time, pH of the dye bath, and dye concentration, on the dyeing efficiency of the nylon 6 fabric. We achieved the optimal conditions for nylon dyeing by beetroot at the boiling temperature for 60 min using 100% on the fabric weight (owf) dye under acidic conditions. Also, to attain suitable color fastness, we used four different natural mordants (pomegranate peel, walnut husk, pistachio hull, and Terminalia Chebula) before the dyeing process. We also examined the effect of four commonly used metal mordants on the dyeing efficiency. FTIR, SEM, EDX and TGA were then conducted to justify the presence of mordants and dyes on the substrate. We discovered that pre‐mordanting generated colorful fabrics based on the type of mordants used. Also, various natural mordants could produce different color strengths, such that the walnut husk had the highest color strength among the used mordants. The obtained color fastness against washing of all bio‐mordants was rated as excellent and the light fastness of Terminalia Chebula was surprisingly excellent. Bio‐mordants also exhibited equivalent washing fastness to metal mordants, even surpassing them in terms of light fastness. The EDX spectra also showed peaks corresponding to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O). Finally, the fabric mordanted with pomegranate peel exhibited very less mass loss, thus indicating thermal stability.

Synthesis and characterization of some new Schiff base azo disperse dyes based on chromene moiety for simultaneous dyeing and antimicrobial finishing

New azo Schiff base disperse dyes based on a chromene moiety were synthesized by reacting (2-amino-7-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4 H-chromene-3 carbonitrile) and(2-amino-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-4 H-chromene-3-carbonitrile), with vanillin and ninhydrin, producing new chromene Schiff base derivatives, which in turn were coupled with 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline diazonium salt to give new 4 azo disperse dyes (1–4). The structures of the prepared dyes were confirmed using elemental analysis, 1HNMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and IR. The synthesized dyes were applied to polyester and nylon fabrics using different dyeing techniques: high temperature- high pressure, and ultrasonic dyeing methods. The highest K/S values for all investigated dyes were achieved usinga high temperature-high pressure dyeing technique. Also, the color reflectance of all synthesized dyes with different dyeing shades (1%, 2%, and 3%) was obtained. The fastness properties of the dyed samples using the investigated dyes showed good color fastness toward light, washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness. The presence of a chromene moiety and Schiff base in the investigated dyes promotes a higher antimicrobial activity on nylon and polyester fabrics against all tested bacteria (E. coli gram-negative and Staphylococcus aureus gram-positive) and two fungi, Aspergillus Niger and Candida albicans.

Cotton Fabric Coating by Cationic Starches to Aim for Salt‐Free Reactive Dyeing

AbstractCationic starch (CatS) coating of cellulose fabrics enables salt‐free reactive dyeing. However, the relation of the degree of substitution and CatS concentration in the dyeing procedure are open issues. Accordingly, three cationic starches of increasing degree of substitution were used at different concentrations for the coating of cotton fabrics. Fabrics were evaluated for stiffness, dye uptake, dye exhaustion, wash fastness and nitrogen content.With an increasing degree of substitution coating solutions become more viscous, resulting in increased wet pick‐up and less stiff coated fabrics. These fabrics show increasing dye absorption and color generation. Due to the molecular size of the cationic starch, yarn/fiber ring dyeing is supposed present. Specifically, color generation can be adjusted by initial cationic starch coating concentration. Above 5 % CatS concentration ceases to have an increasing coloration effect. Pre‐treating a cellulose fabric with approximately 2.2 % CatS (Ds=0.7) enables similar coloration to a standard reactive dyeing protocol. Light fastness is reduced by 1–1.5 compared to salt‐based reactive dyeing. Rub fastness decreases by 1–2 only for higher substituted cationic starches (Ds=0.7). Nitrogen analysis reveals that a share of the CatS elutes off the fabrics into the dye bath.

Valorisation of sodium lignosulfonate from wood pulping industries for the enhancement of moisture management properties of nylon fabric

Nylon fabric has poor moisture management properties due to the absence of hydroxyl groups. In this work, an attempt has been made to enhance the moisture management properties of nylon fabric using sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). SLS is an essential by-product of the wood pulping industry. Various concentrations of the SLS were prepared in an aqueous medium, and the nylon fabric was treated with them using the exhaust method. The effects of the parameters of the treatment process are analyzed using Box–Behnken response surface design of experiment and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Upon testing the water vapour transmittance rate (WVTR), it was found that the SLS treatment is efficacious in improving moisture management. Water contact angle is reduced to 10.6° from 105.3° after the coating, which proves the achievement of hydrophilic surface. The average wetting time of nylon fabrics decreased by 78% after the SLS treatment. A significant increase in the bending modulus, flexural rigidity, and coefficient of the SLS-treated fabrics is observed when SLS concentration is high. After the SLS treatment, wetting time decreases, absorption rate increases, spreading speed increases, and overall moisture management capacity (OMMC) increases significantly. The SLS coating over the nylon surface is found to be durable with excellent rating for light and washing fastness.

Heterologous expression of bacterial tyrosinase and its applications in biological hair dyeing and DOPA modification of hydrolyzed silk fibroin

Tyrosinase is a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase widely applied in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and other industries. Currently, the production of commercial tyrosinase primarily relies on extraction from fungi, which has high costs, low purity, low specific activity, and poor stability. The objective of this study is to obtain highly expressed bacterial tyrosinase with potential for industrial applications. The bacterial tyrosinases from five different sources were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the tyrosinases TyrBm and TyrVs derived from Bacillus megaterium and Verrucomicrobium spinosum were obtained with the enzyme activities of (16.1±0.2) U/mL and (48.6±0.9) U/mL, respectively. After protein purification, we compared the enzymatic properties of TyrBm and TyrVs, which revealed that TyrVs exhibited better thermal stability and higher substrate specificity than TyrBm. On the basis of characterizing TyrVs with high catalytic performance, we established a biological hair dyeing system based on TyrVs catalysis to achieve in-situ catalytic hair dyeing. The color washing fastness test measured the ∆E value less than 7.38±0.64 after simulated 14-day cleaning. To facilitate the rapid separation of catalytic products and enzymes, we successfully constructed an immobilized enzyme TyrVs-CipA dependent on self-assembly label CipA and applied this enzyme in the DOPA modification of hydrolyzed silk fibroin (HSF). The immobilized enzyme continuously catalyzed HSF for more than seven cycles, resulting in a single DOPA modification degree exceeding 70.00%. Further investigations demonstrated that DOPA modification enhances the scavenging activity of HSF towards DPPH and O2- radicals by 507.80% and 78.23%, respectively. This study provides a technical foundation for the development of environmentally friendly biological hair dye based on tyrosinase and biomaterials for tissue engineering.

Mercerisation Followed by Wet on Wet Reactive Dyeing of Cotton Fabric

The commonly employed textile wet processing methods are singeing, de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerising, dying, printing, and finishing. However, these methods are more time-consuming and require a lot of energy, manpower, and chemicals. Therefore, this research aims to develop a semi-continuous processing route that minimizes these problems. In this study, two dying routes were employed. The first is a control group, which was done by conventional mercerisation and dyeing procedures, whereas the second is a semi-continuous experimental group, which has been employed by mercerisation followed by wet-on-wet (WOW) reactive dying. That is, after mercerisation, the fabric, which contains the optimum alkali concentration, goes to dyeing without washing. Washing and titration were performed to determine the optimum alkaline concentration in the fabric at a specific washing cycle. Fabrics that were washed at different cycles after mercerisation were dyed, and their washing fastness, degree of dye exhaustion, fixation, and colour strength were evaluated, and they had a slightly greater colour strength than conventionally dyed fabrics. This is because with a wet-on-wet dyeing procedure, the fabric is relaxed after mercerisation, which allows it to absorb more dye, and the leftover alkali in the fabric is used to fix the dye to the cellulose. The study shows that the optimal washing cycle for passing the optimum alkali concentration is one. Furthermore, the optimal amount of alkali remaining in the fabrics is 3–3.5%. As compared to the conventional dyeing process, this process is economical.

Dyeing of Cotton Woven Fabric Using Sustainable Natural Dye (Date Leaves) and Bio-Mordants

This study on natural dyes has been chosen for a sustainable dyeing method on textile through the using of 99% cotton 1% spandex woven fabric. The dye was produced from the Date Palm Leaf (Phoenix dactylifera L) using Soxhlet machine through continuous extraction method and dyed using natural bio-mordant eucalyptus, guava leaf. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test was carried for nanoparticle characterization along with color measurements with specular and UV include mode. The dyed fabrics were also assessed for wash fastness, fastness against perspiration, dry rubbing and wet rubbing property. In most of the cases the fastness property of sample without mordant is better than with mordant. Cotton fabric is used for dyeing to make it sustainable and to reduce the dependency on synthetic dyes; the natural material can also reduce the pressure on synthetic material.

Silk fabric dyeing with Basella alba (Sri Lankan green spinach fruit) natural dyes: Mordant-free dyeing approaches

The rising demand for natural dyes creates opportunities for farmers and artisans, boosting employment and local economies. This research investigates the utilization of a natural colourant derived from Basella alba fruit, commonly recognized as Sri Lankan green spinach, for dyeing silk fabrics without mordants. The methodology involved an aqueous extraction, acidic, and alkaline extraction process of natural dyes. Additionally, in this extraction process, a solution comprising Basella alba fruit extraction and Soy Milk Solution was mixed in ratio 4:1 enriching the dyeing affinity of the natural colourants. Basella alba was chosen as the primary colourant, with investigations conducted on the influence of varying pH levels and extraction temperatures. The results of this study suggest that Basella alba fruit extract can be used as a natural dye for silk fabric dyeing. CIE La*b* and K/S data have revealed excellent reflectance on Silk fabric. The extraction process of Basella alba fruit for natural dyeing showcases the potential to yield natural pastel shades, such as yellow, pink, and purple shades. The dyed samples were assessed for their light and washing fastness, receiving grades ranging from fair to excellent. Notably, the washing fastness 4:1 ratio of Basella alba fruit with Soy Milk Solution with extract dyeing yielded particularly impressive results. It reveals enhanced washing fastness properties particularly in low-temperature (40°C) dyeing processes. This study not only highlights the technical viability of employing Basella alba fruit extract for silk fabric dyeing but also highlights its socioeconomic significance in fostering sustainable livelihoods and niche market.

Dope dyeing of tannic acid modified ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene fabric

AbstractIn this study, we examined dyeing behavior of tannic acid modified ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fabric. Whole study was conducted to see the effect of tannic acid on dope dyeing performance of the fabric. Tannic acid and its complex with sodium salt TA‐Na+ complex were used for pretreatment. After dope dyeing, the color strength of fabrics, color fastness, surface morphology, and fiber structure were characterized by k/s value, color difference, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The effect of treatment conditions was also discussed. The results had shown better color strength and washing fastness were obtained after tannic acid treatment, especially after TA‐Na+ complex treatment. SEM observation indicated the tannic acid adhesion on fabric surface. Both EDS and FTIR results showed the enhancement of surface polarity. And the UHMWPE fabric treated with 1% (w/v) TA‐Na+ with pH ranging 4–5 for 6 h showed better color durability over time. Approach was suitable because of sustainable, green behavior of tannic acid and entire process had a low cost.

On the Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Para-nitro Aniline-based Reactive Dye

The dye was synthesized by nitration of aniline to para-nitro aniline, diazotization and coupling reactions. The melting point of the para-nitro aniline was taken to yield 147ºC. The result from the GC-MS shows that the compound with the highest relative abundance of 100% showed a molecular ion peak of 129.4 compounds which correspond to lower relative abundance. Also from the GC-MS result, the two peaks of masses 57.5 g and 83.4 g respectively correspond to fragments of the samples. Ultra-violet spectrophotometer was used to determine the absorption of the dye. The para-nitro aniline dye as synthesized showed the highest absorbance of 2.214 at 220 nanometers. The dye was applied to pure cotton and cellulose. The percentage shift of the dye toward the fabric i.e. percentage exhaustion of the dye was calculated to yield 73% which shows that the reactive dye has high exhaustion value. Fastness test was carried out on the dyed fabric to characterize the material’s color resistance to fading and running. These tests are heat, light and wash fastness which is rated 1-5 according to Ukponwam and Odilora (2000) where 1 shows poor fastness and 5 very good fastness. The wash, heat and light fastness of 4, 5 and 5 respectively shows that the dyed fabric has an excellent fastness to washing, heating and sun drying.

Captivating coloring and antimicrobial properties of tea leaf and eucalyptus bark on jute–cotton union fabric

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the repercussions of eucalyptus bark and tea leaf extract as natural dyes and antibacterial agents for jute–cotton union fabric. Design/methodology/approach The dye was collected from the eucalyptus tree’s bark and tea leaves by the aqueous extraction method. The fabric was dyed with potassium alum mordant, using pre-mordanting, post-mordanting and meta-mordanting methods. Examine the color performance analyzed the K/S, L*, a*, b*; fastness to washing using standard test method ISO 105 C06 A2S, rubbing fastness was performed by Crock meter using AATCC 115. The dyed fabrics were characterized by Fourier transform infrared radiation for the existence of various functional groups. Also, antimicrobial activity testing was done by the agar diffusion method (AATCC method SN 195 920) where Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used. Findings The extracted dye tea leaves meta-mordant dyed samples were determined to have the strongest relative color. Fabrics pre-mordanted and post-mordanted with extracted eucalyptus and extracted tea dye produced the same outcome, which was excellent for wash fastness to staining and very good for wash fastness to fading. For both eucalyptus bark and tea, rubbing fastness on the pre-mordanted fabric produced very positive results. In mordanted colored fabric, significant antibacterial activity was discovered against S. aureus and E. coli. Originality/value This study demonstrates that the eucalyptus bark and tea leaves extract encompasses a solid antimicrobial action with amazing coloring execution for jute–cotton union fabric.

Dyeing of Mixed Cotton and Polyester Fabrics with New Dyes—Complexes of Collagen with Transition Metal Ions

Uniform, stable, one-step dyeing of textile fabrics made from a mixture of natural and synthetic fibers using traditional methods remains problematic to this day. As an alternative to traditional methods, a one-step method for dyeing mixed cotton and polyester fabrics with a new natural dye—a complex of collagen and [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ions—was proposed for the first time. Dyeing of pre-prepared cotton, polyester, and cotton–polyester fabrics is carried out by dipping in an aqueous dye solution, squeezing, drying, and heat setting. The influence of the mass ratio of dye components, fixation temperature, and pH of the solution on the degree of dye fixation was determined. A degree of sorption of dyes (14–25%) from the solution onto the surface of fabrics was established, which after heat fixation decreases slightly (1–3%). During washing processes, the copper complex is almost completely washed out from polyester and blended fabrics and remains in small quantities (2.4–3.8%) on the surface of cotton fabrics. After water washing, the degree of fixation of the collagen–chrome complex in fabrics is as follows: in cotton—8–10%, in polyester—10–12%, and in cotton–polyester—8–9%. The color coordinates of cotton and cotton–polyester fabrics hardly change before and after washing, but for polyester fabric, the changes are significant. The mechanism of interaction of the complex dye with the fibers was studied using the Fourier transform infrared method, and the morphology and distribution of the dye on the surface of the samples using the SEM-EDS method. The dye binds to cellulose through ionic and coordination bonds, and to polyester through joint melting. Therefore, unlike pure polyester fabric, cotton and cotton–polyester fabrics demonstrated high color fastness to washing and light fastness. The use of production waste, the exclusion of synthetic dyes and harmful chemicals, and single-stage dyeing of the material reduce the environmental burden.

Antibacterial finishing of compression fabrics based on Ti3C2Tx-APTES material

Patients with hyperplastic scarring need to wear compression garments for long periods of time during treatment with compression therapy. Compression garment fabrics (CGFs) are prone to bacterial growth during use, leading to patient infections. It is essential to apply antibacterial functional finishing to the CGFs. In this study, antibacterial CGFs based on Ti3C2Tx and amino-functionalized silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane composite material (APTES) were prepared by dip-coating method. The binding mechanism between the Ti3C2Tx-APTES and the CGF was explored, and the antibacterial rate, wash fastness, and wearability of the antibacterial fabric were investigated. The addition of APTES resulted in the formation of covalent bonds between the CGF and the antibacterial agent. The unwashed CGF exhibited antibacterial rates of 99.9% against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, AATCC 25922) and 99.76% against Escherichia coli (E. coli, AATCC 6538), respectively. The wash fastness of antibacterial CGF met industry standard AA level, and the wearability of the treated fabric could basically satisfy daily wear requirements. The Ti3C2TX-APTES antimicrobial CGF prepared in this study provides an effective solution for the development of antimicrobial fabrics for sports and medical applications.

Applying Giloy Stems Dye to Silk and Lyocell Fabrics to Improve Their Antimicrobial and Fastness Properties Using Bio-Mordant

The investigation of novel strategies to combat harmful bacteria is warranted given the serious threat that antimicrobial resistance poses to world health. Out of all of these, treating textile materials with antimicrobial compounds has attracted a lot of attention due to its potential to stop the spread of infectious diseases. The goal of this study was to evaluate how silk and lyocell materials' inherent antibacterial qualities might be improved by giloy dyeing and lemon mordanting. The goal of mordanting was to improve dye adhesion by using only natural ingredients such as citrus lemon extract. Using dye from Azadirachta indica, which was made by aqueous boiling, Lyocell and Silk materials were dyed under various circumstances. Following Giloy dyeing and Lemon mordanting, the antibacterial efficiency significantly improved, notably against common infections like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, according to the results. Furthermore, the study assessed washing and perspiration fastness capabilities, which yielded positive results and confirmed the method's feasibility. This method has the potential to considerably improve infection control measures in textiles, particularly in fields focused on public health and cleanliness. Given the serious issue of antimicrobial resistance, adopting new textile treatments like this can help to build effective and sustainable solutions. Future studies can investigate further uses and adjustments, assuring its adaptability and wider adoption across many environments.

Photophysical properties and photostability of novel 2-amino-3-benzothiazole thiophene-based azo disperse dyes

The design, synthesis, and use of four new thiophene-based dispersed azo dyes with salicylic and carboxylic acid acceptors are shown in this work. The produced dyes exhibit a wide range of light absorption characteristics, including near UV–visible, and deep red wavelengths. PG9 and PG12, which are thiophene disperse azo dyes with carboxylic acid acceptor, showed red-shifted absorption, but PG10 and PG11, which are azo dyes with salicylic acid, showed blue-shifted absorption. The synthesized dyes exhibited good photostability in solvents. The experimental results are supported by theoretical results from Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT).Furthermore, the dyes exhibit outstanding dyeability with percentage exhaustion characteristics of 90% when applied to acrylic, nylon, and polyester fabrics. Rich shades ranging from deep orange to black are seen in the dyed fabrics. Salicylic acid acceptor-dyed materials have higher K/S values when applied to nylon-dyed fabrics, while acrylic and polyester-dyed fabrics respond better to carboxylic acid acceptor dyes. The fabrics that have been colored display exceptional light, wash, and rubbing fastness. Inlight and wash fastness, polyester-dyed fabrics performed better than acrylic and nylon-dyed fabrics. Studies on UV protection show that fabrics with high UPF ratings canblock damaging UV-A and UV-B radiation efficiently. All synthetic dyes have their antibacterial activity assessed using the AATCC 100 test method, which is associated with the HOMO-LUMO energy gap.