Wash Fastness Research Articles

Optimization of Dyeing Process of Natural Dye Extracted from Polyalthia longifolia Leaves on Silk and Cotton Fabrics

ABSTRACT The study approached to extract natural dye from the wastage leaves of Polyalthia longifolia and evaluate the dyeing properties on silk and cotton fabrics. Different analysis techniques were used to understand the characteristics of the dye and apply them to silk and cotton fabrics using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, and SEM. The colorimetric properties were analyzed by reflectance spectrometry in terms of L*, a*, b*, c*, h°, and K/S values. The color fastness was investigated in terms of light, wash, rub (dry/wet), and perspiration tests. The optimum dye extraction obtained was 18% at 90°C in 60 min of extraction in the aqueous alkaline medium. The analysis results showed that the extracted reddish-brown colored dyes confirmed the presence of tannins and phenolic compounds. The color was fixed firmly on silk fabrics without any mordant. The post-mordanting method with ferrous sulfate and copper sulfate showed a better shade and lightfastness than other mordanting processes on silk fabrics. Ferrous sulfate and copper sulfate mordanted cotton fabrics showed good light and wash fastness properties. The study observed that the extracted natural dye of P. longifolia has the potential to be used as a textile dye.

Eco-Friendly Dyeing of Viscose Rayon Fabrics Using Anthocyanin from Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the feasibility of dyeing viscose rayon fabric with an anthocyanin solution extracted from H. sabdariffa L. calyces. For eco-friendly dyeing and improvement of the natural dye’s affinity to fabrics, natural mordants instead of traditional metallic mordants were applied. The effect of natural mordant types and mordanting procedures (pre-, meta- and after-mordanting) was evaluated by colorimetric measurement (CIE Lab and K/S values) and color fastness. Four natural mordants including alginate, walnut hull, lemon peel, and pinecone were used. The results show that the light and wash fastness (1–2 degrees according to the blue scale and the grayscale) of the un-mordanted viscose fabric were very low and unsuitable. Natural mordants, especially walnut husk and alginate, could improve color strength and color fastness. The light fastness value of the dyed fabric was improved, reaching a value of 5–6 in the presence of walnut, lemon, and pinecone mordants. The highest wash and light fastness was obtained when the after-mordanting method was used. Also, the use of walnut husk mordant increased the color strength and decreased the lightness of the dyed fabrics, as compared to other natural mordants, in all three methods of mordanting.

Investigation on fastness properties of plated interlock knitted fabrics

A study was conducted on eri silk/micro denier polyester/bamboo and eri silk/micro denier polyester/tencel plated interlock knitted fabrics with disperse and reactive dyes and also to test the color fastness properties of these selected eri silk plated knitted fabrics. All dyed samples were subjected to wash fastness, light fastness, perspiration, rubbing; dry cleaning, chlorine and non chlorine bleach and hot pressing tests. Results indicated very good and excellent wash fastness to color change and color staining. The values showed that eri silk/micro denier polyester/bamboo and eri silk/micro denier polyester/tencel plated knitted fabrics were better in case of samples dyed with required disperse and reactive dyes. It can be concluded that the eri silk/micro denier polyester/bamboo and eri silk/micro denier polyester/tencel plated interlock fabrics have excellent color fastness properties.

Investigation of Dyeing Properties of Mohair Fiber Dyed with Natural Dyes Obtained from Candelariella reflexa

ABSTRACT The current study reports on using ascorbic acid as a possible substitute for improving fastness properties of natural dyes. In the mordanting process, microwave energy, which is a part of the sustainable and ecological production approach, was used. Renewable natural dye source Candelariella reflexa, which is a genus of lichen, was obtained from the trunk of Pinus nigra. Mohair fiber was dyed with natural dye extracted from Candelariella reflexa by using a conventional method. Before dyeing, mohair fiber was subjected to the premordanted process with iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) using microwave energy. In order to determine the effect of mordanting process parameters on dyeing properties, the mordanting process was performed with different concentrations and durations. In the dyeing process, ascorbic acid was added at different concentrations in the dyeing bath to improve the light fastness of samples. After the dyeing process, spectrophotometric features, light, and rubbing and washing fastness of samples were investigated. The color strength, washing, light, and rubbing fastness of dyed mohair fiber improve slightly with the premordanting process and by adding ascorbic acid. The spectrophotometric measurement results show that color coordinates vary from the mordanting time and amount of ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the use of microwave energy in the mordanting process leads to saving of energy and time. Besides, in this study, a machine learning-based model exploiting the artificial neural network (ANN) was developed for prediction of dyeing properties of mohair fiber dyed with natural dyes obtained from Candelariella reflexa. Experimental data obtained through various tests were first used to feed the proposed ANN, and then the trained ANN was validated and tested for the aim of prediction. The study results show that the proposed model can successfully predict most of the dyeing properties of mohair fiber. Therefore, this model can be used as an effective tool to estimate dyeing characteristics of mohair fiber.

Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics with Novel Fluorescent Reactive Dyes Based on Fluorescein: Dyeing and Fluorescent Properties, Adsorption Isotherms, and Kinetic Studies

ABSTRACT Fluorescent dyes can apply to prepare some high-visibility materials for safety garments. Reactive dyes have advantages, such as brilliant shades, suitable wet-fastness properties, and high daylight visibility. In this respect, we reported the dyeing properties of two synthesized fluorescent reactive dyes, namely mono-functional (D1) and bifunctional (D2), on cotton fabrics. The cotton fabrics were dyed in various concentrations of D1 and D2 at 80°C and 60°C, respectively. Results represented that D1 and D2 had good exhaustion on cotton fabrics with suitable fixation percentages. The experimental data of the dyeing of cotton fabrics with the used dyes were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and B.E.T isotherm models. The kinetic data were checked by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models. The results indicated that the isotherm and kinetic adsorption of dyes on cotton fabrics were fitted by the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The dyed cotton fabrics had relatively medium light fastness (3–4) and good rubbing and washing fastness (4–5). The investigation of color characteristics and fluorescent properties of dyed cotton fabrics with fluorescent dyes showed that the reactive dyes had a yellow hue on cotton fabrics with good fluorescence intensity in concentration 5% o.w.f.

Simultaneous Dyeing and Ultraviolet Protection of Wool Fabric with Pomegranate Rind Using TiO2 Nanoparticles

ABSTRACT The effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the dyeing of wool fabric with pomegranate rind was investigated. The TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the solgel method. Various concentrations of the nanoparticles were added during the dyeing of wool with pomegranate. The dyed fabrics were analyzed for physico-mechanical properties, color values, and Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). The presence of nanoparticles on the fiber surface was confirmed by SEM, EDX, and FTIR analysis. The phytochemical analysis of aqueous pomegranate rind showed the presence of saponins, phenols, tannins, glycoside, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The particle size analysis results inferred that the solgel synthesis produced TiO2 nanoparticles of around 200 nm size. After dyeing, the color intensity and UPF of the dyed fabric increased along with the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles. The dyeing process did not cause any significant reduction in the strength properties of the wool fabric. The rubbing and washing fastness properties of the dyed fabric were found to be good.

Novel synthesis of reactive disperse dyes for dyeing and antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric under scCO2

In this work, four series of azo thiazole dye derivatives (4a to 4d) have been effectively synthesized using readily available starting materials and applied to color and polish cotton fabrics under supercritical carbon dioxide fluid. The new dyes have been analyzed using elemental analysis and standard spectroscopy methods. They are evaluated for hostility to pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus using the cup plate strategy at different DMSO concentrations. Remarkable results were obtained for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus (G+ bacteria), and pseudomonas, Escherichia coli (G− bacteria) compared with selected antibiotics as a reference standard. Five process variables were investigated: pressure, temperature, dye concentration, time, and organic electrolyte concentration. All four dyes demonstrated excellent washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness (color change and staining grade of 5). Outstanding different color hues and excellent leveling properties were shown on cotton fabric.

Inkjet printing of plasma surface–modified wool and cotton fabrics with plant-based inks

In this research paper, sustainable technologies that are plasma surface treatment and digital printing of wool and cotton fabrics with herbal inks are implemented for ecological outcomes. One of the significant objectives was to study the plasma surface modification and its implication on fabric absorbency, K/S values gained, and the fastness properties of the resultant herbal fabrics. The wash fastness to colour change was studied wherein plasma surface treatment remarkably improved wash fastness ratings from 1–2 to 3–4 obtained on inkjet printed wool and cotton fabrics. These findings were supported by data gained from optical tensiometer, ATR-FTIR, drop test and SEM justifying the enhanced wettability of the modified fabrics. The factorial experiment was designed for this segment of research, and it was further validated with ANOVA one-way test. The concluding parametric study with plasma surface modification yielded the probability value of 0.000463 and actual power of 0.99 which is reassuring. The ecological characterisation and assessment of functional properties of the herbal fabrics are suggested for the forthcoming study.

ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY FOR REACTIVE DYEING OF CATIONIZED FABRICS: PROTIC IONIC LIQUIDS AS INNOVATIVE MEDIA

Because of the limitations of traditional dyeing technologies, large amounts of water and chemical additives are used in the dyeing processes, resulting in enormous quantities of polluted wastewater, which has a huge health and environmental potential impact. In the last few years, the interest in researching alternative techniques/materials for the textile industry to reduce the consumption of water used to improve dyeing quality, has considerably increased. Continuing previous research, in this paper, we present a non-aqueous dyeing procedure, testing different types of fabrics with a polyfunctional reactive dye and protic ionic liquids (PILs) as reaction environment, and with cationization pretreatment of the tested fibers. To analyze the effectiveness of the proposed procedure, currently established dyeing quality parameters, such as color absorption and wash fastness of the dyed multifiber fabrics, have been measured and analysed. The obtained dyeing results should be explained by the affinity of cationized multifibers to the reactive dye, as well as by the efficiency of the mechanisms of dye diffusion and chemical bonding on the tested fabrics in protic ionic liquid environment. This new proposed “universal dye” for all kinds of fibers in PIL environment was analyzed under different operational dyeing conditions. The obtained results were satisfying when compared with standard dyeing quality parameters reported in earlier published literature, thus opening opportunities for innovation and optimization.

Innovative Plant-Based Mordants and Colorants for Application on Cotton Fabric

ABSTRACT Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promote the utilization of renewable materials and processing methodologies for achieving circularity in the fashion industry production. Hence, the research was initiated to investigate the innovative and renewable plant-based sources of mordants and colorants for textiles that benefit the environment and human health alike. The research examinations established mugwort herb, rue herb, black cherry stems, and hops flower as a sustainable and innovative source of mordants and colorants on cotton fabrics. The Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) analysis of 6% stock herbal infusions identified the highest levels of copper and ferrous content in hops flower, and black cherry stems of 6.5 mg/l and 11 mg/l respectively as a prospective renewable and innovative source of mordants and colorants. Their applications on textiles would prevent the fatal mining and depletion of mineral ores of copper and ferrous elements, and metal toxicity to the ecosystem would be combated. Very good rub fastness and wash fastness to color staining, on the other hand, fair lightfastness ratings were gained. The cotton fabrics pre-treated with black cherry stems and colored with hops flowers exhibited the minimum transmittance percentage in the UVB region at 12.98% therefore practically appropriate for summer wear. Evaluation of ecological parameters, ATR-FTIR study of herbs and their treated fabrics, and Life Cycle Analysis is recommended for future work.

히비스커스 추출분말과 쪽 분말염료의 복합염색 견직물의 색채특성과 염색견뢰도

This study analyzed color characteristics and colorfastness of silk fabrics according to the sequence of combination dyeing, repeated dyeing of hibiscus, and mordant treatment by performing combination dyeing with hibiscus extract powder and indigo powder. Colors of silk fabrics dyed with hibiscus extract powder all showed an yellow-red (YR) color. When these silk fabrics were dyed with hibiscus extract powder, color characteristics showed differences depending on mordant methods. There were some differences according to the sequence of dyeing when combination dyeing was performed with hibiscus extract powder and indigo powder. There were also some differences in color characteristics of silk fabrics dyed with a combination of hibiscus and indigo powder according to the type of mordants that had been pre-mordanted. The dry-cleaning fastness and rubbing fastness of silk fabrics dyed with hibiscus extract powder were good. However, their washing fastness and light fastness were generally weak. It was confirmed that silk fabrics repeatedly pre-mordanted with hibiscus and combination dyed with indigo had marginal improvements in washing fastness and light fastness compared to silk fabrics dyed separately with hibiscus alone.

Silvering and coppering of chemically inert textile materials by means of wet-chemical process

The development of the wet-chemical silvering and coppering method on inert fiber surfaces and a number of usable materials (silver, copper and others) allows fabrication of several textile structures with functional characteristics. In order to analyse the silver and copper coating characteristics such as structure, homogeneity and crack formation, the surface morphology (SM) was investigated using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical structuring of the surfaces (amount of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, silicium, copper and silver) is analysed with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Phase formation and crystalline properties of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a Cu-Kα radiation reflection geometry source. Furthermore, textile-chemical analyses for the wash fastness were carried out as well.

Development of photocatalytic self-cleaning textiles using tin oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles mixture

Textile surfaces require regular cleaning to remove dust and stains to maintain the freshness of the material. Frequent washing of fabric reduces the aesthetics and quality of fabric. Photocatalytic self-cleaning textiles using titanium dioxide coating have been developed by researchers. However, studies show that excessive exposure of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can cause health problems in humans. Hence, the present study focuses on developing photocatalytic self-cleaning textile material using tin oxide nanoparticles. In this study, tin oxide (SnO2), TiO2 and SnO2-TiO2 mix nanoparticles were sonicated in suitable dispersion mediums and were coated on the fabric surface using acrylic binder by pad-dry-cure technique. Self-cleaning activity was assessed by applying coffee stain and exposing the fabric to sunlight for 8 h. Durability of coating to washing was assessed for 20 wash cycles. Air permeability and bending rigidity of samples were tested. The results showed that TiO2 samples possessed greater self-cleaning activity than the SnO2 samples, whereas, SnO2 samples showed lower stain pick-up. The SnO2-TiO2 mix nanoparticles showed intermediate results between SnO2 and TiO2 samples. Wash fastness remained good upto 15 wash cycles for all samples. Air permeability and bending rigidity were not much affected because of coating of nanoparticles. It was concluded that the SnO2-TiO2 nanoparticles mixture coated fabrics provide less stain pickup (coffee stain) and also good self-cleaning efficiency.

Effect of Application of Selective UV-absorbers/antioxidants on Raw and Bleached Jute Fabrics by Pad-batch-dry Process for Reduction of Its Photo-degradation and Photo-yellowing Character

ABSTRACT To reduce photo-fading of jute, raw and H2O2 bleached jute fabrics have been treated with selective UV-absorbers and antioxidant compounds by pad-batch-dry technique and subjected to photo-exposure in a weather-o-meter for different hours (0–320 h). The corresponding changes in tensile strength and the rate of reduction in whiteness index and rate of increase in yellowness index with consequent changes in K/S value have been evaluated. Among the selected UV-absorbers and antioxidants, sodium azide and LTDP offer good stability against photo-fading, but these treatments are not fast to washing. On the other hand, 1% benztriazole treatment gives medium to good level of resistance against photo-yellowing with reasonable wash fastness. Two percent benztriazole is applied on jute fabric by the pad-batch-dry technique in acidic media (with acetic acid) shows higher stabilization of whiteness retention (i.e. lesser extent of photo-yellowing) under UV-light exposure than other UV-absorbers/antioxidants though is associated with some small loss in tensile strength. The mechanism of possible interaction between benztriazole and major jute constituents has also been established by comparing the reaction with similar model compound (benzaldehyde) in place of reaction between jute–-hemi-cellulose–CHO and benztriazole. UV–VIS spectrophotometric and FTIR analysis undertaken made to support the said reaction mechanism.

Multi response optimization in the development of anti-pilling and easy care finished rayon from bamboo and bamboo/cotton fabrics using desirability function

The present study discusses the optimization of process parameters of anti- pilling and resin finished rayon from 100% bamboo and 50:50 bamboo/ cotton fabrics used in home textile. Two weave structures, plain and five harness satin were selected. The optimization was carried out using desirability function a statistical technique for multiple response optimization. This was done by software called Design Expert 8.0.1. The five factors namely, Appretan® N 9211 as an anti-pilling agent (a non-ionic acrylate copolymer), Arkofix® NF as crease resistant agent (dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea, DMDHEU), fabric blend ratio, fabric weaves and curing method were analysed using 23 32 mixed level factorial design. The optimum conditions were explored for concentration of Appretan® N 9211, Arkofix® NF and curing methods. The process was evaluated with respect to pilling before and after wash, abrasion resistance, tensile, tear strength, Berger whiteness, yellowness index, dimensional stability, smoothness appearance and colour fastness to light. In order to generate the desirability values, the equal weightage was given to all response variables, but different importance was assigned based on the finish applied and industrial requirements. Four optimized recipes each for rayon from 100% bamboo and of 50:50 bamboo/cotton plain and satin weaves were suggested based on the high value of desirability.

Dyeing and Some Fastness Properties of Novel Perlite-Containing Polyester Woven Fabrics

This article is focused on the comparison of dyeing, and washing and light fastness properties of conventional and novel perlite-containing polyester woven fabrics via color measurements. All the production processes for the regular and perlite-containing polyester filament yarns were the same. The fabrics were dyed with three medium level energy disperse dyes of different hues in order to observe the shade change caused by the intrinsic yellowness of the perlite-containing fabric. Dyeing and fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were evaluated by their corresponding lightness (L*), chroma (C*), color strength (K/S), and color difference (ΔEab*) results. The perlite-containing fabrics showed similar dyeing and fastness characteristics when compared with the regular fabrics. The perlite-added fabrics were dyed in darker color but had lower chroma values than the regular ones. The perlite-added fabrics also had better fastness results than the regular fabrics when the evaluation was performed in the group itself. Intrinsic yellowness of perlite-added fabrics must be taken into account for any attempt to dye the fabric to a pre-designed shade.

OPTIMIZATION OF REACTIVE DYEING PROCESS FOR CHITOSAN TREATED COTTON FABRIC

The colour of textiles plays an important role in the marketability of fabrics, due to its psychological and eye-catching effects on consumers. Synthetic dyes are widely used in the textiles industry due to their ability to reproduce different colours and shades, easy application method and huge production to fulfill the demands of ever-increasing population. Reactive dyes are most commonly used for cotton fabric, due to their brilliant colours and good washing fastness. However, the major problem with reactive dyes is that they consume huge amounts of alkali or salts as mordant for the fixation of dyes on cotton fabric. Most of the commercial dyeing units and textile export houses have started seeking possibilities to use safe synthetic dyes for dyeing different textiles for targeting the niche market. For that purpose, appropriate standardized scientific dyeing techniques and procedures need to be adopted. In the present study, the use of chitosan as mordant, instead of alkali or salt, was investigated for dyeing cotton fabric with reactive red dye, and the dyeing variables were optimized to attain the maximum colour strength value. The results of study showed that higher percent dye absorption (78.90%), colour strength (18.72) and good wash fastness rating (4/5) were achieved for the chitosan treated dyed fabric, compared to the alkali treated dyed sample (68.36% and 13.03, respectively).

Ecological dyeing of cotton fabric with Matricaria recutita L. in the presence of human hair keratins as an alternative copartner to metallic mordants

A growing interest is being nowadays shown in sustainable and green textile dyes aimed at reducing the adverse environmental impacts associated with unsafe materials. It is the objective of the present work to salvage human hair waste by using renewable plant materials and herbaceous dyes. For this purposes, human hair keratin is used as a novel low-cost bio-agent to improve the affinity of natural colorants to cellulosic materials and Matricaria recutita flower extract as an agricultural dye not only to reduce the waste released into the environment but also to produce biocompatible products with value added properties. The influence of the main dyeing conditions on the performances of this dyeing process were studied. The energy of the hydrogen bond and the hydrogen bonding distance of dyed samples were also estimated by the (OH) stretching band. It is found that while M. recutita might serve as an abundant and environmentally safe source of natural dye, hair keratin used as a modification agent could improve cotton fabric dyeability toward M. recutita extract. The bio-textiles thus obtained exhibit good properties of light and wash fastness due to their hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic properties. Moreover, the samples subjected to the proposed pre-treating and dyeing technique offer improved UV protection. The use of biodegradable human hair keratin as a new sustainable modification agent in cotton dyeing process resulted not only in improving of dye uptake of cotton fabrics but also will be helpful in minimizing the environmental problem of hair waste and byproducts. Hence, the proposed novel approach might serve as an excellent and economical replacement for the common dyeing procedures as it alters the microstructure of cotton materials at no environmental costs.

Bio-Based 2K PU Coating for Durable Textile Applications

Polyurethane (PU) coatings are often applied on high added value technical textiles. To date, most PU textile coatings are solvent based or water based. Recent advances are made in applying high solid and two-component (2K) PU on textiles. Currently, polymers made from renewable raw materials are experiencing a renaissance, owing to the trend to reduce CO2 emissions and switch to CO2-neutral renewable products. There is also the tendency towards the “bio, eco, natural” consciousness-awakening of the end consumer and the market-driven question to implement renewable materials. However, the application of bio-based coatings on textiles is limited. In this regard, the present study is conducted to develop bio-based 2K PU coating specifically designed for waterproof textiles. A 2K PU coating formulation, composed of bio-based polyol and bio-based isocyanate Desmodur Eco N7300, was made and directly applied on a polyester fabric prior to thermal curing in an oven. The coating was characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The coatings were not thermoplastic and had a glass transition temperature of approximately 50 °C. Since a bio-based pentamethylene diisocyanate trimer (PDI-trimer), Desmodur Eco N7300 was used as an isocyanate source and not a diisocyanate derivative, and the resulting bio-based 2K coating was a thermoset instead of a thermoplastic. The effect of the additives and content of isocyanate on the elongation and stress at break was studied by performing tensile tests (ISO 13934-1) on 50 µm 2K PU films and comparing the obtained values. The performance of the coating was studied by evaluating the resistance to hydrostatic pressure initially and after washing, the Q-panel Laboratory UltraViolet (QUV) aging and the hydrolysis test. The developed bio-based 2K PU coating had excellent hydrostatic pressure, QUV aging resistance, hydrolysis resistance and wash fastness at 60 °C.

Nanoparticle/biopolymer-based coatings for functionalization of textiles: recent developments (a minireview)

This minireview presents recent developments in surface nano-structured textiles and their biomedical applications by up-to-date achievements, summarizing the coatings made of biopolymer films and nanoparticles on different textile substrates for enhanced medical applications, diminishing the incidence of the multiple range of hospital-acquired infections in the past 10 years. The combination of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles with biopolymers is an efficient technique to generate enhanced antibacterial, virucidal and antifungal properties to textiles. Only a few review articles offer a comprehensive insight into the surface tailoring of textiles by nanoparticles–biopolymers use as an alternative for surface modification of textiles, granting them biocidal performance. The overview points out the compelling reasons for scientists and experts to enhance the already existing results in the biomedical textiles domain, with an emphasis on antimicrobial responsivity, highlighting: (a) the benefit of the simultaneous nanoparticles–biopolymers deposition on textiles by various deposition techniques, meaning the wash fastness of the antibacterial attributes and the biocompatibility of the material in comparison with only nanoparticle coating; (b) the use of biopolymers to stabilize colloidal dispersions of nanoparticles, granting the nanoparticles functionalities for covalent immobilization on textiles with long-lasting antibacterial effect; (c) the most usual metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and biopolymers for antibacterial textile applications.