Wart Samples Research Articles

Prolonged detection of BPV2 in urine and blood of papillomatosis-affected cattle not grazing bracken fern.

BPV-2 infection can cause bladder infections in cattle that, when associated with bracken fern consumption, can progress to cancerous bladder tumors and also present as bovine enzootic hematuria (BEH). This study aimed to evaluate the prolonged natural BPV-2 infection in the blood and urine of cattle, excluding bracken fern consumption. Thirteen Girolando papillomatosis-affected cattle with no bracken fern contact history were monitored for 20 months. Blood, urine, and wart samples were collected for BPV-2 detection and clinical laboratory analyses. All animals showed the presence of BPV-2 in papillomas and blood, and 92.85% showed BPV-2 in urine, suggesting viral dissemination in the urinary tract. Despite all animals being infected with BPV-2, none showed BEH signs during the study. Thus, it was observed that BPV-2 infection alone didn't induce BEH over 20 months, implying a complex interaction with environmental factors or genetic predisposition. This underlines bracken fern consumption's critical role in urinary bladder carcinogenesis. The study underscores BEH's pathogenesis complexity, advocating longitudinal studies to comprehend BPV-2's role fully.

Molecular Characterization of the Presence of Bovine Papillomavirus in Cattle Teat Warts and a Different Treatment Approach

Background: Papillomatosis is a skin condition that is distinguished by benign proliferative tumors with a complicated etiology and epithelial proliferation. There is a need to perform a more thorough study on bovine papillomavirus and identify the virological properties of the agent in detail since a definitive treatment approach against this infection has not yet been completely identified and the suggested treatment outcomes differ. Methods: Samples were collected from warts developing on the teats of 500 cattle raised for milk production in Burdur Center and its districts. The samples were defrosted in order to extract DNA and the Dneasy Blood and Tissue Kit was used for the extraction procedure. By using a PCR assay, wart sample extracts were examined for 13 different BPV types (excluding BPV Type 7). For BPV type-specific primers, a protocol was utilized. Amplification products were demonstrated using agarose gel electrophoresis. Result: In the PCR test of 500 wart samples, BPV types (type 1-type 13) were detected in 378 (75.6%). In the general distribution of BPV types (single or mixed types) in teat warts, BPV-2 (n=85; 22.49%), BPV-8 (n=45; 11.90%), BPV-9 (n=48; 12.70%) and BPV-10 (n=52; 13.76%) were determined to be more common. In the study; it was determined that three different combined treatments provided 100% regression or complete recovery in warts developing on the teat of cattle. In conclusion; one of these three treatment combinations may be preferred for teat wart lesions in cattle.

L1 Gene based Molecular Characterization of Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 (BPV1) Isolated from Cutaneous Warts of Cattle, Maharashtra

Background: Bovine papillomatosis (BP) is distributed worldwide among cattle but is relatively less common in buffaloes. Prevalence of this disease is established in buffaloes from India and Italy caused by bovine papilloma virus (BPV). The current study aimed to study the detection of bovine papilloma virus from cutaneous warts by polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Methods: In this study a total of 10 wart samples from affected cattle were aseptically collected. Grossly, most of cutaneous warts were of variable sizes, rough or coarse in texture, grayish/blackish/flesh colored, irregular in shape (dome or button) or resembling cauliflower-like masses and elevated from skin surface by broad base. Molecular characterization of viral DNA from wart samples and partial gene sequencing, its analysis were carried out by using bioinformatics tools to establish the phylogenetic relationship. Result: In our investigation it revealed that out of total 10 cutaneous wart tissue samples, only six cattle were positive for BPV-1 while all the samples were found negative for BPV-2. The phylogenetic analysis of BPV-1gene of papilloma virus of cattle showed 100% homology with already reported sequence from china. The BPV-1 partial sequences generated in present study revealed close homology as well as with the earlier published BPV-1 sequences on NCBI.

Whole transcriptome-based skin virome profiling in typical epidermodysplasia verruciformis reveals α-, β-, and γ-HPV infections.

HPVs are DNA viruses include approximately 450 types that are classified into 5 genera (α-, β-, γ-, μ-, and ν-HPV). The γ- and β-HPVs are present in low copy numbers in healthy individuals; however, in patients with an inborn error of immunity, certain species of β-HPVs can cause epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), manifesting as recalcitrant cutaneous warts and skin cancer. EV presents as either typical or atypical. Manifestations of typical EV are limited to the skin and are caused by abnormal keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity to β-HPVs due to pathogenic sequence variants in TMC6, TMC8, or CIB1. We applied a transcriptome-based computational pipeline, VirPy, to RNA extracted from normal-appearing skin and wart samples of patients with typical EV to explore the viral and human genetic determinants. In 26 patients, 9 distinct biallelic mutations were detected in TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1, 7 of which are previously unreported to our knowledge. Additionally, 20 different HPV species, including 3 α-HPVs, 16 β-HPVs, and 1 γ-HPV, were detected, 8 of which are reported here for the first time to our knowledge in patients with EV (β-HPV-37, -47, -80, -151, and -159; α-HPV-2 and -57; and γ-HPV-128). This study expands the TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1 sequence variant spectrum and implicates new HPV subtypes in the pathogenesis of typical EV.

Searching bovine papillomavirus presence in lesions seen on teats of cows

The samples were taken from 106 cows with various-looking lesions on their teats and ranged in age from 2 to 8 years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen (Ag) positive for the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) was found in 59 (55.7%) blood serum samples. PCR using FAP59/64 primers was positive for 24 (22.6%) samples. BPV-2 (40, 37.7%), BPV-6 (28, 26.4%), BPV-8 (30, 28.3%), BPV-9 (36, 34%), BPV-10 (32, 30.3%), and BPV-12 (22, 20.8%) were found in a PCR type-specific analysis of single and mixed type teat warts. The highest positivity was observed in BPV-2, BPV-9 and BPV-10 in flat and round forms, BPV-6, BPV-10, BPV-12, and mixed types in rice grain-cauliflower forms, BPV-9 and mixed types in filiform in the distribution of types based on the macroscopic appearance of teat lesions. As for the distribution of BPV types according to age, the most BPV-2 types were found in the age group of two years, the most BPV-10 types in the age group of three years, the most BPV-9 types in the age group of four years, the most BPV-8+BPV-12 types in the age group of five years, and the most mixed types between the ages of six and eight years. The existence of the virus was then checked using electron microscopy on the chosen samples (at least one investigation was conducted), and it was positively identified using BPV type-specific primers. The authors concluded that BPV detection using an ELISA (Ag) test from blood serum samples was shown to be less sensitive than BPV type-specific PCR from wart samples.

Novel Molecular Detection of BPV-10 and BPV-11 Genotypes in Al- Anbar, and Baghdad Provinces

In this study, the prevalence of diverse bovine papilloma viruses in cutaneous lesions was investigated in Iraqicows. Fourteen specimens were taken from udder growths of Iraqi dairy cows, which demonstrated rice grain-likeand small, raised flesh-like appearance. DNA was extracted from the teat wart samples, then was amplified by thepolymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers against BPV-10 (403 bp) and BPV-11 (560 bp). PCR results revealedmixed infections of BPV-10 and BPV -11 in four samples, while the remaining ten samples were infected with BPV10 only. These findings demonstrate the presence of bovine papillomaviruses 10 and 11 in rice grain-like cutaneouslesions on the teats of cows and multiple elevated growths on udder. The detection and report of the BPV-10 andBPV -11 genotypes in the current study is for first time in Iraq, which are known in the Middle East region, are crucialfor disease control measurements.

Global gene methylation profiling of common warts caused by human papillomaviruses infection.

Infection with the human papillomaviruses (HPV) often involves the epigenetic modification of the host genome. Despite its prevalence among the population, host genome methylation in HPV-induced warts is not clearly understood. In this study, genome-wide methylation profiling was carried out on paired healthy skin and wart samples in order to investigate the effects that benign HPV infection has on gene methylation status. To overcome this gap in knowledge, paired wart (n = 12) and normal skin (n = 12) samples were obtained from Arab males in order to perform DNA extraction and subsequent genome-wide methylation profiling on the Infinium Methylation EPIC Bead Chip microarray. Analysis of differential methylation revealed a clear pattern of discrimination between the wart and normal skin samples. In warts, the most differentially methylated (DM) genes included long non-coding RNAs (AC005884, AL049646.2, AC126121.2, AP001790.1, and AC107959.3), microRNAs (MIR374B, MIR596, MIR1255B1, MIR26B, and MIR196A2),snoRNAs (SNORD114-22, SNORD70, and SNORD114-31), pseudogenes (AC069366.1, RNU4ATAC11P, AC120057.1, NANOGP3, AC106038.2, TPT1P2, SDC4P, PKMP3, and VN2R3P), and protein-coding genes (AREG, GJB2, C12orf71, AC020909.2, S100A8, ZBED2, FABP7, and CYSLTR1). In addition, pathway analysis revealed that, among the most differentially methylated genes, STAT5A, RARA, MEF2D, MAP3K8, and THRA were the common regulators. It can be observed that HPV-induced warts involve a clear and unique epigenetic alteration to the host genome.

Epigenome-wide analysis of common warts reveals aberrant promoter methylation.

Epigenetic alteration of host DNA is a common occurrence in both low- and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Although changes in promoter methylation have been widely studied in HPV-associated cancers, they have not been the subject of much investigation in HPV-induced warts, which are a temporary manifestation of HPV infection. The present study sought to examine the differences in promoter methylation between warts and normal skin. To achieve this, DNA was extracted from 24 paired wart and normal skin samples and inputted into the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip microarray. Differential methylation analysis revealed a clear pattern of hyper- and hypomethylation in warts compared to normal skin, and the most differentially methylated promoters were found within the EIF3EP2, CYSLTR1, C10orf99, KRT6B, LAMA4, and H3F3B genes as well as the C9orf30 pseudogene. Moreover, pathway analysis showed that the H3F3A, CDKN1A, and MAPK13 genes were the most common regulators among the most differentially methylated promoters. Since the tissue samples were excised from active warts, however, this differential methylation could either be a cellular response to HPV infection or an HPV-driven process to establish the wart and/or promote disease progression. Conclusively, it is apparent that HPV infection alters the methylation status of certain genes to possibly initiate the formation of a wart and maintain its presence.

Prevalence of HPV Genotypes in Adult Male Patients with Cutaneous Warts: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: This study was aimed at determining the distribution of type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) in men with cutaneous warts and correlating this with the clinical and morphological presentation of warts. Methods: Cutaneous wart samples were obtained from 167 adult men presenting to a dermatology clinic. The tissues were fixed and screened for HPV DNA using real-time PCR. The HPV genotype was determined by PCR-based sequencing. Results: Nine different HPV genotypes were detected, comprising 6 from the α genus (HPV2, 6, 27b, 57b, 57c, and 94), 2 from the γ genus (HPV4 and 65), and HPV1a from the mu genus. Single HPV infection was encountered in 93.4% of the patients, whereas multiple infections were encountered in only 6.6%. The prevalence of HPV27b was highest among four body sites, followed by HPV57c, 1a, and 2. HPV1a was the most common genotype encountered in multiple infections, followed by HPV27b. Patient age, the number of warts, the duration of the presence of warts, and contact with people who have warts were not predictors of wart location. However, a high number of patients with palmar or common body warts had wart sizes of <1 cm. Conclusions: This study shows that genus α HPV types are detected in about 82% of patients with cutaneous warts.

Genome-Wide CpG Island Methylation Profiles of Cutaneous Skin with and without HPV Infection.

HPV infection is one of the most commonly transmitted diseases among the global population. While it can be asymptomatic, non-genital HPV infection often gives rise to cutaneous warts, which are benign growths arising from the epidermal layer of the skin. This study aimed to produce a global analysis of the ways in which cutaneous wart formation affected the CpG island methylome. The Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip microarray was utilized in order to quantitatively interrogate CpG island methylation in genomic DNA extracted from 24 paired wart and normal skin samples. Differential methylation analysis was carried out by means of assigning a combined rank score using RnBeads. The 1000 top-ranking CpG islands were then subject to Locus Overlap Analysis (LOLA) for enrichment of genomic ranges, while signaling pathway analysis was carried out on the top 100 differentially methylated CpG islands. Differential methylation analysis illustrated that the most differentially methylated CpG islands in warts lay within the ITGB5, DTNB, RBFOX3, SLC6A9, and C2orf27A genes. In addition, the most enriched genomic region sets in warts were Sheffield’s tissue-clustered DNase hypersensitive sites, ENCODE’s segmentation and transcription factor binding sites, codex sites, and the epigenome sites from cistrome. Lastly, signaling pathway analysis showed that the GRB2, GNB1, NTRK1, AXIN1, and SKI genes were the most common regulators of the genes associated with the top 100 most differentially methylated CpG islands in warts. Our study shows that HPV-induced cutaneous warts have a clear CpG island methylation profile that sets them apart from normal skin. Such a finding could account for the temporary nature of warts and the capacity for individuals to undergo clinical remission.

Prevalence and distribution of HPV types in genital warts in Xi’an, China: a prospective study

ObjectivesTo characterise the prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in genital warts in Xi’an, China.MethodsThis prospective study was conducted in Shaanxi Provincial Institute for Skin Disease and STD...

Preliminary study of analyzing mucosal human papillomaviruses in cutaneous warts by restriction fragment mass polymorphism.

Cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types 1, 2, 4, 7 and 57 are reportedly found in cutaneous warts. However, there are few reports that have investigated the prevalence of mucosal HPV types in cutaneous warts. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of mucosal HPV types in patients with cutaneous warts and to determine any association between HPV types and patient characteristics. We analyzed 62 wart samples that were taken from patients who were diagnosed with cutaneous warts, and 30 normal skin samples were used as negative control. We recorded the following characteristics: sex, age, type of warts, duration of warts, number of warts and patient's immune status. A matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS)-based restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) assay was used for HPV genotyping. Of the total 62 wart samples, 50 samples (81.6%) were positive for HPV genotypes. All of the negative controls (30 samples) using normal skin showed negative reaction. Mucosal HPV types (49 samples, 84.4%) were highly detected, and high- or probable high-risk HPV types (39 samples, 67.2%) were more common than lower risk HPV types (10 samples, 17.2%). A statistically significant association was observed between sex, age, duration of warts and the risk of HPV types. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use the RFMP assay to analyze cutaneous wart-associated mucosal HPV types. The high prevalence of high-risk and probable high-risk HPV in this study is of great significance.

Frequency of Human Papilloma Virus Genotypes in Patient Samples From Isfahan (Iran) Using Polymerase Chain Reaction Reverse Dot Blot Method

Background: Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection worldwide. On the basis of HPV clinical associations, this disease is divided to 2 types; high risk and low risk. high risk HPV (HR HPV) is the causative agent of cervical intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. low risk HPV (LR HPV) is the causative agent of diseases, such as anogenital warts and oral papillomas. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the molecular diagnostic methods for detection of HPV DNA that has many advantages. Objectives: This study aimed at exploring the frequency of HPV genotypes using polymerase chain reaction reverse dot blot (PCR RDB) method on cervix and wart samples obtained from patients in Isfahan, Iran. Methods: The population included 111 females and 7 males. These samples were collected during 2011 and 2013. DNA was extracted from these samples and PCR was performed using reverse dot blot (RDB) method to detect HPV types. Results: With this molecular diagnostic method, different HPV types were detected in 45 samples out of 118. In 18 samples, co-infection with different HPV types was detected. Data analysis exhibited a significant correlation between age and HR HPV infection (P value 0.05). In this study, among all HPV types, HPV 16 was detected more frequently than the other HPV types. Conclusions: The PCR-RDB method has the ability to diagnose HPV infection by screening Pap smear samples and to determine the risk factor of detected HPV genotypes. This study showed that HPV16 was 1 of the most common agents in Iran, similar to other countries.

Human papillomavirus detected in viral warts of renal transplant recipients

Few studies have been conducted in South America regarding the detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV) in viral warts of renal transplant recipients (RTRs). The characterization of the population most susceptible to the development of warts and the knowledge of the main HPV types in this environment prompted this study, which focuses on the detection and typing of HPV in RTRs in Brazil. Fifty-eight patients with viral warts from the Hospital São Paulo/Federal University of São Paulo were included in this study. HPV was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using combinations of the following primers: PGMY 09/11, RK 91, CP 65/70, and CP 66/69. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and automated sequencing techniques were used for HPV typing. HPV was detected by PCR in 89.7% of viral wart samples. The most frequently detected HPV types included 57, 27, 1a, 2a, and 20. Other types of HPV-epidermodysplasia verruciformis were also detected, including 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 36, and 38. Rare HPV types were also detected in our environment, including RTR X1, RTR X7, and 100. The time after transplant was correlated with an increased number of lesions and beta papillomavirus genus infection. The HPV types detected in the RTR population were similar to those described in immunocompetent populations. However, the diversity of the HPV types identified and the number of lesions were increased in the RTR population.

Genetic characterization of Amazonian bovine papillomavirus reveals the existence of four new putative types.

Papillomaviruses are small and complex viruses that belong to the Papillomaviridae family, which comprises 39 genera. The bovine papillomavirus (BPV) causes an infectious disease that is characterized by chronic and proliferative benign tumors that affect cattle worldwide. Different genotypes of BPVs can cause distinct skin and mucosal lesions and the immunity they raise has low cross-protection. This report aimed to genotype BPVs in cattle from Northern Brazil based on nucleotide partial sequences of the L1 ORF. Skin wart samples from 39 bovines clinically and histopathologically diagnosed as cutaneous papillomatosis from Acre and Rondônia States were analyzed. The results revealed four already reported BPV types (BPVs 1, 2, 11, and 13), nine putative new BPV subtypes and four putative new BPV types as well as two putative new BPV types that were already reported. To our knowledge, this is the first record of BPVs from the Brazilian Amazon region that identified new possible BPV types and subtypes circulating in this population. These findings point to the great genetic diversity of BPVs that are present in this region and highlight the importance of this knowledge before further studies about vaccination are attempted.

Rapid Colorimetric Detection of the Fungal Phytopathogen Synchytrium endobioticum Using Cyanine dye-Indicated PNA Hybridization

Synchytrium endobioticum is a parasitic fungus that is considered to be the most important potato pathogen worldwide. Spread of the fungus can result in catastrophic impacts to agriculture and economy, as it is very infective and can survive in spore form for over 70 years. To date, the gold standard for S. endobioticum identification relies on visual classification by highly trained personnel. This paper presents the colorimetric detection of S. endobioticum from potato wart samples using a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe and a cyanine dye. A segment of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene was sequenced for several S. endobioticum pathotypes and used to design a species-specific PNA probe. The probe was used in a rapid colorimetric hybridization assay that detected RNA from infected wart tissue down to 10−17 mol within 15 min. This technique demonstrates potential for rapid identification of potato wart in non-laboratory settings with minimally trained staff.

Co-infection of bovine papillomavirus type-1 and -10 in teat warts of dairy cattle

The present study was carried out to investigate the involvement of different bovine papillomaviruses in the teat warts of cattle. A total of 11 teat wart samples showing rice grain-like and small, sessile elevated greyish or flesh-like growths were collected from dairy cattle. DNA was extracted from these teat wart samples and PCR and real time PCR techniques were applied using specific primers for BPV-1 and -10 to detect the presence of viral nucleic acid. PCR revealed the presence of viral DNA of BPV-1 and -10 in three and seven samples, respectively. Quantification using real time PCR revealed that the copy numbers of the viral DNA of BPV-1 and -10 DNA varied from 1.12E + 04 to 2.99E + 04 and 3.56E + 02 to 5.23E + 06, respectively. From the present study it can be concluded that BPV-1 and -10 are involved in production of rice grain-like and sessile elevated growths on the teats of cattle.

Molecular Cloning and Characterisation of a Novel Type of Human Papillomavirus 160 Isolated from a Flat Wart of an Immunocompetent Patient

More than 150 types of Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been isolated from numerous cutaneous and/or mucosal lesions. Flat wart samples on the face from 36 immunocompetent patients were collected and screened for HPV. From one sample, we cloned a putative novel genotype. The novel type consisted of 7779 bp in length with a GC content of 47.1%, containing open reading frames for putative early proteins (E1, E2, E4, E6, and E7) and two late proteins (L1 and L2). Homology searches and phylogenetic analyses indicated that it belonged to Alphapapillomavirus (Alpha-PV) species 2 and most closely resembled HPV 3. The virus fulfilled the definition of a novel type, and was named HPV 160 by the Reference Center for Papillomaviruses. The putative E7 protein of HPV 160 as well as HPV 29, 77, and 78 contained the Leu-X-Cys-X-Glu pRB-binding motif but other Alpha-PV species 2 (HPV 3, 10, 28, 94, 117, and 125) did not have this conserved motif.

Human papillomavirus typing of warts and response to cryotherapy

Cutaneous warts are common and caused by a number of different types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). The aim of this study was to investigate the HPV types causing common warts and to determine any association between the HPV type and the duration of warts and response to cryotherapy. Eighty wart samples from 76 immunocompetent patients were taken from warts by paring prior to cryotherapy and analysed by in situ hybridization (ISH) with HPV probes specific to HPV 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10 and 57 and PCR analysis using degenerate cutaneous HPV primers with subsequent DNA sequencing. Each patient's details, including site, duration and response of the wart to cryotherapy were recorded. Cryotherapy was performed at 2 week intervals for a maximum of 12 weeks. An HPV type was identified in 65 samples. The majority of warts (58 samples) were typed as HPV 2/27/57 by ISH and/or PCR. Three of the 18 samples that were HPV negative with ISH were HPV positive by PCR. Response to treatment did not correlate with HPV type, duration or location. In the 21 wart parings taken from patients aged 16 and under, response to treatment did not correlate with HPV type but warts of shorter duration were more likely to resolve with cryotherapy treatment than longer standing lesions. This study demonstrates that HPV type can be determined from wart parings. HPV-2 related viruses are the prevalent HPV types causing common warts on the hands and feet in this population.

Identification of bovine papilloma virus 10 in teat warts of cattle by DNase-SISPA

Papilloma viruses are detected and identified by PCR with consensus primers designed from human papilloma virus sequences. These and other primers could not detect papilloma virus in bovine teat wart samples despite repeated attempts. DNase-SISPA, a metagenomic method for identifying viruses, could identify bovine papilloma virus type 10 in bovine teat warts. The sequence comparison between consensus primers and bovine papilloma virus type 10 sequences revealed many differences between consensus primers and BPV-10 sequences. We suggest, DNase-SISPA may be used as an alternate method for papilloma virus diagnosis, in cases where PCR fails to identify papilloma viruses.