Warm-up Research Articles

보조적 항암화학요법 주기동안 운동프로그램의 실시가 대장암 환자의 신체조성, 우울 및 치료 관련 독성 부작용에 미치는 영향

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the effects of the exercise program on body composition and treatment related toxicities of the colorectal cancer patients during the adjuvant chemotherapy cycle to provide important basic data for the development and dissemination of a customized exercise program for colorectal cancer patients.BR Method: With thirteen patients with stage 2-3 colorectal cancer who had to undergo adjuvant chemotherapy were sampled as subjects (exercise group: 7 patients, non-exercise group 6 patients), an exercise program was conducted during the adjuvant chemotherapy period to compare and analyze changes in body composition, treatment related toxicities, and depression. The 50-minute exercise program consists of 10 minutes of warm-up exercise, 30 minutes of the main exercise, and 10 minutes of cool-down exercise. The main exercise was performed as a aerobic and anaerobic exercise the intensity was set at RPE 12~17.BR Results: As a result of two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, which was conducted to explore the effects of group and measurement period on body composition and depression during adjuvant chemotherapy, muscle mass(kg)(F=3.589, P=.000), lean mass(kg)(F=3.529, P=.000), skeletal muscle mass(kg)(F=3.072, P=.001), body fat mass(kg)(F=4.530 P=.017) visceral fat area(cm²)(F=3.734, P=.024), waist hip ratio(%)(F=3.026, P=.032) showed the main effect at the time of measurement. Furthermore, in muscle mass(kg)(F=2.784, P=.003), lean mass(kg)(F=2.754, P=.003), skeletal muscle mass(kg)(F=2.613, P=.005), there was a significant difference in the interaction effect for the group and the measurement period. In treatment-related toxicities of 0-1 grade were shown in Nausea, Neuropathy-Sensory, and Pain from Cycle 1 to Cycle 12 in the exercise group, and no grade 2 or higher side effects were shown. The non-exercise group showed side effects of grades 0-1 only in pain from cycle 1 to 12.BR Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that the exercise program for colorectal cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy positively affected body composition, depression, and treatment related toxicities during chemotherapy. As the incidence of cancer increases worldwide and more patients are expected to experience chemotherapy, research on exercise for various types of cancer other than colorectal cancer should be continued.

Vibration foam rolling versus non-vibration foam rolling as a warm-up exercise on performance in collegiate athletes

Background: During the week, student athletes dedicate a significant amount of time to their competition sports. Warm up refers to muscle action performance prior to a higher muscle demand, typically prior to a high intensity competitive or recreational event, and is traditionally characterised by general and specific warm up exercises. Objectives: To determine the effect of vibrator foam rolling and non vibrator foam rolling and compare the both techniques as a warm up exercise in collegiate athlete. Materials and methods: For the study, 40 collegiate athletes were recruited. As a warm-up exercise, Group A received vibration foam rolling. As a warm-up exercise, Group B received non-vibration foam rolling. Before beginning the warm-up exercise, the athlete ran for 5 minutes. The T-test was used to measure agility performance before and after the test, and the vertical jump test was used to measure jump performance. Results: The pre-test value of the T-test and the vertical jump test differ significantly from the posttest value (p0.001) in Groups A and B. When comparing post-test values between groups, the T test reveals no significant difference. When comparing posttest values between groups, the vertical jump test reveals a difference.

ACUTE EFFECT OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLE WARM-UP ON EXPLOSIVE POWER AND FLEXIBILITY PERFORMANCE

The aim of this study is to examine the acute effect of respiratory muscle warm-up on explosive power and flexibility performance. Eighteen sedentary male subjects aged (22.44±1.71) voluntarily participated in the study. The subjects were randomly divided into groups as control, placebo and experiment. Acute-hip hamstring, neck trunk, shoulder flexibility and explosive power were measured by applying placebo at 5% of the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) value, and respiratory muscle warm-up exercise at 40%, with 2×30 breaths and a 1-minute rest between sets. POWER®breathe, UK brand respiratory muscle training device was used to warm up the respiratory muscles. The vertical jump test was used for explosive power. SPSS package program was used for statistical analysis of the data. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for the normality test. One-way analysis of variance was performed in repeated measurements to analyze the difference between applications. According to the results obtained, a statistically significant difference was found between the applications in the explosive power and sit-reach, neck-trunk flexibility averages (p<0.05). It was determined that the significant differences between the control and experimental groups were in favor of the experimental group. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference between the applications in the shoulder flexibility averages (p>0.05). As a result, it can be said that the respiratory muscle warm-up applied to sedentary people positively affects explosive power and flexibility values.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0908/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Effects of warm-up exercises on self-assessed vocal effort

Purpose An elevated sense of vocal effort due to increased vocal demand is frequently reported by patients with voice disorders. However, effects of vocal warm-up on self-assessed vocal effort have not been thoroughly examined. A recently developed version of the Borg CR-10 Scale facilitates vocal effort assessments, following different vocal warm-up tasks. Methods Effects of a short (5 min) vocal warm-up on self-assessed vocal effort was evaluated using the Borg CR-10. Twenty-six vocally healthy participants (13F, 13M, mean age 22.6), in two randomised groups, underwent sessions of either reading aloud or semi-occluded vocal tract exercises (SOVTE). Vocal effort was evaluated at four times: pre to post vocal warm-up and two silence periods. Non-parametric analyses for repeated measures and calculations for within-subject standard deviation were applied in group comparisons. Results Following vocal warm-up, vocal effort ratings were increased to a statistically significant degree in both intervention groups compared to baseline ratings. After a 5-min rest in silence following completion of the vocal warm-up, vocal effort ratings returned to baseline levels in both groups. The drop in ratings immediately post warm-up compared to 5 min later was statistically significant for the SOVTE group. Conclusions Five minutes of vocal warm-up caused increased self-perceived vocal effort in vocally healthy individuals. The increased sense of effort dissipated faster following warm-up for the SOVTE group. When using the Borg CR-10 scale to track vocal effort, it may be beneficial to apply experience-based anchors.

Effects of multiple indoor environmental factors on anaerobic exercise performance

Indoor stadium is an important place for physical exercise and sports practice, but few studies have considered the impact of indoor environment on exercise performance. Anaerobic exercise refers to exercise with high load intensity and instantaneous intensity. Many kinds of exercise performance are closely related to anaerobic exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration on anaerobic exercise performance. Sixteen healthy participants (21.5 ± 3.5 years) performed Wingate anaerobic test in 9 cases under the orthogonal experimental design. Temperature is a significant factor affecting peak power (p < 0.05) and average power (p < 0.05). The peak power at 22 °C and 25 °C is 5.4% and 5.1% higher than that at 28 °C, and the average power at 22 °C and 25 °C is 4.2% and 4.3% higher than that at 28 °C. Besides, temperature affected overall environmental satisfaction before and after exercise (p < 0.005, p < 0.005) as well as ear temperature in sedentary state and after warm-up exercise (p < 0.005, p < 0.005). The range of 22 °C–25 °C is closer to the neutral temperature, and it is suitable for anaerobic exercise. However, we did not find that changes in relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration had an effect on anaerobic exercise performance.

Experiential Family Intervention for Children and Youth

IntroductionReviews suggest that family interventions including family therapy are effective for a range of disorders in youth. Family sculpting is used in different clinical settings to help young patients, their parents and siblings when words are not enough.ObjectivesParticipants will be able to understand the clinical relevance of family sculpting: shifting from discussions about family problems to physical representations of family dynamics and how to apply in their practice.MethodsThere will be a brief overview of the general principle of family sculpting followed by clinical vignettes of patients combined with videos of the intervention. These examples will guide the discussion on how relevant in our clinical work this therapeutic practice may be. This variation on sculpting incorporates theater warmup exercises and therapists joining the family experience.ResultsFamily sculpting captures an immediate picture of the family dynamics that is a therapeutic turning point for families and gives voice to the children. The clinical cases and videos will guide clinicians on how to integrate into their own practice.ConclusionsThis presentation will make possible integrating family sculpting into your own practice, providing an engaging alternative modality for complex cases.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Factors Associated with School Sports Injury among Elementary and Middle School Students in Shanghai, China.

School sports activity (SSA) is beneficial to gaining and maintaining optimal health among elementary and middle school students but might increase risks for school sports injury (SSI). This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the incidence and identify risk factors of SSI among Chinese elementary and middle school students in Shanghai. Students in grades 4–5 (elementary) and 7–9 (middle) from three k-12 schools (aged from 9 to 16 years old) in Shanghai selected via the method of cluster random sampling were invited to participate in the study. Information on socio-demography, sleep duration, individual internal and external risk factors, and SSI experiences in the past 12 months was collected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to estimate the risk factors of SSI. A total of 1303 participants completed the questionnaires, with an overall SSI incidence rate of 29.5%. Along with boys, elementary school students, and sports team members, students scoring high on internal and external risk factors were at higher risk for SSA. In summary, SSI was prevalent among elementary and middle school students in Shanghai, China, and was associated with several modifiable risk factors. The findings provide insights regarding actions that could be taken to reduce the occurrence of SSI and maximize the benefits of SSA, including improvements in safety education, maintenance of facilities and equipment, and completion of warm-up exercises.

Implementing a resistance training programme for patients on short daily haemodialysis: A feasibility study.

Kidney failure patients receiving haemodialysis experience protein-energy wasting, muscle mass lossand physical function impairment. Intradialytic exercise interventions seem to modify these features, but they are often not implemented as a clinical routine. To investigate the feasibility of implementing a supervised intradialytic resistance training programme as a clinical routine for patients receiving short daily haemodialysis. A prospective longitudinal study. Eighteen patients in a supervised intradialytic resistance training programme for 8 months. It consisted of a warm-up, lower- and upper-limb resistance exercisesand a cool-down. Patients performed the resistance training during the first half of haemodialysis, twice a week, supervised by exercise physiologists and physiotherapists. The feasibility was assessed by the total and partial adherences, the reasons for refusing or for not exercisingand the intradialytic complications. From a total of 953 potential exercise sessions, 759 were performed, with a 79.6% adherence rate. In the first 9 weeks, the adherence rate was 86.6% and the lowest rate was in the 19-27 weeks (73.5%). The main intradialytic complication during exercise sessions was hypotension (n = 31; 4.1%). The highest number of complications was reported during the first 9 weeks (n = 27; 9.1%). The main reasons for refusing or for not performing the intradialytic exercise sessions were clinical complications previous to exercise time (n = 63; 32.5%) and self-reported indisposition (n = 62; 32.0%). The intradialytic resistance training programme, supervised by exercise physiologists and physiotherapists, had very low complications, achieved a high long-term adherence rate and showed to be feasible as a clinical routine for patients receiving short daily haemodialysis.

The Short-term Effect of Aerobics on Depressive Symptoms toward Healthy People

Aims: To clarify whether short-term aerobics can ameliorate depressive symptoms.&#x0D; Study Design: Open trial without comparison.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Aerobics exercise course was held on Saga Newspaper Culture Center, Saga, Japan. Duration of this study was three months between April 1, 2010, and June 30, 2010.&#x0D; Methodology: Eleven healthy people who participated in the aerobics exercise, of which 5 were men and 6 were women. The age range is 25 to 75 years (mean 49.2 ± SD 14.3). In the aerobic exercise program, one session (90 minutes) was composed of brief meeting (10 minutes), warm-up exercises (5 minutes), the primary exercises (low impact and high impact, 30-35 minutes), stretch (10 minutes), muscle training (25 minutes), and cooling down (5 minutes). The two outcome measures, Zung's Self Depression Scale (SDS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were assessed at baseline and three months.&#x0D; Results: At baseline, mean ± SD for SDS and BDI were 35.5 ± 8.8 and 5.6 ± 9.7, and 31.9 ± 5.8 and 2.2 ± 3.5 at the three month follow up. There was only significant improvement in SDS (SDS, z = -2.014), p = 0.044; BDI, z = -0.294, p = 0.294).&#x0D; Conclusion: Aerobic exercise program seems to decline depressive symptoms among healthy people. In particular, this effect may be reflected in SDS not in BDI among Japanese people.

Warm-Up Improves Balance Control Differently in the Dominant and Non-Dominant Leg in Young Sportsmen According to Their Experience in Asymmetric or Symmetric Sports.

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of a warm-up on balance control and inter-limb balance asymmetries by analyzing the influence of the nature of the sport practiced by participants. Twelve sportspeople were recruited. They had to stand on a force plate for 30 s in a one-leg stance on their dominant (used to perform skilled movements) and non-dominant leg (used to support the body) before and 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min after a 10 min warm-up exercise performed at moderate intensity on a cycle ergometer. The center of foot pressure displacements was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed by considering one group of all participants and with two subgroups according to the symmetrical or asymmetrical nature of the sport they practiced. The warm-up exercise improved acute balance control only on the dominant leg after a 20 min rest without significantly reducing inter-limb balance asymmetries. This effect was more characteristic of participants with experience in asymmetric sports. These results confirm previous findings of the greater sensitivity of the dominant leg to the physiological state and reveal that between-leg differences in balance control appear mainly in subjects with experience in asymmetric sports in a specific physiological condition (post-warm-up state).

Dynamic vs. Static-stretching Warm-up Protocol: The Effect on Physical Performance

This study aimed to compare the effects of dynamic and static stretching warm-ups protocols on physical performance. Twenty healthy recreationally active male participants between 18-22 years of age were recruited in this study. Participants were randomized to 1 of 2 groups: dynamic stretching warm-up (DWU, n=10) and static stretching warm-up (SWU, n=10) groups. Before the intervention, Illinois agility, velocity, and vertical jump tests were conducted to measure participants' baseline physical performance. Afterward, the participants performed the dynamic or static warm-up protocol according to their groups after 10 minutes of jogging. Each warm-up exercise was done for 30 seconds. A 5-second rest was given after each movement. After completing 1 set of 5 movements, 3 sets in total, a 2-minute rest was given. Then 4-min resting were given and physical performance testing procedures were repeated. There was no significant difference between the DWU and SWU in the vertical jump (p=0.22), velocity (p=0.99), and agility (p=0.24) performances after the intervention. In conclusion, this study indicates no difference between SWU and DWU effects on physical performance.

A High-Intensity Warm-Up Increases Thermal Strain But Does Not Affect Repeated Sprint Performance in Athletes With a Cervical Spinal Cord Injury.

To compare the effects of typical competition versus high-intensity intermittent warm-up (WU) on thermoregulatory responses and repeated sprint performance during wheelchair rugby game play. An intermittent sprint protocol (ISP) simulating the demands of wheelchair rugby was performed by male wheelchair rugby players (7 with cervical spinal cord injury [SCI] and 8 without SCI) following 2 WU protocols. These included a typical competition WU (control) and a WU consisting of high-intensity efforts (INT). Core temperature (Tcore), thermal sensation, and thermal comfort were recorded. Wheelchair performance variables associated to power, speed, and fatigue were also calculated. During the WU, Tcore was similar between conditions for both groups. During the ISP, a higher Tcore was found for SCI compared to NON-SCI (38.1 [0.3] vs 37.7 [0.3] °C: P = .036, d = 0.75), and the SCI group experienced a higher peak Tcore for INT compared with control (39.0 [0.4] vs 38.6 [0.6] °C; P = .004). Peak Tcore occurred later in the ISP for players with SCI (96 [5.8] vs 48 [2.7]min; P < .001). All players reported a higher thermal sensation and thermal comfort following INT (P < .001), with no differences between conditions throughout the ISP. No significant differences were found in wheelchair performance variables during the ISP between conditions (P ≥ .143). The high-INT WU increased thermal strain in the SCI group during the ISP, potentially due to increased metabolic heat production and impaired thermoregulation, while not impacting on repeated sprint performance. It may be advisable to limit high-INT bouts during a WU in players with SCI to mitigate issues related to hyperthermia in subsequent performance.

Physiological Effects of Surgical and N95 Masks During Exercise in the COVID-19 era

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, studies of the physiological effects of masking during exercise have been rare. MethodsTwelve healthcare workers performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test while wearing a surgical mask, an N95 mask, or no mask. Variables were collected at rest, warm-up, anaerobic threshold, and maximal exercise. ResultsFrom rest to maximal exercise, both the surgical and N95 masks decreased inspiratory flow, minute ventilation, and prolonged inspiratory time compared to the no mask condition. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and oxygen pulse (VO2/HR) decreased at rest, warm-up, and maximal exercise in both the surgical and N95 mask conditions (vs. no mask). At the anaerobic threshold, the surgical mask also led to a reduction of oxygen uptake and oxygen pulse compared to no mask. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2% predicted) also decreased in both the surgical and N95 mask conditions. In addition, the severity of dyspnea increased, and exercise time decreased for both surgical and N95 masks. Compared to no mask, wearing an N95 mask led to lower breathing frequency and lower ventilation efficacy (assessed by VE/VCO2 and VE/VO2) from rest to maximal exercise (all p < 0.05 for trend). Wearing an N95 also led to retention of carbon dioxide (p < 0.05 for trend). ConclusionsWearing a surgical mask leads to a somewhat negative impact on cardiopulmonary function, and this effect is more serious with an N95 mask. Attention should be paid to exercise while wearing surgical or N95 masks.

Day-to-day Variation of The Heart Rate, Heart Rate Variability, and Energy Expenditure During FIFA 11+ and Dynamic Warm-up Exercises.

There seems to be a scarcity in literature investigating day-to-day warm-up (WU) variations. We investigated day-to-day variation of psychophysiological responses during Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ and dynamic warm-up (DWU) exercises. Twenty-one male collegiate soccer players were randomly assigned to the FIFA 11+ (n = 10) or DWU group (n = 11). Each group performed the assigned WU protocol on three different occasions with a 48-h interval in between. The inter-day variation of the heart rate (HR), time distribution of HR zones, heart rate variability (HRV), estimated energy expenditure (EE), blood lactate (BL) concentration, and the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. A two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance was used to compare the differences in chosen variables [group (2) × day (3)]. The coefficient of variation was used to determine the dispersion of the variables over the sessions. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with a two-way random model and a single measure (ICC2,1) was used to determine inter-day reliability. There were no significant differences in time spent at particular HR zones and EE in both groups. The FIFA 11+ exercises showed high reliability of exercise duration, average HR (HRaverage), minimal HR (HRmin), peak HR (HRpeak), and post-exercise RPE. In the DWU group, high reliability was found only in HRaverage, HRpeak, and post-exercise RPE. The FIFA 11+ exercises showed similar EE, exercise HR patterns, BL, and RPE compared to the DWU. The FIFA 11+ program is an intense WU protocol with a characteristically low variation of day-to-day exercise HR and RPE responses.

Local exercise based on voluntary contractions produces greater warm-up effects on balance control than electro-induced contractions

On the one hand, while general (involving the whole body) warm-up exercises have been extensively used to optimize motor and postural performance, the effect of a local (involving a particular muscular group) warm-up has not yet been addressed. On the other hand, voluntary (VOL) and electro-induced (EI) contractions produce different physiological effects likely to differently affect motor and postural performance. The aim was to analyze and compare the effects of two local warm-up modalities, voluntary and electro-induced (VOL or EI warm-up) on balance control. Balance control was evaluated with a force platform (recording the displacement of the centre of foot pressure - COP) in 27 healthy young subjects before (PRE), immediately after (POST), 5 min after (POST5), and 10 min after (POST10) either warm-up. Each warm-up included 6 sets of 5 contractions at 10% of maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps femoris. The results showed that the VOL warm-up improved balance control at POST, POST5 and POST10 while the EI warm-up improved it only at POST10. In addition, balance control was significantly better after the VOL warm-up than after the EI warm-up at POST5 and POST10. A short and local VOL warm-up improved balance control immediately after its completion and for, at least, ten minutes, while the EI warm-up required some minutes of recovery before producing its improving effects.

An Analysis of Warm-Up Strategies at a Cross-Country Skiing National Championship.

To provide a descriptive analysis of the warm-up (WU) strategies employed by cross-country skiers prior to distance and sprint competitions at a national championship and to compare the skiers' planned and executed WUs prior to the respective competitions. Twenty-one national- and international-level skiers (11 women and 10 men) submitted WU plans prior to the distance and sprint competitions, and after the competitions, reported any deviations from the plans. Skiers used personal monitors to record heart rate (HR) during WU, races, and cooldown. Quantitative statistical analyses were conducted on WU durations, durations in HR-derived intensity zones, and WU loads. Qualitative analyses were conducted on skiers' WU plans and their reasons for deviating from the plans. Skiers' planned WUs were similar in content and planned time in HR-derived intensity zones for both the distance and sprint competitions. However, 45% of the women and 20% of the men reported that their WU was not carried out as planned, with reasons detailed as being due to incorrect intensities and running out of time. WU activities including skiing across variable terrain, muscle-potentiating exercises, and heat-maintenance strategies were missing from the skiers' planned routines. Skiers favored a long, traditional WU approach for both the sprint and distance events, performing less high-intensity and more moderate-intensity exercise during their WUs than planned. In addition, elements likely relevant to successful performance in cross-country skiing were missing from WU plans.

Ten-minute warm-up in hot climate best assists thermal comfort, muscular power output, and fatigue, during soccer-specific repeated-sprint ability.

Structuring warm-up (WU) in hot climate conditions before high-intensity efforts is still drawing the attention of researchers and practitioners. The present study investigates the effect of two WU durations (i.e.10 min: WU10 and 20 min: WU20) in a hot climate (~31°C), on thermal comfort, muscular power output and fatigue after a repeated-sprint test (RSA) in soccer players. Twelve amateur soccer players (age = 21.13 ± 1.8 years; height = 172.5 ± 4.6 cm and weight = 70.8 ± 5.1 kg) participated in a cross-over randomized study, and they underwent a soccer-specific RSA test, after two WU durations and on different days. Peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and the fatigue index (FI) were calculated and analysed. Likewise, thermal comfort/discomfort (TC), tympanic temperature (Ttym) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at rest, after WU and after RSA. The ANOVA showed a significant increase in MP after WU10 in comparison to WU20 by 1.9%, while PP remained similar between the two durations. A significant decline in muscular power in WU20 compared to WU10 appeared from the 5th sprinting repetition and continued to the end of the RSA. The WU20, compared to the WU10, produced higher RPE at post-WU (p < 0.001) and post-RSA (p = 0.018), and higher thermal discomfort sensation in both post-WU (p = 0.022) and post-RSA (p = 0.007) point of measures. Larger increases in Ttym were recorded after WU20 compared to WU10. WU10 in a hot climate (~31°C) best assists mean power output during soccer RSA, but not peak power. Extending the WU duration up to 20 min in a hot climate was revealed to be detrimental for muscular power output, inducing excessive thermal discomfort and fatigue. Therefore, it is important that trainers and soccer players carefully consider WU duration prior to competitions and training sessions in a hot climate, to optimize physiological responses.

A Mesh Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Different Warm-Up Exercises to Prevent Knee Injuries in Young Child Soccer Players

Objective: A mesh Meta-analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of four warm-up exercises to prevent knee injuries in juvenile soccer players. Method: They are a randomized controlled trial (RCT) on FIFA 11+ integrated warm-up, FIFA 11+ Kids integrated warm-up, and neuromuscular training (NMT) warm-up for the prevention of knee joint in juvenile soccer players by a computer search of CNKI, CBMdisc, WanFangdata, Pubmed, Web of science, and SPORTDicus database. The search period was from the establishment of each database to February 2022. Two investigators screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed risk bias for the included studies according to the pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and finally analyzed the data using Stata 14.0 software and OpenBUGS software. Results: A total of 10 RCT studies with 17,143 subjects, spanning the age range of 7 to 19 years, were included. The results of the reticulated Meta-analysis showed that all three warm-up modalities were effective in reducing the incidence of knee injuries in junior soccer players compared to conventional warm-up, with the optimality in descending order of FIFA 11+ Kids comprehensive warm-up (SUCRA = 85.3), neuromuscular training warm-up (SUCRA = 66.7), and FIFA 11+ combined warm-up (SUCRA = 44). Conclusion: The FIFA 11+ Kids comprehensive warm-up is the most effective warm-up exercise for the prevention of knee injuries in junior and child soccer players, but the above findings need further validation due to the quantity and quality of the literature and the quality of the evidence.

WARMING UP TO HYDROGEN WITH BOSCH

As the rollout of hydrogen fuel cell technology gathers pace, The Engineer’s Net Zero partner Bosch is developing technologies for various sectors ranging from residential to industrial as well as transportation. Tom Austin-Morgan reports

Awareness and practice of pre-trek physical conditioning among trekkers

Background: Evidence shows that downhill walking induces high compressive loads on the lower extremities due to repetitive eccentric contractions of muscles. There is inadequate evidence about pre-trek physical training as a predisposing factor for injuries that laid the foundation for this study. Hence, this study focuses on understanding the awareness and practice of pre-trek physical conditioning among trekkers. Materials and Methods: The study was a questionnaire-based survey. Trekking groups were approached. A specially designed questionnaire was validated by experts. The questionnaire was circulated to the trekking group members via Google Form. An online consent was taken prior. The response thus obtained was taken up for further analysis. Results: A total of 251 respondents within the age group of 15–60 years participated. Only 30% of them regularly performed warm-up and cooldown exercises. 66.1% did not undergo any pre-trek physical training. 53.4% were aware of its importance; only 40.2% were aware but not practicing regularly. Most of the participants were aware of pre-trek physical conditioning domains being aerobic, resistance, and flexibility training but only 11.3% were aware of balance training. 32.3% regularly performed practice treks by carrying a backpack. A total of 14.3% participants regularly practiced pre-trek physical training. Conclusion: Participants lack awareness about the importance of warm-up, cooldown exercises, and balance training as a pre-trek physical training domain. Most of the participants are aware of aerobic and resistance training domains. Only 14.30% of the total participants are engaged in pre-trek physical training regularly.