Warm System Research Articles

A Spectroscopic Analysis of the California-Kepler Survey Sample. II. Correlations of Stellar Metallicities with Planetary Architectures

Abstract We present independent and self-consistent metallicities for a sample of 807 planet-hosting stars from the California-Kepler Survey from an LTE spectroscopic analysis using a selected sample of Fe i and Fe ii lines. Correlations between host-star metallicities, planet radii, and planetary architecture (orbital periods—warm or hot—and multiplicity—single or multiple) were investigated using nonparametric statistical tests. In addition to confirming previous results from the literature, e.g., that overall host-star metallicity distributions differ between hot and warm planetary systems of all types, we report on a new finding: when comparing the median metallicities of hot versus warm systems, the difference for multiple super-Earths is considerably larger when compared to that difference in single super-Earths. The metallicity cumulative distribution functions of hot single super-Earths versus warm single super-Earths indicate different parent stellar populations, while for sub-Neptunes this is not the case. The transition radius between sub-Neptunes and sub-Saturns was examined by comparing the APOGEE metallicity distribution for the Milky Way thin disk in the solar neighborhood with metallicity distributions of host stars segregated based upon the largest known planet in their system. These comparisons reveal increasingly different metallicity distributions as the radius of the largest planet in the systems increases, with the parent stellar metallicities becoming significantly different for R p > 2.7 R ⊕. The behavior of the p-values as a function of planet radius undergoes a large slope change at R p = 4.4 ± 0.5 R ⊕, indicating the radius boundary between small and large planets.

Roles of degenerate quantum plasma temperature and stationary heavy nucleus species in nucleus-acoustic shock waves

The warm degenerate plasma model (on the basis of warm degenerate inertialess electron species, warm dissipative inertial light nucleus species, and stationary heavy nucleus species) is considered. The effects of degenerate plasma temperature and stationary heavy nucleus species on the basic features of cylindrical and spherical nucleus-acoustic shock waves propagating in such a warm degenerate plasma system are investigated. The reductive perturbation method (which is valid for small amplitude shock waves) and special stretched co-ordinates (which corresponds to the omission of the dispersion effect, and is appropriate for the monotonic shock waves) are employed. The kinematic viscous force acting in the light nucleus fluid is the only source of dissipation, and is responsible for the formation of monotonic shock waves. It is observed that the basic features of these monotonic shock waves are significantly modified by the effects of degenerate plasma temperature, ultra-relativistically degenerate electron species, and stationary heavy nucleus species. The applications of this new plasma model (defined by generalized Chandrasekhar equation of state which is also valid for finite temperature) in the cold, as well as hot white dwarfs are addressed.

A STUDY OF WARMING DEVICES AND PERIOPERATIVE FACTORS POTENTIALLY CONTRIBUTING TO SURGICAL FIELD CONTAMINATION IN SMALL ANIMAL PATIENTS

Bacterial contamination on surgical drapes may increase the risk of surgical site infection (SSI). This preliminary investigation analyzed the relationship between forced-air warming devices and bacterial contamination on surgical drapes in small animal soft tissue surgery settings. The subjects of this study were canine and feline patients enrolled in clean surgical procedures at the National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital. Bacterial colonies on surgical drapes were sampled on agar plates immediately prior to and 1[Formula: see text]h after skin incision. Cases with bacteria growth on the post-incision sampled agar were considered with surgical field contamination (SFC). Intraoperative warming methods (forced-air warming systems or circulating water blankets) and other factors that potentially contribute to SFC (drape material, patient features, surgical procedure types, surgeons, and number of operating room personnel) were recorded. The study comprised 57 operations, 28 cases belonged to the circulating water blanket group and 29 belonged to the forced-air warming system group. No differences in contamination rate were detected among intraoperative warming methods, drape materials, patient characteristics, surgical procedure types, or number of operating room personnel. However, a significant difference in contamination rate was detected among surgeons.

A potential tipping point in the thermal regime of a warm monomictic reservoir under climate change using three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling

ABSTRACT The response of the Maroon reservoir in southwest Iran is modeled to evaluate possible impacts of 21st century climate change. Projections of 3 CMIP5 General Circulation Models (GCMs) were investigated using 2 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), which respectively represent low/medium and high greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The raw GCM projections are statistically bias-corrected to provide boundary conditions for the 3-dimensional Aquatic Ecosystem Model (AEM3D). A new overturn bias analysis method was developed to evaluate possible bias in the GCM predictors during the observational (historic) period and determined it to be negligible. The modeling results, quantified by the analysis of various limnological parameters (onset and length of mixing and stratification periods, hypolimnion and epilimnion thickness and temperature, Brunt-Väisälä frequency, and Schmidt stability) indicate for RCP4.5 a continuous reduction in winter mixing and complete suppression of mixing by the end of the 21st century, implying a switch from monomictic to weakly oligomictic behavior. Under RCP8.5, the behavior transition occurs abruptly in the late 2050s in the form of a tipping point, followed by intermittent oligomictic behavior and transition to permanent stratification (thermal meromixis) within a decade. The change in behavior occurs because the surface and mixing temperatures significantly increase due to climate warming, whereas the hypolimnion is less affected, partly because of milder warming of cold winter river inflows (underflow) and strengthening stratification. The climate change-induced tipping point for the thermal regime of Maroon reservoir might serve as an indicator of changes in other warm monomictic systems.

Fault detection of low global warming potential refrigerant supermarket refrigeration system: Experimental investigation

As one of the most energy-intensive end-uses in the commercial buildings sector, supermarkets consume around 50 kWh/ft2 (or 537.6 kWh/m2) of electricity annually, or more than 2 million kWh of electricity per year for a typical store. The biggest consumer of energy in a supermarket is its refrigeration system, which accounts for 40–60% of its total electricity usage and is equivalent to about 2–3% of the total energy consumed by commercial buildings in United States, or around 0.5 quadrillion Btu (or 0.53 quadrillion KJ). Also, the supermarket refrigeration system is one of the biggest consumers of refrigerants. Current supermarket refrigeration systems rely on high global warming potential hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants. Reducing refrigerant usage or using environment friendly alternatives can result in significant climate benefits. The refrigeration system can also be adapted to handle flexible building loads and be integrated into grid response transactive control to balance the supply and demand of the electric grid. Even minor improvements in the efficiency and operational reliability of supermarket refrigeration systems can create significant value in terms of saving energy, improving food quality, protecting the environment, reducing carbon footprint, and enhancing electric grid resilience. Fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) techniques can be used to support refrigeration system operators in achieving these benefits. However, compare to FDD of other building heating, ventilation and air-conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) equipment and systems which has attracted extensive FDD studies for decades, FDD of supermarket refrigeration systems, especially for low GWP refrigerant supermarket refrigeration system, has not gained enough attention from researchers. One of the key challenges is lack of available testing datasets to benchmark the system performance and record the faulted performance for system FDD research. This study selects several common faults of supermarket refrigeration systems, including display case door open, ice accumulation, expansive valve failure, and fan failure, to conduct experimental study to identify their fault characteristics, benchmark their faulted performance, then create a FDD characteristics matrix to support next step research on the development of supermarket refrigeration system FDD methods and field automated FDD implementation.

Effect of Using A Modified Warming System on Activities and Productivity of Honey Bees

Effect of Using A Modified Warming System on Activities and Productivity of Honey Bees

A low-cost mouse cage warming system provides improved intra-ischemic and post-ischemic body temperature control – Application for reducing variability in experimental stroke studies

BackgroundBrain temperature is a strong determinant of ischemic stroke injury. For this reason, tight management of brain or body temperature (Tcore) in experimental rodent stroke models is recommended to improve the rigor and reproducibility of outcomes. However, methods for managing Tcore during and after stroke vary widely in approach and effectiveness. New MethodWe developed a low-cost warm ambient air cage (WAAC) system to provide improved temperature control during the intra-ischemic and post-ischemic recovery periods. The system is incorporated into standard holding cages for maintaining Tcore during the intra-ischemic period as well as for several hours into the recovery period. Results and Comparison with Existing MethodsWe compared the WAAC system with a commonly used heat support method, consisting of a cage on a heating pad. Both heat support systems were evaluated for the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) stroke model in mice. The WAAC system provided improved temperature control (more normothermic Tcore and less Tcore variation) during the intra- ischemic period (60 min) and post-ischemic period (3 h). Mean infarct volume was not statistically different by heat support system, however, standard deviation was 54 % lower in the WAAC system group. ConclusionsMice and other small rodents are highly vulnerable to heat loss during and after the MCAo procedure. The WAAC system provides more precise and controlled Tcore maintenance compared with frequently used induction heating methods in mice undergoing the MCAo stroke model. The improved temperature control should enhance experimental rigor and reduce the number of experimental animals needed.

Dataset of low global warming potential refrigerant refrigeration system for fault detection and diagnostics

HVAC and refrigeration system fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) has attracted extensive studies for decades; however, FDD of supermarket refrigeration systems has not gained significant attention. Supermarkets consume around 50 kWh/ft2 of electricity annually. The biggest consumer of energy in a supermarket is its refrigeration system, which accounts for 40%–60% of its total electricity usage and is equivalent to about 2%–3% of the total energy consumed by commercial buildings in the United States. Also, the supermarket refrigeration system is one of the biggest consumers of refrigerants. Reducing refrigerant usage or using environmentally friendly alternatives can result in significant climate benefits. A challenge is the lack of publicly available data sets to benchmark the system performance and record the faulted performance. This paper identifies common faults of supermarket refrigeration systems and conducts an experimental study to collect the faulted performance data and analyze these faults. This work provides a foundation for future research on the development of FDD methods and field automated FDD implementation.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND DRAWING SPEED ON THE FORMING OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 1100 VIA WARMING HYDROFORMING PROCESS

The limiting used of the alloys of aluminum since the formability is low at room temperature. To plan and grow more parts made of aluminum, new forming systems, for example, warm framing hydroforming and warming hydroforming processes have been explored to solve the low formability. The effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of aluminum 1100 sheet alloy is investigated at different temperature levels and strain rates using the test of uni-axial tensile. A warming forming tool for sheet metal is designed and manufactured. Four temperatures levels were used in this experiments (25 , 100 200 and 300 ). The drawing speeds that were used in these experiments were (3, 6, and 9 mm/min). Before design, the warming hydro-punch system, the analysis of this system is done in ANSYS software to choose the optimum die radius and then the results of experiments are simulated. The results of experiments showed that the appropriate hydroforming temperature and drawing speed of 1100 aluminum alloy are 300 and 3mm/min respectively. The FE simulation of strain distribution matched reasonably well with the experimental results.

If You Don’t Believe in God, Do You at Least Believe in Aristotle? Evaluations of Religious Outgroup Members Hinge upon Moral Perceptions

ABSTRACT Religious people tend to believe atheists are immoral. Although some work suggests that atheists themselves agree, such findings could also reflect symmetric ingroup bias in the moral domain, where atheists likewise view religious targets as untrustworthy and immoral. We examined how American religious and atheist participants rated the morality of atheist and religious targets and assessed a potential intervention: learning that targets adhere to a moral code. Across three studies, both religious and nonreligious participants demonstrated clear ingroup favoritism, rating ingroup targets more moral than outgroup targets. However, this ingroup bias was reduced when participants learned the target adheres to a warm and coherent moral system rooted in philosophy and concern for others. These findings extended beyond evaluations to downstream social consequences such as distancing. Such findings challenge arguments that atheists view themselves as immoral and point the way forward toward reducing religious ingroup bias.

Operation strategy optimization for on-orbit satellite subsystems considering multiple active switching

To improve the reliability of satellites, there are many standby configurations in the key subsystems. Concerning the on-orbit operation of standby systems, the standby units usually switch to the operating state after the active units fail. However, a periodic switching strategy differing from this common strategy is employed for the gyroscope warm standby system of satellite in engineering. For this problem, a multiple active switching policy for standby units is considered, and the on-orbit operation strategy optimization problem is studied. First, the multiple active switching process of the gyroscope warm standby system and the virtual age theory are described. Second, under the imperfect and non-periodic multiple active switching strategy, the reliability function and mean time to failure (MTTF) of the warm standby system are derived based on the binary decision diagram (BDD) with units following arbitrary lifetime distributions. Furthermore, an operation optimization model is proposed by maximizing the MTTF of the warm standby system to obtain the optimal switching numbers and corresponding time points. Finally, a numerical example of the gyroscope warm standby system under the Weibull distribution is presented to show the application of the model, and a sensitivity analysis is carried out to identify the useful conclusions.

Analyses of yearly performance dual-temperature warm air heating system applied in different climates

To investigate the applied potential of the dual-temperature warm air heating system (DWAHS) in different climate zones, a conventional single-temperature warm air heating system (C1) and two dual-temperature warm air heating systems (C2 and C3) were compared. The dual-temperature air-source heat pump integrated with an ejector is introduced to provide two types of heat sources. The performance of the proposed systems was compared and investigated via the energetic and exergetic analysis in different climate zones. The results demonstrate that the DWAHS outperforms the conventional single-temperature warm air heating system (SWAHS) under various conditions in the selected climate zone. Under the design condition, the energy efficiency ratio (EER) of System C3 in Xi’an and Ha’erbin are the highest among the three systems, i.e., 2.75 and 1.87, respectively. In Shanghai and Chongqing, the EER of System C2 are the highest among the three systems, i.e., 2.85 and 3.10, respectively. During the entire heating season, System C2 reduces power consumption by 8.6–10.6%, System C3 reduces power consumption by 5.5–14.6% in the selected cities, and Systems C2 and C3 reduce exergy destruction by 14.2–17.6% and 13.7–18.7%, respectively.

Comparison of Warm Touch Forced Air Warming System vs Routine Care in Increasing Tympanic Temperature and FOUR Score

Comparison of Warm Touch Forced Air Warming System vs Routine Care in Increasing Tympanic Temperature and FOUR Score

Joint optimization of mission abort and component switching policies for multistate warm standby systems

Safety-critical systems have been widely applied in various practical engineering fields to perform specific missions. Failures of such systems will lead to significant damage, thus, mission abort polices can be implemented to enhance system survivability. Warm standby is one of the most commonly used techniques in mission-critical and safety-critical systems to reduce failure risk during mission execution. Switching between working component and standby component is a feasible way to balance component degradation and extend system lifetime. Motivated by these results, we propose a joint optimization model that captures both component switching and mission abort policies for multistate warm standby systems. The optimal component switching and mission abort policies based on component condition are obtained to balance the trade-off between mission success probability and system survivability and to minimize the long-run expected total economic loss. A numerical study of virtual machine system is conducted to demonstrate the proposed model and obtained results.

Lattice stability of ordered Au-Cu alloys in the warm dense matter regime

In the warm dense regime, where the electron temperature is increased to the same order of the Fermi temperature, the dynamical stability of elemental metals depends on its electronic band structure as well as its crystal structure. It has been known that phonon hardening occurs due to an enhanced internal pressure caused by electron excitations as in close-packed simple metals, whereas phonon softening occurs at a specific point in the Brillouin zone as in body-centered cubic metals. Here, we investigate the dynamical stability of binary ordered alloys (Au and Cu) in the L1$_0$ and L1$_2$ structures. By performing first principles calculations on phonon dispersions, we demonstrate that warm dense Au-Cu systems show phonon hardening behavior except the lowest frequency phonon mode at point R of AuCu in the L1$_0$ structure. We show that when a phonon mode is stabilized by long-range interatomic interactions at ambient condition, such a phonon will be destabilized by the short-range nature of the warm dense matters.

Observable Predictions from Perturber-coupled High-eccentricity Tidal Migration of Warm Jupiters

Abstract The origin of warm Jupiters (gas giant planets with periods between 10 and 200 days) is an open question in exoplanet formation and evolution. We investigate a particular migration theory in which a warm Jupiter is coupled to a perturbing companion planet that excites secular eccentricity oscillations in the warm Jupiter, leading to periodic close stellar passages that can tidally shrink and circularize its orbit. If such companions exist in warm Jupiter systems, they are likely to be massive and close-in, making them potentially detectable. We generate a set of warm Jupiter-perturber populations capable of engaging in high-eccentricity tidal migration and calculate the detectability of the perturbers through a variety of observational metrics. We show that a small percentage of these perturbers should be detectable in the Kepler light curves, but most should be detectable with precise radial velocity measurements over a 3 month baseline and Gaia astrometry. We find these results to be robust to the assumptions made for the perturber parameter distributions. If a high-precision radial velocity search for companions to warm Jupiters does not find evidence of a significant number of massive companions over a 3 month baseline, it will suggest that perturber-coupled high-eccentricity migration is not the predominant delivery method for warm Jupiters.

Medical adhesive-related skin injuries in the neonatology department of a teaching hospital.

Medical adhesives are used to affix components to the skin. They are part of procedures performed by medical specialties because of their participation as constituents of different products, such as tapes, dressings, and electrodes. This study aims to assess the prevalence of, and factors associated with, the development of medical adhesive-related skin injuries (MARSIs) in patients treated with medical tapes in the neonatology department of a large teaching hospital in Brazil. Cohort study. All premature newborns (gestational age from 28 to <37 weeks) admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit of a teaching hospital, from March to August 2019, were followed up. Neonate skin condition was assessed based on the Neonatal Skin Condition Scale (NSCS). Data analyses were conducted in R software. In total, 46 premature newborns were included in the study; 552 evaluations were performed-mean of 11.7 per patient. Most neonates (n=41; 89.1%) used adhesive tapes, either paper tape (n=37; 80.4%) or transparent film dressing (n=34; 73.9%). Newborns' face and head were the most affected body regions (n=125; 50.2%). Eight patients had MARSIs (19.5% of patients who used tape). NSCS scores (P value <.001) and the adopted warming system (P value=.01302) were associated with the occurrence of MARSIs. Incubators seem to be a protective factor for MARSI (OR=0.048; IC95%=0.0008-0.75; P value=.013). Adhesive tapes in premature newborns should be considered a risk factor for injuries. Although NSCS showed mild-to-moderate impairment and lesion severity was low, this event is relatively frequent in neonatal units. Awareness of the risk associated with adhesive tape application and removal in newborns allow health services to better address the problem by enforcing good practices, elaborating better protocols, qualifying the health care professionals, and potentially selecting softer tapes for neonates.

Evaluation of the trailbuilder hydraulic drive thermal preparation

One of the main problems in operation of road-building machines in conditions of low negative ambient temperatures is the hydraulic drive thermal preparation. The hydraulic equipment is located throughout the machine and need a local thermal warming otherwise its cold start results in its intense wear. We propose the warming method that comprises circulation of a prewarmed hydraulic fluid from the hydraulic tank through the piston and rod chambers of hydraulic cylinder without rod motion. This is ensured by installation of a bypass pipe and a valve connecting the hydraulic cylinder piston and rod chambers. To evaluate operability of the hydraulic cylinder warming system we determined the fluid circulation conditions depending on the fluid flow rate and its temperature. To check these conditions, we made calculations for a trailbuilder hydraulic drive with a ripper.

Performance analysis of a novel dual heat source warm air heating system with ecofriendly refrigerants

To reduce the energy consumption of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system, a novel dual heat source warm-air heating system (DWAHS) was developed in this study. A dual heat source air source heat pump was applied to satisfy the warm air segmented handling process first time. The theoretical model of the system was established, and ecofriendly refrigerants, such as R290, R600, R134a, R600a and R1234yf were adopted as the working fluids. The system performance indicators, including the energy efficiency ratio (EER), heat volumetric heating capacities (qv), and exergy loss (Exd), were investigated and compared with those of a conventional single heat source warm-air heating system (SWAHS). The results showed that the DWAHS significantly reduces Exd by handling the supply air segmented using 35 and 60 °C hot water, which were simultaneously supplied by a dual heat source air source heat pump. Among the refrigerants, eco-friendly refrigerants R290 and R600 exhibited the best performance under low and high air-temperature conditions, respectively. Moreover, the DWAHS achieved an increase of 13.3%–64.3% in EER and qv when compared with the SWAHS under different operational temperatures. In addition, the DWAHS reduced the Exd by 13.8%–42.7% compared with the SWAHS. Finally, the Exd of the heat pump consumed a significant part of the warm-air heating system Exd at low environmental temperatures. However, the percentage of the Exd of the air-handling process significantly increased with the temperature of the environment.

Planar and non-planar nucleus-acoustic solitary waves in warm degenerate multi-nucleus plasmas

A warm degenerate plasma (containing ultra-relativistically or non-relativistically warm degenerate inertia-less electron species, non-relativistically warm degenerate inertial light nucleus species and stationary heavy nucleus species) is considered. The basic features of planar and non-planar solitary structures associated with the degenerate pressure-driven nucleus-acoustic waves propagating in such a warm degenerate plasma system are investigated. The reductive perturbation method, which is valid for small- but finite-amplitude solitary waves, is used. It is found that the effects of non-planar cylindrical and spherical geometries, non- and ultra-relativistically degenerate electron species and the temperature of degenerate electron species significantly modify the basic features (i.e. speed, amplitude and width) of the solitary potential structures associated with degenerate pressure-driven nucleus-acoustic waves. The warm degenerate plasma model under consideration is applicable not only to all cold white dwarfs, but also to many hot white dwarfs, such as DQ white dwarfs, white dwarf H1504+65, white dwarf PG 0948+534, etc.