Number Of Wards Research Articles

Surat’s sustainable future: analyzing compact urban development and population density trends

Rapid urbanization is a challenge for the cities of developing countries like India. The share of an urban area is rapidly increasing in dynamically growing cities. Due to this, the land use is altered, causing sprawl and unplanned development. The consumption of resources is greater, and the impact on the surroundings is negative. The compact city concept is always more efficient and cost effective compared to unplanned organic growth. The compact city optimizes available land resources with its maximum possible capacity in accordance with other available natural resources. The primary study objective is to assess the growth trend of Surat city using satellite images, geographic information system techniques, and census data for the last few years. The analysis considers population density for different city wards from 1991 to 2020. Based on the land use land cover change carried out using the maximum likelihood method from the satellite images, the rate of spreading out, its direction, and causes are also found. In this study, population density is a crucial attribute of the compact city concept. The study shows that wardwise density is increasing in a specific direction and making that portion of the city a dense, compact development. This is observed in ward numbers 48, 42, and 35 in the east, north, and southeast directions from Central Business District, respectively. The average population density in persons per sq. km is continuously increasing from 5006 to 20329 at city level which also shows the compact city development for Surat. The governing authorities must incorporate the compact city concept into the planning policy for sustainable urban development. By this, policymakers can understand housing needs to promote affordable housing, invest in infrastructure development and public services, and identify areas where sustainable transportation options, such as public transit, walking, or cycling, need improvement.

Predicting future medical needs and mortality risk in geriatric long-term care patients : Development and validation of the Nascher score and revised Nascher score.

Choosing the right intensity of medical care is ahuge challenge particularly in long-term geriatric care. The Nascher score was developed to assess future medical care needs. The aim of this study was to determine whether the Nascher score and arevised version can predict future medical needs. In this retrospective cohort study, 396 residents in long-term care hospitals, who were admitted over a period of two years and followed up to two and a half yeare, were analysed. Outcome parameters were: (1)number of medication changes, (2)number of ward doctor documentations and (3)number of acute illnesses treated with antibiotics, and mortality risk. Based on the first results, an alternative scoring of the Nascher score with 12instead of 26items was developed, called the revised Nascher score. The Nascher score significantly correlated with the number of medication changes, the number of ward doctor documentations, and the number of acute ilnesses treated with antibiotics with Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.30, 0.26, and 0.15, respectively. The revised Nascher score showed ahigher correlation with correlation coefficients of0.36, 0.26, and 0.21, respectively. Residents with aNascher score in the highest quartile had asignificantly higher mortality risk than residents in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio, HR 2.97, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.80-4.34). The corresponding values for the revised Nascher score were HR 3.03, 95% CI 2.03-4.54 in the highest and HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.24-2.60 in the middle quartiles. The Nascher score and even more so the revised Nascher score are well suited to predicting the various parameters of future medical needs and mortality risk.

Comparison of Job Satisfaction of Private and Public School Teachers in Godawari Municipality

This study analyzed the job satisfaction among teachers in private and public schools located within Godawari Municipality of Lalitpur district. The sample of the study contains five private schools and five public schools which were selected from ward number 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of Godawari Municipality of Lalitpur district, Nepal. 100 teachers were approached for the data collection, out of which, 94 responded. Out of 94 respondents, 49 were from public and 45 were from private schools. Data was collected in 2019. Different variables like working environment, salary, staff relationship and motivation were used to analyze the job satisfaction. The data were collected through field survey and 5 points Likert scale questionnaire was used. The data was analyzed through SPSS and it was found that the teachers of private schools were more satisfied in comparison to public schools in terms of working environment, staff relationship and motivation and there was no difference in the satisfaction between the private and public-school teachers.

Evaluating Lakes Boundary Change: A Case Study from Ward Number 26 of Pokhara Metropolitan City

Lakes are crucial for their multi-faceted services, including drinking water, irrigation, tourism, and more. Understanding their status, including area coverage, is important, and continuous monitoring is essential. Lakes can be monitored through various approaches, ranging from traditional ground-based surveys to advanced earth observation satellites. This study aimed to monitor several lakes in Ward Number 26 of Pokhara Metropolitan City, including Khaste, Neurini, and Gunde Lakes, using high-resolution cadastral maps, ground-based field surveys, and Sentinel-2 earth observation satellites. Additionally, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted. Supervised land use and land cover classification and the Normalized Difference Water Index method were employed to determine the area of each lake in 2017 and 2021. The focus group discussions and key informant interviews investigated factors affecting lake dynamics. The study found that climate change, land use change, floods, water abstraction, and landslides are major factors contributing to changes in lake areas. The results showed that the satellite-derived lake boundaries were smaller than those indicated on the cadastral map. Ground surveys using total station equipment also revealed that Khaste Lake shrunk by 6122.73 m² (0.01 km²), Neurini Lake lost 474.95 m² (0.00005 km²), and Gunde Lake shrunk by 4226 m² (0.004 km²) due to encroachment. Although satellite images are useful for detecting large-scale changes, this study indicates that the lake boundary areas identified through satellite imagery were smaller than those delineated by cadastral maps and ground surveys. This suggests that remote sensing analysis alone is insufficient for studying small lake boundary changes and should be combined with ground-based surveys. Therefore, a combination of satellite images and ground-based surveys is recommended for accurately and comprehensively detecting changes in lake areas.

Empowering Youths for Social Changes: Educational Initiatives in Gandaki Rural Municipality, Ward No. 6

The study aims to discern the role of education on youth empowerment to promote health and sanitation, gender equality and awareness to address social issues for social changes in Gandaki Rural Municipality ward number 6. The survey study identified various challenges related to education for youth empowerment. The descriptive research design was used. The focused group discussions using semi-structured questionnaires were administered to the seven youths of Chepang/Praja community aged 15-19 years old residing in the ward number 6. The sample was selected using purposive sampling technique. The education the youth of Chepang/Praja community empowered through education demonstrated the ability to promotes health and sanitation, gender equality and create awareness to address social issues within their society. Major challenges identified includes reluctance to change by the senior citizens, lack of priority to the training that didn't provide allowances, the voices of youth are unheard, remote geographical location, lack the access to transportation, lacks appropriate resources and migration. The study suggested that the education brings positive social changes through empowering the youth in the promotion of health and sanitation, gender equality and creation of awareness to address the social changes.

Ethnozoological study of Tamang people in Konjyosom Rural Municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal

Ethnic/indigenous people of Nepal have a long history of using animals as medicine. The current study was conducted to determine the ethnozoological relationship, concerning the use of animals, their body parts, and animal products as traditional medicine by the people of Tamang community living in Konjyosom Rural Municipality in Lalitpur district of Nepal. The study was conducted in Chaughare (Ward Number 1), and the ethnozoological data were collected from local people and key informants through interviews, semi-structured questionnaire surveys, and direct field observation. Results showed that 78% of the respondents out of 100 were familiar with using animals as medicines. These people were reported to use 33 different animals (domestic: 8 species and wild: 25 species) for treating various illnesses and diseases in other ways. Considering the age and gender, female respondents and people of age (50-59 years) mainly used to prefer animal consumption for healing their illnesses and diseases. Furthermore, the oral route of administration (81%) and consumption of flesh via cooking were highly preferred. Their tendency to use animals as medicine was higher, so the risk of threatening a few important faunae may exist in the study area. This study will be baseline information for strategic conservation and management of wildlife in the study area or elsewhere within the country.

Investigating the Impact That Diagnostic Screening with Lateral Flow Devices Had on the Rabies Surveillance Program in Zanzibar, Tanzania.

With the global impetus for the elimination of canine-mediated human rabies, the need for robust rabies surveillance systems has become ever more important. Many countries are working to improve their rabies surveillance programs and, as a result, the reported use of lateral flow devices (LFDs) is increasing. Despite their known diagnostic limitations, previous studies have hypothesised that the benefits associated with LFDs could make them potentially quite useful towards improving the overall robustness of surveillance programs. To test this, a best practice standard operating procedure was developed which was used to guide the implementation of the ADTEC LFD as a diagnostic screening tool in Zanzibar. Over the course of the first 22 months of this investigation, 83 samples were subjected to in-field diagnostic screening, coupled with subsequent laboratory confirmation, and only one false-negative result was detected. Furthermore, the findings of our investigation indicated that the routine use of LFDs as a diagnostic screening tool resulted in a four-fold increase in the number of samples subjected to rabies diagnosis per month and a three-fold increase in the number of wards where samples were collected per year. Our findings suggest that LFDs could play a noteworthy role in improving the robustness of surveillance systems by increasing the number of samples tested and promoting diagnostic screening in areas distant from laboratories. Their implementation would, however, need to be carefully controlled through standardised protocols that align with the international best practices to ensure their judicious use.

Influence of Nurses' Perceptions of Government Policies and COVID-19 Risks on Their Mental Health Status: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to understand nurses' perceptions of COVID-19-related policies and risks during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Hong Kong and to determine how their perceptions influenced their mental health status. A web-based online survey among Hong Kong nurses was conducted. The questionnaire included a self-designed 5-point Likert scale with 17 items to assess the nurses' perceptions of COVID-19-related policies and risks, as well as the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD) for measurement of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), stress, depression and anxiety, respectively. Of 592 nurses enrolled, 30.6% had PTSD (DTS total score ≥40), and 80.4%, 19.9% and 16.4% had moderate-to-high levels of stress (PSS-10 score ≥14), depression (PHQ-2 score ≥3) and anxiety (GAD score ≥3), respectively. The top three concerned aspects were 'worried about themselves and friends to suffer this disease' (84.5%), 'insufficient number of isolation wards' (81.8%) and 'insufficient number of personal protective equipment' (74.3%). Logistic regression analyses showed that more negative perception on 'personal protective equipment in the healthcare institutions', 'the confidence in HK's control of COVID-19', 'worried about themselves and friends to suffer this disease' and 'self-perceived risk of infection' indicated higher severity of the four mental health problems (all p < 0.01). The perception on 'public gathering ban', 'the number of isolation wards' and 'expected time to control COVID-19' were significantly associated with PTSD and stress (all p < 0.05). Nurses' perception on government policies and COVID-19 risks played an important role in predicting their mental health status. Policy makers should be aware of nurses' psychological responses and provide timely and targeted emotional support to nurses amid and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

A Study On Insight Into Cessation Attempts Among Current Smokeless Tobacco Users In An Urban Slum Of Ahmedabad

Introduction:According to GATS-2 report, one out of every five persons in Gujarat uses smokelesstobacco (SLT).Tobacco causes addiction &amp; dependence over a period of time.Tobacco cessation is anintegral part of the National Tobacco Control Programme.Objective:To estimate the proportion ofprevious quit attempts and its determinants among current SLT users of an urban slum inAhmedabad.Methods:A community-based, cross-sectional study using consecutive sampling wasconducted between June 2023 - August 2023 among 250 current SLT users in an urban slum ofAhmedabad( Ward number 15). A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire adapted from GATS-2(Global Adult Tobacco Survey-2) Tobacco Questions for Surveys was administered among theparticipants for eliciting sociodemographic characteristics, SLT consumption pattern and quittingattempts. Results:In this study, 68.8% of the participants had at least one past quit attempt out ofwhich 94.7% tried self- control methods. The most common reason for not being able to quit wasperceived as addiction (70.9%). A larger part of SLT users (89%) had noticed warning labels intobacco packets and 18.3% of them reported that they thought of quitting seeing that warning. Threefourth of the participants were advised by at least one person to not consume tobacco products &amp; in60% of the cases, it was the spouse.Conclusions and recommendations:The results suggest that there is an obvious lacuna in the community's utilization of services, despite the fact that National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP) provides nationwide cessation services. This demonstrates theneed for extensive community-based tobacco cessation activities. Keywords:Smokelesstobacco(SLT), Addiction,Quit Attempt, National Tobacco Control Programme(NTCP)

Socio-Economic Status of Women Teachers Employees in India

Abstract: Sexual orientation discrimination in India is the chief reason that has influenced women's socio- economic turn of events. Women in country territories are known to need sufficient offices and education for their turn of events. Most women in country zones have less access to social insurance. Most of women in towns are housewives and work for their occupation in the homestead division. In this study we concentrated on the socio-economic status of women employees of women teachers. The point of this study is to choose the distinction between the economic and cultural position, the association between the fragment status of women teachers and their economic prosperity, the association between the portion status of women teachers and their economic status, and to study the association between the profile components of women teachers and their social position. In the current study we inspect the relationship between the elements of the profile of the female teachers and their satisfaction at work. For this study the A pilot test was conducted and corrections were made in the questionnaire, as were other sources, for example, journals, papers, diaries, reports, articles and related investigations. The scientist gathered information from 300 female respondents picked utilizing a delineated irregular inspecting method. Among the 300 women respondents, 245 are working on a regular basis and 55 are on temporary/Guest basis. Random sampling method to distribute questionnaires was followed by the researcher, and user data was obtained. From the study one can see that strong measures are expected to upgrade the socio-economic status of women instructor employees. Women are intensely tried out advanced education and business. It might be because of government concerns in education and work, and Women's Universities and Colleges being established. In spite of the fact that their proportion is high, contrasted with that of guys, their rank isn't high. Various factors, for example, age, sexual orientation, religion, conjugal status, number of wards, scholarly qualifications, specialized qualifications, position, sort of school, nature of occupation and number of long stretches of experience influence the status of women instructor employees. Along these lines it is essential to improve the socio-economic conditions of women teachers. Female teachers ought to endeavor to find some kind of harmony between their work and family jobs. In addition to encouraging they ought not stop for a second to accept obligations. It builds their organizationalstatus as well as energizes their trust in themselves. Through taking part in different preparing programs, addresses, conferences, workshops and taking up further study courses they can findout to an ever increasing extent

Community Health Profile of Selected Area of Birgunj Metropolitan City, Parsa

Background: Community assessment is the basic foundation for promoting and improving the health of community populations. The objective of this survey is to appraise the health profile of the community and assist in promoting community health. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out from August 14, 2019, to September 21, 2019. The population of the study was residents of ward number 1, Chhapkaiya of Birgunj Metropolitan City, a Slum area of the ward selected purposively, where there were 200 houses and a total population was 1364. Data were collected using the interview technique. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Results: The majority (79.0%) of respondents threw waste in an open field. Only 19.0% of respondents had used latrines. Most women (80.25%) became mothers at the age of fewer than 20 years. More than half (57.31%) of pregnant women had done an ANC visit up to the fourth time, among them, 90.0% of respondents had delivered in a government hospital 86.0% of the mothers had colostrum feeding practiced as well and 90.12% had done exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months. Female sterilisation (38%) were more common in the society. Above sixty percent (62.86%) of families, had done diarrheal management in the home of under 5 children. Conclusion: The health profile of the Chhapkaiya community is satisfactory. All populations used safe water but open field defecation is prevalent and most of the population threw waste in the open field. The majority of the women became mothers below 20 years of age and home delivery is still practiced in this community. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(1): 39-45.

Peoples Biodiversity Registrar of Kolkata, Ward Number 27: A Peoples Document Prepared as per Directive of National Green Tribunal (NGT) by Rammohan College

Abstract: As per National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) Guidelines, National Green Tribunal (NGT) has issued one order to West Bengal Biodiversity Board, Government of West Bengal to prepare a complete Peoples Biodiversity Registrar (PBR) of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC). A project has been initiated in the year 2017-18. Rammohan College has been approached to prepare a PBR of Ward No. 27 and form a Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC). A complete PBR has been prepared and submitted to West Bengal Bio Diversity Board, Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal.

Beyond Hospital-Level Aggregated Data: A Methodology to Adapt Clinical Data From the Electronic Health Record for Nursing Unit-Level Research.

Studies of nurse staffing frequently use data aggregated at the hospital level that do not provide the appropriate context to inform unit-level decisions, such as nurse staffing. Describe a method to link patient data collected during the provision of routine care and recorded in the electronic health record (EHR) to the nursing units where care occurred in a national dataset. We identified all Veterans Health Administration acute care hospitalizations in the calendar year 2019 nationwide. We linked patient-level EHR and bar code medication administration data to nursing units using a crosswalk. We divided hospitalizations into segments based on the patient's time-stamped location (ward stays). We calculated the number of ward stays and medication administrations linked to a nursing unit and the unit-level and facility-level mean patient risk scores. We extracted data on 1117 nursing units, 3782 EHR patient locations associated with 1,137,391 ward stays, and 67,772 bar code medication administration locations associated with 147,686,996 medication administrations across 125 Veterans Health Administration facilities. We linked 89.46% of ward stays and 93.10% of medication administrations to a nursing unit. The average (standard deviation) unit-level patient severity across all facilities is 4.71 (1.52), versus 4.53 (0.88) at the facility level. Identification of units is indispensable for using EHR data to understand unit-level phenomena in nursing research and can provide the context-specific information needed by managers making frontline decisions about staffing.

ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION IN BISWANATH CHARIALI MUNICIPAL AREA: A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

– In a comprehensive examination of solid waste generation within the Biswanath Chariali municipal area, Assam, India our study delves into representative 180 households and 15 hotels, meticulously scrutinizing the intricate dynamics of waste disposal. Over a month, we methodically documented the waste generation patterns, revealing a vivid tapestry of disposal practices and habits. The introduction of colour-coded waste bins, strategically positioned in both households and hotels, has heralded a noticeable shift in waste disposal behaviours. The projected data were calculated from the sampled data for the entire household and hotels present in the municipal area. The data reveals that the total waste from the Biswanath Chariali municipal area is 280.77 mt/month out of which 201.62 mt organic waste, 49.74 mt plastic waste and 33.71 mt other waste (Glass, plastic etc.) Notably, Ward number 6 emerged as a focal point of heightened waste production (52.06 mt of total waste generated/month). Out of 66.12 mt of total hotel waste generated in the municipal area, 51.06 mt is organic waste, 9.44 mt is Plastic waste and 5.63 mt is other waste. A paradigm shift is envisaged through the exploration of technological interventions, encompassing composting, biochar production, and the conversion of organic waste into electricity. A noteworthy revelation underscores that over 70% of the waste predicament can be alleviated by harnessing the potential of organic waste, thereby transforming it into a valuable resource. However, a pivotal aspect to consider lies in the necessity for large-scale receptacles, essential for realizing a visibly cleaner municipal landscape. As we conclude, our contemplation extends towards the implementation of recycling centres and waste-to-energy facilities as transformative solutions for a sustainable and aesthetically pleasing Biswanath Chariali.

Analysis of Methanol Content in Different Varieties of Traditionally Fermented Alcohol Found in Chandannath Municipality of Jumla District, Nepal

Background: Alcohol poisoning associated with traditionally fermented alcoholic beverages have been reported in Nepal with the constituents of these beverages not being quantified usually. In traditionally fermented alcoholic beverages, methanol, due to its cheaper cost and similar physiochemical properties with ethanol, is adulterated most commonly and readily. The objective of the present study was to quantify four different varieties of traditionally fermented alcoholic beverages available in Chandannath, Jumla for methanol level.Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study in which four different types of traditionally fermented alcoholic beverages were collected from Chandannath, Jumla and they were analyzed for methanol content. From Chandannath municipality, the ward number two was selected for collection of samples. Further, from this ward, four different households regularly involved in brewing local alcohol were also randomly selected. These households belonged to three different ethnic groups (Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman and Newar) and these samples were chhyang (sample- 1), local raksi (sample- 2), nigar (sample- 3) and local apple cider (sample- 4). In air tight containers, the samples were sealed and transported to Zest laboratory, Bhaktapur, Nepal for quantification of methanol using Gas Chromatography.Results: The residents in half of these four households belonged to the Tibeto-Burman ethnic groups. Methanol was detected in two samples among the four analyzed beverages. These samples, sample- 2 and sample- 4, on quantification showed the concentrations of 10.050ppm and 13.721ppm of methanol respectively. Conclusion: Among four samples of locally brewed alcoholic beverages, methanol was detected in two samples, but at a concentration below the level that would be considered toxic. This finding emphasizes the importance of conducting larger-scale quantification of traditionally fermented alcohol to mitigate the various health risks associated with its potential toxicity, as these beverages are currently not being quantified.

BODY MASS INDEX, WAIST TO HEIGHT RATIO AND OVERWEIGHT OBESITY AMONG ADULT POPULATION IN SELECTED WARDS OF BHARATPUR METROPOLITAN CITY

Background: Central obesity can be illustrated by Body Mass Index (BMI) as well as waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Such data are lacking among adult populations of Bharatpur. The aim of this study was to find the level of BMI and explore height, weight WC, and WHtR with reference for overweight and obesity among adults and and their associated factors. Methods: Community based cross-sectional study was carried out among 183 adults with age group 31 to 50 years residing at ward number 5 and 15 of the Bharatpur. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect anthropometric and other information in 2023. BMI and WHtR were calculated and general over weight/obesity were explored. The Pearson Chi-squared test was used to find the association between overweight, obesity and some independent variables at 5% level of significance. Results: Present study showed Mean BMI 23.96 kg/m2 ±5.6SD (M-22.84, F-24.9) and 45.9% prevalence of overweight and obesity with more prevalence among females. Chi square test showed age (p-0.015 BMI and p-0.011WHtR), eating pattern (p-0.001 BMI andp-0.001 WHtR), morbidity(p-0.001) , family history of obesity(p-0.002), pattern of physical exercise(p-0.001), sleeping time(p-0.001 )and alcohol/tobacco consumption habit (p-0.001) were significantly associated with both the BMI and WHtR at the 5 % level of significance. Sex was not associated with BMI but with WHtR (p-0.017). Conclusions: Overweight and obesity is found high among adults and the BMI and WHtR is found more among females. So, proper action should be taken to address overweight and obesity by concerned municipality.

Dietary Pattern and Its Impact on Nutritional Status of Adolescent Girls among Chepang Community in Raksirang Rural-Municipality of Makawanpur District

Background: Adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood. An adolescent is defined as individuals in the 10-19year age group. The health and nutritional status of adolescent girls affects their health and their survival in future. Adolescents, particularly girls, are increasingly conscious of their body which leads to low intake of food rich with nutrients. Teenage girls may excessively restrict their energy intake, out of a desire to be thin, which has a serious threat on their nutritional status.Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study design was applied in ward number 5 of Raksirangrural municipality of Makawanpur district usingsemi-structured questionnaire and all adolescent girls (127) of aged 10-19 years were involved as the respondents of the study. The study duration was 7th June to 25th December 2017. The data was entered and analyzed with the help of software SPSS version 16.0. Results: The prevalence of underweight was found to be 27.6%. Study shows the participants consume protective fruits and vegetables group and other fruits and vegetables group in less quantity as comparison to other food groups. Though most of the participants were literate, knowledge on nutrition about 8% had adequate knowledge and 91% had poor knowledge.Conclusions: Nutritional status of adolescent girls of Raksirangrural municipality is found to be poor. The research recommends improving nutritional status and feeding habits especially intake of wheat, meat and yellow fruits focusing on adolescent girls.

Understanding Demographic Dynamics: A Case of Chinhat, Lucknow

Abstract: Demographics play a vital role in the development of any area. Demographic dynamics depict the decision-making capacity of governance, hence it’s a vital part of predicting the future growth of an area in terms of its socio-economic context. The demography of an area can also help in understanding the cultural aspect and how it is being oriented in the built environment. The paper talks about the demographic dynamics of Lucknow and its ward level of integration to help understand the local area-specific ward-level population change concerning the city. Different mapping techniques are used to understand the population distribution along ward 35 which is a peri-urban region of the city where the rural context was available within the municipal boundary such as agricultural fields as well as semi-pucca houses and its context in an urban area are the most difficult to segregate in terms of urban planning development scenario. In local area planning of any ward level integration demography becomes the most vulnerable topic to analyse due to lack of data on population from the past resources due to a mismatch of ward numbers from the district census handbook of Lucknow from 1991 to 2011 and planning for 2022 with lack of 2021 data has become a huge difficulty. So, the paper analyses every data with proper alignment and manual survey conducted in ward 35 in favour of local area development proposals. This concludes the paper with the way forward to investigate the population dynamic for every ward of Lucknow for the urban planning community

Women's Participation in Dairy Livestock Farming in Pokhara

This study examines contribution of women participation in dairy livestock farming in Pokhara. For this, two objectives, to assess the integration between dairy livestock enterprise and crop production and to examine the dairy livestock farming income and household food in-security were set.As a commuter zone ward number 5, 18 and 23 of Pokhara Metropolitan City was purposively taken as research area. Those people who were actively engaged in milk business and contributing whole family income and expenditure were purposively taken as universe of this research. Out of those universe, 60 household of women actively engaging in milk business were taken as research sample. Study clearly shows the financial gain to the family from milk business. The saving from milk business itself can pay back initial livestock purchasing investment within a single year. In viewed through the gender prospects livestock farming supports married women in participation on community organization and strengthen the role of women in decision making as a social agent. This business not only engages married women in milk business but also helped to increase the productivity of crops by using cattle manure. Additionally, use of cattle faces in biogas has reduced the fuel wood and fossil fuel consumption and supports sustainable development by providing clean energy together with forest conservation and reduced indoor air pollution. The policies addressing the availability of good source of fodder, business startup fund facilitation, a sustainable market to sell milk, good insurance policy and adoption of cutting-edge technologies can attract young and educated people in the milk business.

Flood Hazard Mapping and Risk Assessment in Narayani River Basin, Nepal

Floods, earthquakes, forest fires, landslides, and other natural hazard are common in Nepal. Among them, the flood is one of the natural disasters and that occurred in the Narayani River basin. The Narayani River Basin's exposures and vulnerabilities are at danger from a flood catastrophe of this kind, hence this studies attempts to reduce and control the risk of flooding in order to better manage disasters. The factors of flood hazard, flood exposures, and flood vulnerability are investigated as part of the ward-level flood risk assessment, which aims to prevent and manage the flood disaster. The hydraulic model (HEC-RAS) for the 2018 flood event was used in this study to create the GIS- based modeling of the flood inundation maps. Additionally, it calculated the various return periods for floods in the river basin—5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 years. Furthermore, the flood extent was confirmed using the flood map produced by the Google Earth Engine (GEE) using remotely sensed techniques. For Hydraulic modelling, ALOS/PALSAR Digital Elevation Model (12.5m.) spatial resolution was used. In addition, RAS-MAPPER generated the geometric data for the hydraulic modeling, which was then transferred into HEC-RAS. This data included the cross-section, flow route, streamline, and bank lines. On both sides of the river, the necessary Manning value "n" values were computed for every cross-section. The steady-flow models of the anticipated flood hydrographs were created using the hydraulic model. Google Earth Engine (GEE) flood maps generated from Sentinel-1C radar satellite data were used to validate the results for the 2018 flood events. When comparing the simulated result's flood inundation area with the remote sensing data's flood area, the overlap area for the 2018 flood event is 65%. Additionally, the flood area is verified. In addition, the hydraulic model generated flow conditions for 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 year return periods. The river basin's surface water level and flood extent are both progressively rising. In order to effectively manage and prepare for potential flood hazards in the study area, an analysis of the flood risk assessment was conducted by taking into consideration three primary factors: the flood hazard map, flood exposure, and flood vulnerability. The layers of the population, crops, schools, hospitals, and road network were all exposed to flooding, and the factors that determined flood vulnerabilities were literacy, urban area, and agecomposition (less than 14 and more than 65). The higher flood risk area was found in Ward number 1, 3, 4,16,18,26 of Bharatpur metropolitan, Gaindakot municipality ward number 1 and 12, 15 of Madhyabindu Municipality.