War Disasters Research Articles

TERRITORIAL IDENTITY OF THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE: ESSENCE AND THE MAIN FACTORS OF FORMATION

The main factors in forming the local forms of national identity and the influence of socio-cultural circumstances and such important features as common territory, nature, culture, space, group, kin, self-identity, religious affiliation, family, worldview, symbols, etc., are revealed. Various types of identity, the main factors of their formation, and the change of mental characteristics under the influence of the war disaster are analyzed. It shows how important worldview and cultural factors are in developing national identity, the negative impact of forced assimilation of the population, and manifestations of resistance to aggression and wrongdoing, which leads to the activation and change of national identity.

Spatial distribution and pedigree age of intangible cultural heritage along the Grand Canal of China

Intangible cultural heritage is the carrier of national memory and a historical witness. Exploring the spatial distribution and chronological evolution of intangible cultural heritage is of great significance to understand the cultural integrity and historical continuity. Taking the intangible cultural heritage along the Grand Canal as an example, this study carries out spatial deconstruction based on the extent of the spread of intangible cultural heritage and reveales the aggregation pattern through spatial autocorrelation analysis. Then, the historical process and the spatial center of gravity are shown through an evolution tree model. The influencing factors are illustrated via the methods of Geodetector and qualitative analysis. The results are as follows: (1) The two ends of the canal exhibit obvious advantages in the number of intangible cultural heritage items; however, the existence of a spatial mismatch at the city–county level makes the southern endpoint occupy a dominant position. (2) Although there is a high–high aggregation pattern along the whole canal, 29.82% of the counties are distributed widely with low–low aggregation. (3) The spatial center of intangible cultural heritage items from different historical periods generally presents a changing path from north to south and returning north. (4) Intangible cultural heritage items are mainly distributed in areas with a prosperous culture, a high level of economic development, and strong policy and financial support from government. Changes in the natural environment, population migration, economic development, war disasters, and canal shipping have profound impacts over time. This study provides a new idea for the methodological advancement of spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritage, as well as studies on local cultural identity and regional consistency.

Budgeting for the human-made disaster of war: US aid to Ukraine

IMPACT This article examines the USA’s efforts to support Ukraine in its war with Russia. The USA’s ex ante mitigation efforts were insufficient to prevent the invasion but likely enabled Ukraine to survive the initial attack. Preparation efforts produced large amounts of weapons stocks that could be sent to Ukraine once the war began. Ex post response efforts provided Ukraine with the means to continue defending itself, although the sustainability of such efforts is questionable. The authors’ findings indicate that more effective deterrence measures, such as a defence pact, may have discouraged the invasion, while building weapons stocks during times of peace are essential given that dollars cannot be converted quickly into the means of war.

War disasters and their effects on urban structure, historic buildings, local people and architectural heritage

تقع العديد من المناطق الحضرية تحت وطأة الكوارث سواء كانت طبيعية منها ام الصناعية، وفي ظل زيادة التعقيد في المناطق الحضرية، وتنوع المكونات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والسياسية والتطور التكنلوجي والمعرفي ازدادت اثار الكوارث والحروب عن قبل، حيث باتت الكوارث تؤثر بشكل كبيرا كافة مفاصل الحياة وتسبب هدراً في الممتلكات والارواح وتشريد للسكان وتعطيل للحياة الاقتصادية وتتضاعف هذه الأثار إذا لم يتم التعامل معها بمناهج سليمة واستراتيجيات علمية. يهدف البحث الى التعرف على تجارب بعض الدول واستراتيجياتهم وبرامجهم الفعالة في إعادة الاعمار بعد التعرض الى الكوارث والحروب ضمن المناطق الحضرية، باستعمال المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي وإدارة الكوارث في المناطق الحضرية ضمن تجارب الدول الفعالة في التغلب على الأثار التي تسببها الكوارث على البنية الحضرية بمختلف مكوناتها، بافتراض ان التعرف على تجارب بعض الدول في إدارة كوارث تساهم في التعرف على الممارسات الناجحة وتوفير الإدارة الحضرية الفعالة للمناطق المعرضة للحروب والكوارث ووضع الاستراتيجيات الملائمة لذلك، وقد تم تحديد المشكلة الرئيسة بوجود الأثار المباشرة وغير المباشرة للحروب والكوارث في مدينة بنغازي مع غياب المنهاج والاستراتيجيات المناسبة للتعامل مع هذه الأضرار الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات ذات العلاقة بهدف البحث.

East-West Identity Unmasks the Mistaken Ideology of American War on Iraq: A Critical Analysis of Baghdadi Bath and Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo

The study aspired to investigate the human trauma of a society in wartime and thereafter. It focuses on literature that seeks to reflect life as it should be. However, literary works here deal with catastrophic dramas that depict Iraqis who generally suffer from the negative repercussions of the American Crisis and the extreme underdevelopment and poverty at that time. In this paper, the audience faces the disaster in two dramatic works: Baghdadi Bath (2005) by Jawad al-Asadi and Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo (2012) by Rajiv Joseph. They are a good example that depicts the nightmare experienced by all Iraqis during the war. Speaking about the disaster of war, we guess that the disaster may have human roots. The disaster of war on Iraq, in particular, is taken for analysis. The researchers try to denote the nature of man at the time of the disaster. The paper explores the relations between the ideas of war and the world we face and refers to Baghdad’s brutal past and its confused present. It also inspects the real reasons behind the war and records the human condition in the consequences of the American invasion of Iraq. To narrow the field of investigation, the researchers have chosen disaster at war, especially the American war on Iraq in 2003, and its results for the study. The paper steps down war and violence and assures peace for people depending on different perspectives.

Zakat Restrictions: Religious, Social, Institutional, and Political. Case Study: Qatar

Since the early of Islam, zakat - compulsory Islamic almsgiving - has received widespread interest in religious, social, institutional as well as political fields. Zakat distribution, theoretically, comes in the form of providing eight beneficiaries through projects of religious, educational, and medical foundations, provision of military weapons, and so on. However, the annual estimates of zakat indicate that zakat is exposed to factors that restrict its mechanism (collections and distributions). A combination of the theoretical frameworks of the sociology of religion/Islam and political sociology helps to discover and understand these factors. The quantitative method in this research through the interviews conducted with Muslim scholars, charitable organisations’ staff, and Qatari Muslims (citizens and residents), show that zakat distribution is affected by Muslim scholars’ interpretations of ‘for the cause of Allah’ zakat beneficiary, the behaviour of zakat payers in paying individually and conditional zakat projects, Qatar’s tribal culture (citizens), family bonding (residents), the behaviour of charitable organisations in promoting specific projects, and interests of the Qatari state. Furthermore, most participants agreed that the purpose of zakat is to support the less fortunate, rather than personal interests, conflicts, or wars. Any defect in zakat applications is considered a significant loss, especially since the world witnessed a rise in zakat beneficiaries such as the poor and refugees, whether they result from natural or war disasters.

Supply of medicines by humanitarian organizations in war conditions

Natural and war disasters lead to stagnation in economic, social and, yes, health development. During the war, the own production of medicines was significantly reduced or even completely stopped due to the destruction of factories, the impossibility of securing raw materials for the production of medicines, and due to the difficulty of importing, transporting and distributing medicines. Even during the war, chronic non-communicable diseases that require daily intake of several groups of drugs are common, the therapy is long-term, and it is necessary to provide a large amount of drugs for these patients. (Abrams J. Nitroglycerin and long-acting nitrates. N Engl J Med 1980; 302:1234). Under these conditions, humanitarian organizations are often the only ones who are able to secure and deliver medicines to certain war-affected areas, which was the case in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Frequent scientific and non-scientific discussions indicate that the medicines donated through humanitarian organizations are outdated and inadequate in relation to the needs of the population. In my research related to the humanitarian organization "Igasa", which included a clinic and a pharmacy and provided help through diagnostics and therapy mainly to chronic internal medicine patients, and for the period from January 2, 1994 to December 31, 1995. I found the following data: 12,839 patients with (CVD, GIO and diabetes mellitus) sought help in this clinic and pharmacy. Of these, 68.00% had CVD, 17.00% GIO and 15.00% diabetes mellitus. Of the total number of patients, 59.00% were women, and 41.00% were men. A significant difference was recorded in the number of patients with CVD according to GIO and diabetes mellitus (p = < 0.001). The highest consumption of drugs was for the treatment of CVD patients (75.00%), while the number of drugs for the treatment of GIO and diabetes mellitus amounted to (25.00%) of the total drug consumption, this is shown by a significant difference (p = < 0.001). The total monetary value of medicines issued in the period 1994 and 1995 in the humanitarian pharmacy "Igasa" is 369,816.28 KM. There was a significant difference in the consumption of medicines as well as the difference in the monetary value of the dispensed medicines between the humanitarian pharmacy "Igasa" and the civilian pharmacy "Bascarsija".

Використання кліматичного маркування як інструменту зеленого бюджетування в Україні: рекомендації та перспективи

Introduction. Achieving climate neutrality by countries in the face of increasing uncertainty in policymaking due to the accumulation of adverse factors such as war, pandemic and natural disasters requires the development of green budgeting techniques as budgeting by priorities integration in public ?nancial management. A detailed study of ?nancial opportunities in ?nancial relations expands the range of public ?nance operations with “green” characteristics. Problem Statement. The development of green budgeting from a partly impact to a systemic impact on the result embedded in public policy has been studied. A promising tool for green budgeting in Ukraine is climate marking of budget indicators both at the level of main manager of budget funds and at the level of budget programs. Purpose.To reveal the essential characteristics of the climate marking tool and systematize the developments on its use in green budgeting as a necessary condition for modern e?ective budgeting in public ?nance. Methods. The study used methods of theoretical generalization based on the analysis of budgeting practices components based on the OECD, the UN, the World Bank materials, foreign authorities documents and regulatory documents of Ukraine. Results. The use of the green budget tagging tool in modern green budgeting for the budgetary funds use and the green policy goals achievement is considered. The necessity of a systematic approach is substantiated and a strategic framework for the use of green budget tagging in budgeting is proposed. A methodic for separating climatic impacts during green budget tagging into negative, ambiguous and positive is proposed. The objects for monitoring and assessment after green budget tagging use in the country’s budget is grouped. Conclusions. The use of green budget tagging at all levels of the main manager of budget funds network will allow monitoring of climate impact in the results of budgeting for its further assessment.

Pennies From the Pure Land: Practicing the Dharma, Hanging Out, and Raising Funds for the Oldest Buddhist Temple Outside Asia

Jōdo Shinshū temples outside of Asia draw on mutually-reinforcing networks of Dharma practice, social association, and fundraising/labour to meet community and individual needs. These three phenomena rarely, if ever, occur apart from one another. Rather, each is an indelible aspect of the others, such that fundraising is a form of Dharma practice, gathering with peers is a way to raise money, and Buddhism is practiced as a form of group solidarity and support. These tight weaves have enabled temples to thrive in racially and religiously hostile lands, under changing economic circumstances, and through periods of stability, war, and natural disaster. This article takes as its case study the Honpa Hongwanji Hilo Betsuin, on the Big Island of Hawai’i, especially the late 20th century building of their multipurpose Sangha Hall. Fundraising for the building demonstrated the necessity of Dharma, social, and economic activities for the financial health of the temple.

Mary Shelley's The Last Man: Existentialism and IR meet the post-apocalyptic pandemic novel

AbstractMary Shelley mined the ideas of international thought to help develop three new subgenres of modern political science fiction (‘poliscifi’): post-apocalyptic, existential, and dystopian. Her two great works of poliscifi, Frankenstein (1818), and The Last Man (1826) – confront the social problems that arise from humanity's technological and cultural interventions in the wider environment. This article recovers The Last Man not only as the first modern post-apocalyptic pandemic novel, but also as an important source for the existentialist tradition, dystopian literature, and their intersections with what I call ‘Literary IR’. Comparing The Last Man with its probable sources and influences – from Thucydides and Vattel to Orwell and Camus – reveals Shelley's ethical and political concerns with the overlapping problems of interpersonal and international conflict. The Last Man dramatises how interpersonal conflict, if left unchecked, can spiral into the wider sociopolitical injustices of violence, war, and other human-made disasters such as species extinction, pandemics, and more metaphorical ‘existential’ plagues like loneliness and despair. Despite these dark themes and legacies, Shelley's authorship of the great plague novel of the nineteenth century also inspired a truly hopeful post-apocalyptic existential response to crisis and conflict in feminist poliscifi by Margaret Atwood, Octavia Butler, and Emily St. John Mandel.

Ecole des Annals and Iraqi Perception: Its Impact on Early Iraqi Historians

The article is a study of the Ecole des annals' impact on the first generation of Iraqi historians and historiography during the 20th century. The Ecole des annals had emerged as a reaction of the 1st world war disasters and its destructive results which implicated on the political, economic and intellectual situations in Europe during the interwar period. The school had founded in 1929 by two French historians: Marc Bloch (1886-1944) and Lucien Febvre (1878-1956), and published its first journal " Annales d'histoire économique et sociale", in addition to publications of the school which concentrated on social and economic history, and kept away from the political history which was the main interest of "École méthodique" (Methodological school) since late 19th century and its journal " Revue historique" at 1876. The annals school had important influences on the European and American, and then world historiography since its rise up to present. The school had moved the historiography from political and diplomatic aspects to social, intellectual and economic issues.

Leadership and Management in the Time of Pandemics

I proposed that I would start this editorial with the phrase ‘that we live in interesting times…’given the ongoing challenge to all is the Covid_19 pandemic. The alleged origin of the phrase is said to be from a Chinese curse ‘may you live in interesting times’ but is found not to be directly attributable to a Chinese source, but it does use irony to suggest we are living in difficult and challenging times. It was subsequently used by the likes of Joseph Chamberlain and more recently in the 1960s by the then USA President John F Kennedy. [1] Either way most of us know that pandemics, dissent, war, and environmental disasters are not new and recent, but have occurred throughout history and are repeated often enough for most of us to have some experience or memories of those events.......

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MEASURES TAKEN IN RESPONSE TO THE THREAT OF THE SPREAD OF COVID-19: FOREIGN PRACTICE

The rapid spread of the COVID-19 virus challenges governments to act in ways that are usually reserved for war or natural disasters. The pandemic has caused massive global upheaval that could last for months, or longer. Governments are taking extreme measures to limit economic shocks and human costs. The pressure on the state authorities in this situation increases. In a rapidly evolving crisis, with information coming in from all sides, citizens turn to their governments for information and guidance. They expect to be kept safe and provided with medical care in a timely manner. The purpose of this paper is to review foreign public administration practices in response to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.

An Analytical Study to Evaluate Iraqi Construction Sector Readiness to Manage Post-Disaster Reconstruction

The research aims to conduct an analytical study for Iraqi construction sector to examine the extent of readiness to implement campaigns for post-disaster reconstruction, especially after war disasters. Wars cause massive disasters and great devastation for all sectors, especially to the construction sector. Post-disaster reconstruction after wars become a critical topic for many countries, especially developing ones. The Iraqi construction sector witnessed great destruction in large parts of it due to the last wars in 2014, which resulted in the destruction of many areas and a significant deterioration in infrastructure. Through literary reviews of studies related to the research topic, the researcher will determine the critical success factors for disaster management and devise measures to be taken to be suitable for their application in the reconstruction of the Iraqi construction sector. various terms such as risk management, Stakeholder Management and supply chain management were investigated. In addition to exploring various aspects of disaster management to better understand it, for example, the classification of disasters and the stages of disaster management. Project management principles are discovered for the commitments of this research as well as opinions of experts working in Iraqi construction sector to investigate the suitable action plans for post disaster reconstruction management system. The consequences of this research are used to provide a better understanding of reconstruction mechanisms as well as a comprehensive assessment of the readiness of the Iraqi construction sector.

Catholic Social Teaching and Human Trafficking in War and Natural Disasters

This essay examines Catholic social teaching in the context of human trafficking in South Asia during armed conflict and natural disasters. Using a see-judge-act framework to construct the argument, this paper is focused on finding ways to narrow the gaps in these efforts. The gaps occur horizontally when individual issues become isolated from a larger effort, failing to recognize that many challenges are symptoms of a larger problem. The gaps also occur vertically, with the divide between theory and practice. The Church, including religious and lay actors, can diminish the threat and damage from human trafficking through a comprehensive implementation of Catholic social teaching that has a theological foundation and is conscious of the relevant cultural factors.

The Evaluation of Humanitarian Supply Chain Performance Based On Balanced Scorecard-DEMATEL Approach

Measuring the performance of the humanitarian supply chain (HSC) becomes a necessary nowadays regarding to the increasing wars around the world. This study aims to propose an integrated performance evaluation approach for the HSC in the context of war. The proposed framework includes two main stages. The first stage implicates determining the performance indicators by the literature review and classifies the indicators based on the Balanced Scorecard dimensions. The second stage involves prioritizing the Balanced Scorecard dimensions and performance indicators by DEMATEL. According to results of the study, the most important dimension in the performance measurement for the HSC in the context of war is the customer. Moreover, service quality has the highest impact in the HSC performance measurement. This study extends the current state of knowledge, which provides a novel combined method to measure the performance HSC in context of war disaster.

Labour Migration and the Gulf Arab States: Some Observations on the Potential of the GCR

Abstract Recently, there has been some exploration of labour mobility policies in the context of refugees as a way of local country integration that can help with refugee self-reliance, with some examples from Africa and Latin America. Building on these examples, this paper explores the opportunities the Global Compact for Refugees presents in the countries making up the Gulf Cooperation Council, specifically the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as related to expanding access to third-country solutions, refugee self-reliance, and responsibility-sharing. Many of the countries making up the Gulf Cooperation Council rely in large part on expatriate labour and are indeed made up of majority non-citizens. Many Syrians who have been able to obtain work visas have preferred to go to the UAE rather than seek refuge in other neighbouring countries. Some positive initiatives, such as a 2018 Amnesty Law in the UAE, which created a specific category of residency permits for those from countries suffering war and natural disasters, have ensured that de facto refugees are protected against refoulement in the event that they lose their residency. However, in order for labour migration in this context to work, there need to be better guarantees and minimum protections, such as schooling for children and healthcare.

Plastic Surgery Innovation Through War, Disaster and Pandemic

Introduction and Objectives: Mass casualties from modern warfare in World War I and advancements in medicine resulted in survivors with deformities. The field of Plastic Surgery developed from a need to reconstruct soft tissue injuries in these soldiers. Wars and disasters provide unique situations which push the development of new techniques that impact the field. The objective of this work was to identify innovations in plastic surgery that emerged from disasters. Project Methods: The PubMed and Ovid databases were searched for articles documenting origination of plastic surgery ideas during a disaster with the terms “disaster”, “war”, “plastic”, “burn”, “terror”, and/or “novel”. Types of disasters considered include: war, terrorism, accident and natural disaster. Articles were included if they discussed novel therapies published emerging from a disaster. Results: Twenty-one articles meeting inclusion criteria. Eleven papers described innovations during war including use of k-wires in hand fractures, gender affirmation surgery, delayed wound closure, cleft lip repair, vascular repair of acute trauma, sulfamylon antibiotics, and portable vacuum-assisted-closure (VAC) devices. Two articles resulted in surgical staff collaboration modeling and rapid recruitment from terrorist attacks. Five manuscripts defined accidents that brought about ideas of cultured epithelial autografts, VAC for burns, and targeted muscle reinnervation to decrease chronic pain in amputees. Natural disasters that caused change were depicted in three articles discussing adequate burn treatments for resource poor areas and using telemedicine for outpatient care and academic meetings. Conclusions and Potential Impact: The field of Plastic Surgery continues to advance from innovations developed during disasters. Our study found war resulted in the greatest novel advancements. Terrorism and natural disasters have emerged as sparking innovation during the last few decades. Physicians should be encouraged to look for opportunities of innovation using their ingenuity when faced with disaster. What progress will COVID-19 bring?

The poisonous history of chemotherapy

A Second World War disaster fuelled the crusade for cancer treatment, Jennet Conant’s book argues. A Second World War disaster fuelled the crusade for cancer treatment, Jennet Conant’s book argues.

What can lifespan variation tell us about trends in life expectancy in high income countries?

Abstract Building on the findings of presentations 1 and 2, we turn to two further measures of population health: life expectancy at birth and lifespan variation. Life expectancy at birth provides a single figure that captures the overall mortality experience of a nation, and, in the absence of data artefact, a wide-scale environmental event such as war or natural disaster, a disease epidemic or mass migration, life expectancy can be expected to continue to improve in HICs. Concurrently lifespan variation, which measures the average gap between the age at death of an individual and the remaining life expectancy at that age, should decrease as life expectancy increases. Recent analysis of life expectancy improvements in HICs by the Office for National Statistics, using Human Mortality Database data, found that while Japan continues to see improvements, the UK and the USA fell to the bottom of the rankings. Economically, both the UK and Japan have experienced 'lost decades' of poor economic growth, in 1990s and 2010s respectively. Yet, while Japan continued to see life expectancy improvements, in the UK life expectancy stalled, and both countries saw an increase in lifespan variation. In this presentation, we will present the analysis of lifespan variation of 5 HICs: the USA, where life expectancy has declined, the UK, where gains in life expectancy have trailed behind those in other industrialised countries, Japan, which has seen sustained progress, and France and Canada, neighbours of the UK and USA respectively, which lie in the middle. We will examine what can be determined from these measures over periods of poor economic growth, and the implications for achieving 'sustainable growth'.