War Damage Research Articles

The Psychiatric Ramifications of Moral Injury Among Veterans

The Psychiatric Ramifications of Moral Injury Among Veterans

조선 후기 나주읍성의 도시형태 형성과정 해석

This paper aims to interpret the morphological formation processes of Naju eup-seoung during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. Based on the analysis of historical records, old & topographical map and first land registration map, the morphological period of Naju can be divided in four; formation of eup-seong and T-based main route system in Korea, partial reconstruction and expansion of Korea eup-seong in early Joseon Dynasty, reconstruction and expansion of eup-seong including Naju river in middle Joseon Dynasty, large expansion of eup-seong in late Joseon Dynasty. Main factors of the transformation of town plan and eup-seong is reorganization of administrative facilities, residential population growth, flood disaster management and restoration of war damage, reinforcement of defensive demand of eup-seong. Especially, in the process of reconstruction and expansion of eup-seong, the route system based on functional aspect was transformed to route system with formality based on the town planning principle of Joseon. In this process the route system connecting 4 gates of eup-seong and Gaeksa(錦城館) and administrative center(衙舍) had formed irregular pattern.

Paying with their bodies: American war and the problem of the disabled veteran

Christian Bagge, an Iraq War veteran, lost both his legs in a roadside bomb attack on his Humvee in 2006. Months after the accident, outfitted with sleek new prosthetic legs, he jogged alongside President Bush for a photo op at the White House. The photograph served many functions, one of them being to revive faith in an American martial ideal - that war could be fought without permanent casualties and that innovative technology could easily repair war's damage. When Bagge was awarded his Purple Heart, however, military officials asked him to wear pants to the ceremony, saying that photos of the event should be soft on the eyes. Defiant, Bagge wore shorts. America has grappled with the questions posed by injured veterans since its founding, and with particular force since the early twentieth century: What are the nation's obligations to those who fight in its name? And when does war's legacy of disability outweigh the nation's interests at home and abroad? In Paying with Their Bodies, John M. Kinder traces the complicated, interwined histories of war and disability in modern America. Focusing in particular on the decades surrounding World War I, he argues that disabled veterans have long been at the center of two competing visions of American war: one that highlights the relative safety of US military intervention overseas; the other indelibly associating American war with injury, mutilation, and suffering. Kinder brings disabled veterans to the center of the American war story and shows that when we do so, the history of American war over the last century begins to look very different. War can no longer be seen as a discrete experience, easily left behind; rather, its human legacies are felt for decades. The first book to examine the history of American warfare through the lens of its troubled legacy of injury and disability, Paying with Their Bodies will force us to think a new about war and its painful costs.

« Reconstruction scientifique » ou « nouvelle construction d’ancien » : les dilemmes de la reconstruction dans le Pétersbourg postsoviétique

This article addresses the history of attitudes to reconstruction among professional restorers and interested public in Russia. It argues that, in the second half of the twentieth century, an ingrained tendency to disparage reconstruction went alongside an extensive history of highly interventionist projects that, for example, aimed to return a building to its supposed appearance at the so-called ‘optimal date’ (sometimes, but not always, the date when it was completed by the original architect). During the post-war years, this process acquired an ideological overlay because of its association with the drive to put right war damage, and particularly that caused by the invading German forces. ‘Liberation’ of buildings from ‘laters layers’ was accepted policy. This ‘moderated historicism’ was in notable contrast to the treatment of war-damaged historic buildings in some other European countries, for instance Britain (e.g. Coventry Cathedral), though the extensive replanning of entire urban areas in order to reduce density and clear away slums was found in the Soviet Union as well. Remodelling continued to be the professional standard until at least the 1970s, but by the early 1980s, with increasing impact of the Charter of Venice on Soviet practice, it was no longer automatically accepted as best practice. The conflicts continued into the postSoviet period too, with the word ‘reconstruction’ applied both to pastiche newbuild (attacked by some for its flimsiness in historical terms) and to carefully-researched work by professional restorers. The article concludes with material on some particularly controversial recent rekonstruktsii, such as the House of Leningrad Trade department store and the Eliseev Delicatessen.

Croatia: War Damage to Cultural Monuments in Croatia

Croatia: War Damage to Cultural Monuments in Croatia

Российский народ — это народ-победитель

We reproduce here the text of the Rector’s speech delivered at the meeting of the faculty members and employees of Moscow University for the Humanities. The meeting, which took place on April 28, 2015, was devoted to the 70th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic war. Russia has long celebrated and will continue to celebrate Victory Day, as this victory brought to end the most destructive and bloody war in the history of mankind. For the first time in history, the philosophy of the war propagated by the Nazis was based on the theory of racial supremacy of the “higher” “Aryan” race over the “Untermenschen”. Hitler’s war against the USSR also had an ideological foundation: the Nazis aimed to topple the yet not deeply settled Socialist regime, and destroy the Russian state with it — forever. It was the matter of the final end of Russian history and civilization. The war came as a terrible tragedy for the Soviet Union. A great many cities, villages, plants, factories, tractor stations and constructions were razed to the ground. In the grand total of all war damages, which stood at USD 260 bln, USSR’s share accounted for almost a half. The Soviet Union lost 30% of its national wealth. But USSR’s most terrible tragedy was the irrecoverable loss of 26,6 mln lives. In textbooks for schools and universities, the history of the USSR and the Great Patriotic war was frequently deprived of heroism, moral power, patriotism, selflessness and self-sacrifice. Often the strategic and tactical wisdom of the nation’s political leaders, especially that of I. V. Stalin, was also denied. The main events of the war and their assessments were grossly distorted. In the days when the 70th anniversary of the great Victory is celebrated, the youth should take heed of what the war veterans are saying. They have to understand and remember that the Russian nation, the people of Russia are the winner nation. Together with the veterans, Russia’s younger generations should work for the glory of their country.

War damage reconstruction of yahata city and morita michitaka

war damage reconstruction of yahata city and morita michitaka

Gazing at suffering Gaza from suffering Sderot: Seeds of forgiveness and reconciliation amidst the turmoil?

Most studies on forgiveness and reconciliation in intergroup conflicts are conducted during the postresolution stages of conflict. The present research was conducted in the south of Israel to examine the issue of forgiveness among people currently enmeshed in active and violent conflict. Study 1 was conducted in the Israeli town of Sderot, which for more than a decade has been under frequent rocket fire from neighboring Palestinian Gaza and has also witnessed numerous Israeli retaliatory attacks on Gaza. Study 2 was conducted among residents of towns and communities close to the Gaza border during the 2014 war. We investigated the potential readiness for mutual forgiveness with Gaza residents, apology, and reparation and help to repair war damage. Mutual forgiveness received considerable support, but apology and reparations did not. Perspective-taking vis-à-vis the Palestinians predicted support for mutual forgiveness in the first but not the second study. Acceptance of moral responsibility and dismissal of exonerating cognitions regarding Israel’s conduct in Gaza predicted readiness for apology and reparations. Hence a step towards mutual forgiveness with the adversarial outgroup is feasible under active conflict mainly because it does not involve culpability.

Modern teaching of military surgery: why and how to prepare the orthopaedic surgeons before deployment? The French experience.

Improved survival of combat casualties in modern conflicts is especially due to early access to damage control resuscitation and surgery in forward surgical facilities. In the French Army, these small mobile units are staffed with one general surgeon and one orthopaedic surgeon who must be able to perform any kind of trauma or non trauma emergency surgery. This concept of forward surgery requires a solid foundation in general surgery which is no longer provided by the current surgical programs due to an early specialization of the residents. Obviously a specific training is needed in war trauma due to the special pathology and practice, but also in humanitarian care which is often provided in military field facilities. To meet that demand the French Military Health Service Academy created an Advanced Course for Deployment Surgery (ACDS), also called CACHIRMEX (Cours Avancé de CHIRurgie en Mission EXtérieure). Since 2007 this course is mandatory for young military surgeons before their first deployment. Orthopaedic trainees are particularly interested in learning war damage control orthopaedic tactics, general surgery life-saving procedures and humanitarian orthopaedic surgery principles in austere environments. Additional pre-deployment training was recently developed to improve the preparation of mobile surgical teams, as well as a continuing medical education for any active-duty or reserve surgeon to be deployed.

Reappraising a wartime earthquake: the October 3, 1943 event in the southern Marches (central Italy)

<p>The earthquake of October 3, 1943, is an important event for characterization of hazard in central Italy, but none of the earlier studies provide an exhaustive description of its effects. The context in which the earthquake occurred was very complex and many relevant records were not available for consultation when the studies were made. This study set out to improve our understanding of the earthquake and its effects by giving special care to the interpretative problems deriving from the peculiar historical and seismological context of the 1943 earthquake, with reference to the possible interactions between earthquake damage and war damage, and between the effects of the 1943 earthquake and those of other local earthquakes occurred between 1936 and 1951. The historical data set collected by earlier studies was critically revised and more data were sought in repositories that had not been previously considered. The number of localities for which a macrosesmic intensity can be assessed increased from 131 to 170. All intensity values were reassessed; from these we calculate a new macroseismic magnitude Mw 5.5 of the October 3, 1943, earthquake.</p>

Structural Simulations and Conservation Analysis -Historic Building Information Model (HBIM)

Abstract. In this paper the current findings to date of the Historic Building Information Model (HBIM) of the Four Courts in Dublin are presented. The Historic Building Information Model (HBIM) forms the basis for both structural and conservation analysis to measure the impact of war damage which still impacts on the building. The laser scan survey was carried out in the summer of 2014 of the internal and external structure. After registration and processing of the laser scan survey, the HBIM was created of the damaged section of the building and is presented as two separate workflows in this paper. The first is the model created from historic data, the second a procedural and segmented model developed from laser scan survey of the war damaged drum and dome. From both models structural damage and decay simulations will be developed for documentation and conservation analysis.

Landlord and Tenant Act 1954: time for a change?

Purpose – This legal update examines recent decisions on the security of tenure given by Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 to business tenants, and asks whether it is time to revisit or remove a piece of legislation that was drafted to deal with the consequences of war damage and short supply of commercial premises during the 1950s. It highlights the narrow, technical rules and distinctions that make little sense to commercial parties. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The paper considers recent court rulings in the light of the original purpose of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954, focusing on provisions that were reformed in 1969-reflect changes in market conditions since the immediate post-Second World War period. Findings – Narrow, technical rules and exceptions carry considerable risks for commercial landlords and may not be appropriate or necessary in current market conditions. Research limitations/implications – The paper examines only a recent selection of court rulings, but highlights the potentially harsh impact on commercial landlords of legislation designed to protect tenant interests in market conditions radically different from those prevailing some 60 years after its enactment. Practical implications – With no immediate prospect of reform, the paper highlights the need for landlords to adhere closely to the precise technical requirements of the Act. Originality/value – The paper is based on the author’s reading and analysis of recent Court of Appeal rulings.

Anatomy in Cologne – Institutional development and body supply from the Weimar Republic to the early post-war period

The Anatomical Institute of the University of Cologne was founded in 1925. This paper highlights its institutional development and the sources from which it procured bodies for dissection. A comparison is drawn between the first years of the institute's existence during the Weimar Republic (1925–1932) and its rebuilding after war damage in the early post-war period (1947–1954). The institute and its procurement of bodies have not previously been investigated for these two time periods. The Third Reich, for which a detailed study already exists, will be mentioned as well to allow better evaluation of the periods before and after National Socialism. Based on newly evaluated archival material and body journals which will be examined both quantitatively and qualitatively, it becomes apparent that the Cologne institute experienced a chronic shortage of bodies both during the Weimar Republic and the first post-war decade (even though the delivery facilities were mostly the same). However, the situation of the institute in terms of structure, organization and personnel as well as body supply in the aftermath of World War II proved much more challenging than during the time of the Weimar Republic.

Reprywatyzacja w świetle zasad prawa

Restitution claims are divided in two groups. One of them questions legal continuity between the Polish People’s Republic and the Third Republic of Poland. As a non-sovereign country, Polish People’s Republic was supposed to become a “black hole” in the history of Polish statehood. Therefore its nationalisation and expropriation acts concerning restoration of the country from war damages and its development according to the principles of social justice should be considered void and the properties returned to their former owners. Private property is inviolable and should be restored. The second group of the claims recognizes legal continuity between Polish People’s Republic and the Third Republic of Poland but predicates that all nationalisation and expropriation decisions grossly violated the law and because of that should be cancelled according to mode supervisory procedures. The claims of both groups were supported by Institute of National Remembrance actions fighting “Communist regime’s crimes” and “Communist lawlessness” as well as in the programmes of the parties which would define postwar nationalisation as the plunder of inviolable private property, and also in Senat’s resolutions which regularly condemned “denaturalized” Polish People’s Republic. The large scale of restitution claims (at this moment they are approximately estimated at 250 billion zlotys) created a special type of “business” which is connected with numerous pathologies (frauds, forgeries, extortions etc.). The pressure coming from former owners’ inheritors and purchasers of their claims supported by signalled political-ideological actions unfortunately has affected the directions of administrative and judicial jurisprudence. It negated the meaning of acquisitive prescription (Civil Code, article No. 172) by assuming that the period of the Polish People’s Republic was force majeure (Civil Code, article No. 121, subparagraph 4 with regard to Civil Code, article No. 172) which made it impossible to start the limitation period or to stop it. Hence the Polish State could not prescribe the nationalised or the expropriated properties. The civil courts adjudge restitutions in kind or compensations for lost estate according to the Civil Code. In turn administrative courts started to cancel expropriating and nationalisating decisions without any censorship time and in this way started to run in civil courts the compensation from the State Treasury procedures. By cancelling these decisions, the administrative courts accepted incompatible with the Constitution interpretation of article 156 section 1 subparagraph 2 in fine with regard to section 2 Code of Administrative Proceedings. Incompatible because not limited with any censorship time. Currently ongoing restitution procedures with constantly growing range and pathologies connected with it are therefore based on incorrect understanding of applicable law. Claims of former owners or their legal successors can only have moral ground (sense of injustice) and because of that it is necessary to confront them with current public functions of estate taken over after the war and with rights of people who in the mean time obtained ownership as well as the possibilities of public finances. After balancing these causes (following the Constitution principles and values) and after having them accessed by a properly prepared referendum after which (with a positive result of it) an act about limited compensation with different subjective exemptions could be prepared. Reprivatisation proceeding today has therefore no legal ground and does a lot of harm. That’s why it should be stopped and settled according to supervisory proceedings.

1401 現地資源を活用する設計(OS10 設計教育)

Japan recovered from the great damage of the World War II in an amazingly short time period. But Japanese are boasting now how excellent their technologies are. What they should sell to the world is their superb differential-type capabilities that great changes can be made in a very short time. But they only focus on their integral state how much excellent technologies they developed. In order to be more globally market competitive, Japan should sell their history after the World War II and share their experiences with the developing countries and help them grow up together and establish Win-Win relations.

スペース・シンタックス指標を導入した都心域の土地価格指標の形成要因の時代間比較分析<br>―戦前と戦後の名古屋都心域を事例として―

The purpose of this research is to clarify usefulness of Space Syntax (SS) measures quantifying street network in factor analysis for prosperity. 1. We focus Nagoya CBD between 1935 and 1965 that the city planning projects include war damage revival planning were executed, and analyze land price indicators by multiple regression analysis using the distance to streetcar stop, commercial and office use intensity, street width and SS measures in two times. 2. We compare the two estimated models focusing on change of the factor variables rank. As a result, we point out the implication concerning influence of city planning project.

Not liberation, but destruction: war damage in Tunisia in the Second World War, 1942–43

The Allies under General Dwight D. Eisenhower fought a bitter air and land campaign in Tunisia against German and Italian forces for six long months between November 1942 and May 1943. Tunisian civilians, caught between the two sides, suffered tremendous human losses. Almost all of Tunisia's major cities and towns were destroyed or badly damaged and its economy wrecked. The end of the fighting did not lead to liberation for the Tunisians, but to renewed political repression and economic exploitation. Strangely, this initial campaign to defeat the Axis in Europe and the devastating civilian casualties and damage caused by the fighting have been ignored or forgotten, both by the participants and by historians. Among Tunisians, the memory of the war has almost disappeared. Historians and others interested in the dynamics of the post-war nationalist drive for independence must reconsider the physical and emotional impact of the Second World War on the decolonisation of Tunisia.

Topology optimisation of patch in Quasi-isotropic graphite-epoxy composite repair (in-plane direction) under tensile loading using Finite element analysis

This study provides the general guidance to make use of FEA (Finite Element Analysis) tool so as to optimize the patches on bonded repair (in plane direction) composite structures. The objective of repair process is to restore the original strength of the damaged structure with minimal usage of repair material in turn reducing the much geometrical property variation from the original structure. If more repair materials are used with the damaged structure considering the structural integrity, which could affect functional requirements and aerodynamic performance of the structure. Hence, an attempt has been made to design the optimised patch, through and through using FEA tool. The concept of topology optimisation has been extended to arrive the optimised patch in Quasi-isotropic graphite/epoxy composite. For this work, plate with hole problem has been considered to demonstrate the optimisation process. In order to quantify the material saving through this optimisation technique, conventional repair technique (circular patching) problem also solved using FEA and the results are compared. Through this technique, free shape optimum patch could be arrived (in plane direction ) effectively for any kind of damages (i.e. war field damages, regular cut-outs and damages due to improper handling of acerbic tools) over any kind of composite surfaces like flat, curved and wavy, as the problem is completely handled through FEA tool.

Planning and international integration in Soviet Germany

The German Democratic Republic has developed into a powerful member of the Soviet bloc, and yet little attention has so far been paid to it. The author argues that communist propaganda pictures developments in East Germany as a triumph of socialist planning over inherited backwardness, while free-market economists consider every failure as proof of imminent collapse. Instead, East Germany is a very interesting case of its own due to the peculiarity of its resource endowment as well as the recent history of bombing and war damage.

Przemiany w położeniu kobiet w Niemczech Zachodnich po II wojnie światowej – kontynuacje i przełomy

The article presents the main changes of the situation of women in Western Germany after the Second World War. The cosiderations are based on the femal diaries from this period, as well as on the specialist literature. The first part of the text shows professional and educational activity of women in Germany in the years 1945–1949 and the femal part in the restoring of the country from the war damages. The second part of the article presents the occurence of the return to the traditional patterns of feminity in Federal Republic of Germany in time of the Christian Democracy rules (1949–1965). The third part of the cosiderations shows the effects of „the 1968 Revolution” for the women’s situation in Western Germany in time of the domination of the Social Democrats in this country (1969–1982). The fourth part of the text presents the increase of the real position of women in Federal Republic of Germany in the Eighties, in the context of the development of the civil society in West Germany.