Wall Protection Research Articles

Hypoxia-Responsive Class III Peroxidases in Maize Roots: Soluble and Membrane-Bound Isoenzymes

Flooding induces low-oxygen environments (hypoxia or anoxia) that lead to energy disruption and an imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and scavenging enzymes in plants. The influence of hypoxia on roots of hydroponically grown maize (Zea mays L.) plants was investigated. Gene expression (RNA Seq and RT-qPCR) and proteome (LC–MS/MS and 2D-PAGE) analyses were used to determine the alterations in soluble and membrane-bound class III peroxidases under hypoxia. Gel-free peroxidase analyses of plasma membrane-bound proteins showed an increased abundance of ZmPrx03, ZmPrx24, ZmPrx81, and ZmPr85 in stressed samples. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analyses of the corresponding peroxidase genes revealed an increased expression. These peroxidases could be separated with 2D-PAGE and identified by mass spectrometry. An increased abundance of ZmPrx03 and ZmPrx85 was determined. Further peroxidases were identified in detergent-insoluble membranes. Co-regulation with a respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) and key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway indicates a function of the peroxidases in membrane protection, aerenchyma formation, and cell wall remodeling under hypoxia. This hypothesis was supported by the following: (i) an elevated level of hydrogen peroxide and aerenchyma formation; (ii) an increased guaiacol peroxidase activity in membrane fractions of stressed samples, whereas a decrease was observed in soluble fractions; and (iii) alterations in lignified cells, cellulose, and suberin in root cross-sections.

Synergistic effect of some post-harvest treatments and passive modified atmosphere packaging conditions on cold storability of Canino apricot fruits

The effect of some post-harvest treatments including salicylic acid (SA), Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and antioxidants combined with two passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) as a supplementary cold storage treatments to extend storability and reduce chilling injury symptoms of Canino apricot (Prunus armeniaca) during storage at 1 ± 1 oC for 21 days followed by 5 days at 18 ± 2 oC as a marketing condition simulation, was evaluated during 2018 and 2019 seasons. Physical properties, greatly affected with both factors of study. The great effect in this respect was obtained with 1 mM SA and 0.4% PEG plus polypropylene film as type of passive modified atmosphere during cold storage and marketing period. These treatments affected by decreasing discarded %, chilling injury (scale) and weight loss %, whereas fruit firmness were highest values. Packed apricots of polypropylene film and treated by 0.4% PEG, 1.0 mM SA and combined of ascorbic and citric acids (1:0.5) significantly promote fruit quality properties , increased TSS, phenols and carotenoides components values and decreased total acidity values, in addition, it reduces the decrease in the ascorbic acid content . Also, were more effective in increasing activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes, in addition to reducing electrolyte leakage values and respiration rate. Controlling chilling injury, minimizing electrolyte leakage, respiration rate and protected cell walls as well as improve enzymes activity are considered a good indicators to increase storage longevity and high quality. So, it could be suggested that, salicylic acid at 1.0 mM or Polyethylene Glycol at 0.4 % and packed with passive modified atmosphere (polypropylene film,) were more effective in reducing fruit losses, decay `and keeping quality of “Canino” apricot fruits through cold storage at 1 ± 1 oC for 21 days followed by 5 days at 18 ± 2 oC as a marketing condition simulation.

Rethinking Data Protection in Nigeria: Gaps and Opportunities

The crux of data protection is the reassurance that the wall of protection we have built around our personal information remains intact and that whoever wishes to get through those walls must approach us, first and seek our permission to use our data for the purpose(s) only of which we give them permission. In Nigeria, data protection is a very significant issue; partly because the public is not well educated on its importance and majorly because specific and comprehensive legal frameworks to better the nation’s data space is absent and all these combined is a threat to most bilateral relationship between Nigeria and other nations. This discourse becomes very important following the diverse threats to the Data Protection space in Nigeria and the adverse effects of these on Nigeria. It is significant to consider feasible solutions to these threats, for the ultimate gain of all sectors in Nigeria.

НОВИЙ ПОГЛЯД НА РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЮ ПОЧАТКОВОГО ВИГЛЯДУ ТРОЇЦЬКОЇ НАДБРАМНОЇ ЦЕРКВИ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ

Вивчення будівельної еволюції Троїцької надбрамної церкви Києво-Печерської лаври охоплює багато важливих аспектів, що потребують серйозних архітектурних, археологічних та бібліографічних досліджень. Насамперед це виявлення і аналіз фактів, які б могли відповісти на питання про час її будівництва та початкове функціональне призначення. Висновки та припущення, подані в статті, вперше ґрунтуються не тільки на матеріалах із літературних та графічних джерел, а насамперед на натурних дослідженнях та візуальному обстеженні Троїцької надбрамної церкви. Спираючись на матеріали наукових архітектурних та археологічних досліджень, аналізуючи результати візуального обстеження, автор доходить висновку, що початково Троїцька надбрамна церква будувалася у єдиній оборонній лінії Печерського монастиря, як захисна споруда. Вона поєднувала в собі дві функції: культову і оборонну. Спочатку до неї підходила оборонна стіна у вигляді стовп’я, яку у другій половині ХІІ ст. було замінено на кам’яний мур. Саме з бойового рівня цих оборонних стін початково здійснювався вихід на другий оборонний поверх захисної башти над головною проїзною монастирською брамою. Спираючись на виявлені під час натурних досліджень беззаперечні факти (залишки будівельних конструкцій, їх конфігурацію та розташування), автор стверджує, що початково Троїцька надбрамна церква будувалася як оборонна триповерхова башта. На першому поверсі башти, в її центральній частині був проїзд, а у бокових частинах – господарські приміщення та оборонні бойові настили для захисту монастиря під час облоги. Другий поверх сполучався з бойовими рівнями прилеглих захисних монастирських стін та третім бойовим поверхом башти. Перекриття над другим поверхом башти – плоскі дерев’яні по дерев’яних балках та цегляних арках. На обстеження стін із метою пошуку початкових гнізд від дерев’яного перекриття між імовірними другим і третім початковими поверхами. третьому поверсі башти розташовувалася маленька Троїцька церква. Церква мала один неф і одну апсиду. У статті представлені гіпотетичні реконструкції планів поверхів, загальних виглядів фасадів та розрізів Троїцької надбрамної церкви на початковий будівельний період. Зважаючи на неможливість застосування традиційних методів наукових архітектурних натурних досліджень безпосередньо в інтер’єрі Троїцької церкви, автор пропонує застосувати прилади георадарної зйомки для обстеження стін із метою пошуку початкових гнізд від дерев’яного перекриття між імовірними другим і третім початковими поверхами.

Abstract PO-043: Interception of pancreatic cancer progression

Abstract Pancreatic Cancer (PC) is projected to be one of the leading causes of cancer related death by 2030. Although other cancers have made significant strides towards improved treatment, PC still remains at a 9% fiver year survival rate due to end-stage diagnosis, aggressive metastasis, and a protective stromal wall. Therefore, to identify novel therapeutic targets, our lab focuses on studying cancer stem cells, a highly chemo-resistant sub-population of pancreatic cancer cells. RNA-seq analysis of these cancer stem cells has revealed a number of genes that are enriched compared to non-therapy resistant cells and normal pancreas. We hypothesize that genes turned on through pancreatic cancer progression contribute to therapy resistance. If PC could be targeted at earlier stages, it would be possible for therapeutics to bypass the wealth of issues that occur as it advances. By cross referencing our RNA-seq analysis to sequencing performed at various stages of pancreatic cancer development in mice, a subset of genes is not only up-regulated in therapy resistant cells, but increases in expression as normal pancreas progresses to an end stage tumor. Preliminary studies have shown that inhibition of these select genes reduces growth of mouse pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. Ongoing studies are to (1) test if inhibition of these genes reduces early stage PC growth in vitro and in vivo, and (2) test how gene knockdown affects human pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Citation Format: Matthew L. McDermott, Lesley P. Ferguson, Kendall Chambers, Nirakar Rajbhandari, Tannishtha Reya. Interception of pancreatic cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2020 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-043.

The Potential of the Bebak Wall Protection Technique on Increasing Construction Stability and Material Bond Strength

<em></em><p class="Abstract">Bebak<em>, the local building material of East Nusa Tenggara, has long been used as the primary building material, especially as wall material. However, </em>bebak<em> wall construction commonly used today is not yet ideal in terms of its material protection and function. </em>Bebak<em> is a relatively quick damage construction due to termites, which eventually causes the enclosed space's thermal conditions less comfortable. This research is part of the quality improvement program of healthy housing in that region, which focuses on </em>bebak<em> wall protection by plastering the wall with concrete plaster. Two scale models were examined; a wall plastered only on one side, and a wall plastered on both sides. By using a simple construction approach, the research aims to evaluate the </em>bebak<em> protection technique's effects on the construction stability and the bond strength between the </em>bebak<em> composite wall materials. The results of visual evaluations revealed that single-sided plaster on </em>bebak<em> walls could maintain the construction stability and the bond strength of the composite material better than the double-sided one. Furthermore, the evaluation also reveals additional benefits of the plastered walls for the users, such as adaptability and simplicity of modular wall replication to build affordable healthy housing.</em></p>

Tools for Image Analysis and First Wall Protection at W7-X

The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) is the most advanced operating stellarator in fusion research. The monitoring and control of the heat loads on the plasma-facing components (PFCs) will be critical during the next operation phase in which the ten water-cooled divertors will have to withstand heat loads of the order of 10 MW/m2. This paper gives an overview of the image analysis tools for camera spatial calibration and scene modeling that are an essential part of the real-time PFC protection system currently under development at the W7-X. Some applications of these tools are also provided, specifically for the strike-line characterization.

Differential Gene Expression Analysis of Aspergillus terreus Reveals Metabolic Response and Transcription Suppression under Dissolved Oxygen and pH Stress

Aspergillus terreus, an acid tolerant fungus that grows over a wide range of pH from 2 to 8, was employed in this study. Submerged fermentation was conducted under low dissolved oxygen (10% DO) and pH (pH 2). The fermentation kinetics was investigated together with transcriptome to identify key genes associated with metabolic responses to such environmental stresses by high-throughput RNA-seq technology. It was clear that under low dissolved oxygen, glycolysis was uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation due to limited ATP regeneration, as observed from the downregulation of genes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex and slow growth. On the contrary, the transcriptional levels of genes encoding ATPases and cation transporters remained unchanged at –1 ≤ log2 fold change ≤ 1, revealing that A. terreus possessed an excellent defense mechanism to low pH. In addition, genes associated with cell wall synthesis and repair, including chitin synthase and 1,3-beta-glucan synthase genes, and genes in the cluster for cell wall protection and repair were upregulated. This evidence clearly demonstrated that A. terreus was able to survive under the acidic environment. In summary, we comprehensively analyzed and discussed the transcriptome of A. terreus. The findings obtained here provide a theoretical basis for better understaning the molecular mechanism of the fungal response to the environmental factors, providing thereby an insight into the process of designing and optimizing the production of biological products of interest. This approach can be applicable to other metabolic pathways of interest in particular microorganisms.

Evaluation of Impact Resistance for Derailment Containment Provision Using Drop Weight Test

In Korea, to prepare for unexpected accidents caused by human errors and natural disasters that cannot be completely prevented, a protective wall (a type of side-structure) against derailed trains has been installed on high-speed railway bridges as one of the physical measures to mitigate the associated damage. However, taking the geometric aspects of a domestic railway bridge's super structure into consideration, such a protective wall is not appropriate, and the corresponding protective performance does not provide adequate security. Hence, a protective wall named Derailment Containment Provision (DCP) was newly developed and installed in the track gauge. In this study, to evaluate the impact resistance of the newly developed DCP, a drop weight experiment was conducted, and the impact behavior corresponding to a specific impact energy was analyzed.

New estimation of the gross domestic product in Baltic countries in 1913–1938

Using the demand-side approach we provide new estimates of output per capita for Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in 1913, 1922, 1929, and 1938. Our findings suggest that the levels of real output per capita in Estonia and Latvia were much above the all-Russian mean in 1913. In 1938, the output per capita of Estonia and Latvia surpassed the prewar level by up to 20%, but the total output of Latvia did not reach this mark because of population reduction. Structural changes in the interwar Estonian and Latvian economies explain long postwar recovery and modest growth beyond the prewar levels. In 1892–1914, there was export-oriented industrialization of Latvia, resembling the development of Eastern Asian “tigers” in the late twentieth century. By 1914, mainland Latvia was an “entrepot industrial economy,” created mainly by the foreign direct investments of Western companies that established their subsidiaries there beyond the Russian protective customs wall. After the loss of the Russian market, Latvia and Estonia partially deindustrialized and reagrarized, while the interwar independence period was too short for policies of “Denmarkization” to bring about strong catching-up growth. Therefore, their standing in the international ranking according to output per capita did not improve over the 1913–1938 period. Lithuanian output per capita stagnated until 1929 because of infraction of its economic integrity by the loss of the Vilnius area and difficulties of economic integration of the formerly German Klaipėda (Memel) region, but did grow rapidly in 1930s up to 40% of 1913 level by 1938.

Fire resistance of wood stud wall assemblies

SummaryThis paper presents the fire resistance results of seven full‐scale wall assemblies that were conducted at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) jointly with the North American construction industry and other Canadian government departments. Parameters investigated for protected interior wall assemblies with a single‐row of wood studs included: insulation types and mid‐height blocking. Parameters investigated for protected interior wall assemblies with a double‐row of wood studs on a separate plate included: insulation types, wood studs spacing and mid‐height blocking. The impact of the investigated parameters on the fire resistance of wall assemblies is discussed. Results of the parameters studied showed that the installation of mid‐height blocking in wall assembly with a single‐row of wood stud and filling the wall cavities with cellulose insulation in wall assembly with a double‐row of wood studs improved the fire resistance by 10 to 15 minutes, respectively. However, the other parameters studied had improved the fire resistance slightly by up to 6 minutes.

A Study on the Modified Cement-Based Crack Injection Materials

Human constructed harbours are large infrastructure projects that use cement to reinforce embankments and build protective walls. However, like all concrete building projects maintenance is required. Cracks form and if left unattended will grow, eventually leading to a dangerous situation where a structure's integrity is compromised. As a result, the concrete repair industry, particularly in relation to marine infrastructure, is a large one and various mixtures of cement and other materials are designed to fill these cracks. Researchers at the National Taiwan Ocean University in Taiwan are now investigating the best ways to design injectable materials to repair cement cracking in a marine setting in order to develop new cement recipes that will work in marine environments and protect vital harbours from deterioration.

A terrestrial Devonian-Carboniferous boundary section in East Greenland

Terrestrial Devonian-Carboniferous boundary sections are present in the East Greenland Devonian Basin. The boundary section on Stensiö Bjerg developed in deep, distal lake sediments with a pair of lakes representing the boundary. A diverse spore assemblage developed as the lake flooded the basin. Previously abundant spores, notably Retispora lepidophyta, Diducites spp., Rugospora radiata and all forms with bifurcate tips (Ancyrospora and Hystricosporites), then became extinct through just over a metre of section. The spore assemblage is then lost into AOM rich very high TOC% lake sediments. There is a negative δ13CTOC excursion in the Stensiö Bjerg section interpreted to represent the upper part of the positive excursion known from marine sections. The upper lake contains the simple VI spore assemblage of the earliest Carboniferous age. The correlative section on Rebild Bakker was developed in shallow proximal facies without AOM and shows that a Devonian-Carboniferous LN* to VI spore zone boundary can be picked in the lower lake based on the last occurrence of Retispora lepidophyta in an assemblage otherwise dominated by simple spores and Grandispora cornuta. Spores in this VI spore assemblage, particularly Grandispora cornuta, show sculpture malformation that is entirely characteristic of UV-B radiation damage to their DNA prior to deposition of its protective wall layer. This palynological record showing the rapid extinction of major elements within the Late Devonian microflora can be reconciled with accounts claiming there was no mass extinction of plants and spores across the boundary. The palaeobiology of the major spore groups that became extinct is reviewed.

Taking into account dynamic influences on geotechnical structures in conditions of compaced urban buildings on the example of Kyiv

The applied technique of taking into account the dynamic effects on geotechnical structures in the conditions of compacted urban development with direct dynamic calculations taking into account the experimentally obtained accelerograms has been further developed. The methodology includes: visual and vibrodynamic inspection of the new building of the geotechnical structure and existing sources of vibrodynamic influences (taking into account the natural seismic background – seismic zoning of the construction site); construction of a calculation model; performing direct dynamic calculations of anti-landslide structures (pit walls, stress-strain state of the surrounding construction site soil, superstructure, etc.) taking into account the actual experimentally obtained accelerograms for the studied geotechnical structure (superstructure, etc.); analysis of compliance of the received settlement and design data of the new building with the current normative documents on seismic construction; if necessary – issuance of recommendations for strengthening the relevant building structures of the foundation and (or) superstructure. Determination of dynamic characteristics of soil and building structures is based on their free oscillations of small amplitude, which are disturbed by natural or man-made microseismics, includes: registration of oscillations using highly sensitive (in our case – seismic) sensors; calculation and analysis of Fourier spectra in order to isolate resonant peaks corresponding to different forms of free oscillations; obtaining by means of the inverse Fourier transform of pulsed realizations of the selected resonant peaks on each form of free oscillations of designs; identification and graphical representation of various forms of oscillations of the studied soil, geotechnical structures, etc. An example of vibrodynamic studies of the soil and individual building structures of the buildings of the Post Square to determine the actual dynamic loads on the soil and protective walls of the pit of the construction site is considered.

Numerical study of thermal wall protection from a hot air by the evaporation of a binary liquid film

In this paper, a numerical study is performed to investigate the influence of adding glycol or alcohol to water on the thermal protection of a channel wall from hot air by evaporating this binary liquid film. The coupled governing equations in both phases with the boundary and interfacial conditions are solved using a finite difference numerical scheme. The effectiveness of adding a fraction of glycol or ethanol to water for the thermal wall protection is analysed. The influence of the film composition, the liquid mass flow, the velocity and the gas flow temperature at the inlet, on the intensity of heat and mass transfer is discussed. The results indicate that with a lower inlet liquid flow, the mixture ethanol-water presents the best solution for the thermal wall protection compared to ethylene glycol-water mixture. However, for higher inlet liquid flow rate, the two mixtures have the same trends for a water amount higher than 60%. The presence of ethylene glycol in the mixture reduces the heat transfer by latent mode. Consequently, the decrease of the wall temperature is mainly due to the sensible heat flux. The ethylene glycol-water mixture offers the best wall protection from the hot air stream. Accordingly, the most important factor for the wall protection is the thickness of the film that acts as an insulator. The pure water presents a better thermal protection but a very bad conservation of the liquid film. Furthermore, the heat transfer by sensible heat exchange contributes efficiently in wall protection than heat transfer by latent mode.

Sustainability and Functionality of Railway Network and its Connecting Facilities in Kosovo

The railway network presents a special communication function, which keeps humanity closer. The first developments of the railway network in Kosovo date back to 1874 when the first train entered this area from Thessaloniki through Skopje. This paper aims to provide some data generated during the year 2020 regarding the railway network in Kosovo and its connecting facilities. Construction of railway lines, stations, tunnels, bridges, watersheds, protective walls, canals for surface water drainage has an average lifespan of 92 years. The total length of the railway network is 336.68 km, in which are built 23 tunnels with a total length of 9789.5 m. 26.1% of them are of medium depth, while 73.9% are of shallow depth from the ground surface. 66.07% of the railway lines are active, while 33.42% are non-functional. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2020-01-03-02 Full Text: PDF

High Temperature Corrosion Protection of Heating Surface Metals of Waste Incineration Power Generation Boilers: A Review

Waste incineration power generation technology is the main trend in the treatment of urban solid waste. The thermal corrosion protection of boiler water-cooled walls and superheater tube walls is a key issue that restricts the stable operation of garbage incinerators. This article outlines typical surface protection technologies in the field of boiler high-temperature corrosion protection, including hardfacing, thermal spraying, remelting, etc. In addition, the characteristics of these anti-corrosion technologies were evaluated, and their application prospects were prospected. Hardfacing is widely used, but it is also facing the challenge of other methods; among the commonly used thermal spraying technologies, supersonic flame spraying is a more reliable technical solution; in laser remelting, high frequency induction remelting, flame remelting Among various remelting technologies such as melting and integral heating remelting, high-frequency induction remelting has shown great development potential.

A Numerical Investigation of Automotive Lambda Sensor to Improve the Life Span of the Sensor using CFD

The modern technology has tremendously improved the controlling technologies for fuel injection system and the emission of various harmful greenhouse gases. For detecting oxygen level in the combustion chamber and exhaust gases, a sensor named lambda sensor is used in most of the automobiles. In this paper, a numerical simulation of this lambda sensor was carried out to improve the life span of the sensors protection wall by changing its design with the help of computational fluid dynamics techniques. The simulation results showed that exhaust gas entering the sensor with a pressure range reduced by about 1.41% in comparison to its prevailing design. At the central zone of the sensor, the pressure value reduced by 9.81% with the design modification performed in the protection layer of the lambda sensor. Similarly, the exhaust gas leaving the sensor showed a 6.45% pressure drop in par with the prevailing model. The velocity and temperature of the exhaust gas were the other parameters studied. The simulation results of improved protection layer design when compared to the prevailing model indicated that, the exhaust gas velocity at the inlet and central zone of the sensor was reduced by 19.37% and 17.1% respectively. The exhaust gas temperature showed a drop of 15% in the central zone of the sensor for the new improved model. Thus, from the simulation results it can be stated that, the design modification done in the protection layer of the lambda sensor will positively improvise the life span of the sensor from present life time of 2.5 Lakh kilometres or 15 years.

Application of taguchi experiment design to reduce lignin contents of rice straw

The Taguchi experimental design is an experimental design to get the quality of an object by providing the best design at the procurement stage. In this case, the Taguchi design was applied to reduce the contents of lignin from rice straw, where lignin is one of the rice straw components that useless which must be reduced or eliminated. Rice straw is composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The existence of lignin components that become a protective wall will inhibit the activity of cellulose, and hemicellulose for further processing to produce some fermented products such as bio-gas, bio-ethanol, bio-plastics, and others. The process of decreasing lignin content from rice straw is done in ozonolysis. In this study, Taguchi's experimental design analysis was using the application of MINITAB 14 which used for statistical calculation and create a level setting in a tabular form of arrays called orthogonal arrays. The orthogonal array matrix used is L9 (33 ) which states that the process was conducted 9 times with variations of 3 factors and 3 levels. The factors that influence the decrease in lignin levels include sample size, ozone flow rate, and contact time. The results showed that the smallest lignin content was carried out at 80 mesh sample size, the ozone flow rate of 3 L / Min, and contact time for 10 minutes.

Numerical Assessment of Tsunami-Structure Interaction (Guerrero, Mexico)

Palemon-Arcos, L.; Torres-Freyermuth, A.; Gutierrez-Can, Y.; Gomez-Arredondo, C.M.; Bojorquez-Mora, E.; Pintado-Patino, J.C., and Hernandez-Hernandez, M.-A., 2020. Numerical assessment of tsunami-structure interaction (Guerrero, Mexico). Journal of Coastal Research, 36(6), 1302–1312. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.A numerical modelling framework for the study of tsunami-structure interaction is presented. In this work, a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation nonlinear wave transformation numerical model is coupled to a structural model to investigate wave-structure stability and functionality. Different tsunami breaking types interacting with an existing sheet-pile quay wall located at the coast of Guerrero (Mexico) were considered for two structure conditions (newly built and deteriorated). The depth- and temporal-dependent pressure field on the protective wall was employed to determine the structural response. Furthermore, the numerical framework allowed the overtopping volumes to be quantified. Numerical results show that structural failure under tsunami waves is sensitive to both the breaking type and the degree of deterioration of concrete and steel. Numerical results also suggest that the quasi-dynamic approach written in the guideline codes for tsunami design is not suitable. Hence, a nonhydrostatic approach is required for proper design of coastal protection structures exposed to tsunami loads.