Wad Medani Research Articles

PREVALENCE, RISK FACTOR AND MANAGEMENT OF ANEMIA WITH PREGNANCY AMONG WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE CLINIC IN WAD MADANI TEACHING HOSPITAL

Background Anaemia in pregnancy is defined as haemoglobin concentration less than 11.0 g/dl. Globally, anaemia affects half a billion women of reproductive age. Anaemia during pregnancy is a public health problem especially in developing countries and is associated with adverse outcomes in pregnancy Objective To study the prevalence, risk factors and management of anemia with Pregnancy among women attending antenatal care clinic in Wad Madani Teaching Hospital (October 2021 to March 2022). MethodsAprospective descriptive cross sectional hospital based study was conducted in Wad Medani Teaching Hospital ANC clinic during the period from October 2021 to March 2022 and covered all pregnant women in antenatal period . Data collected, prepared, entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results This study covered 353 participants (pregnant women). Concerning the anaemia characteristics, the study showed that the prevalence of anaemia was 162 (45.9%), and 11 (6.8%) had severe anaemia, 42 (25.9%) moderate, and 109 (67.3%) mild anaemia. All anaemic patients received a dietary intake correction advice, 79 (48.8%) iron supplementation and only 10 (6.2%) received blood transfusion. The analysis found that the prevalence of anaemia was significantly higher among pregnant women with extreme ages (less 20 years and above 40 years), lower education, rural residence, higher parity, third trimester, irregular antenatal care visits, and with positive history of anaemia with p values < 0.05. Conclusion and recommendationOur study concludes that the occurrence of anemia among pregnant women is high and should not be ignored, and the associated factors must be taken into consideration, to improve the prevention and management policies of this serious problem among pregnant women in Sudan.

Pediatric cardiac services in Sudan: Achievements, challenges, and future perspectives (2004-2021).

Pediatric cardiology (PC) is a rapidly advancing specialty addressing a large population of children as well as adults with congenital heart disease. It requires huge technical and financial resources; therefore, establishing, maintaining, and developing such services in limited resource settings are challenging. A PC program that includes clinical aspects, echocardiography, diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization and cardiac surgery, and rheumatic heart disease control was established in Sudan in 2004. There are currently three public centers with facilities to evaluate and treat children with heart disease: two in Khartoum and one in Wad Medani. Major obstacles include the shortage of trained personnel and operation rooms, the deficiency of intensive care facilities, and the financial burden of interventional procedures. This paper details the establishment and progress of the program, its challenges, potential solutions, and future perspectives for PC programs in Sudan and African countries.

Nomograph for Predicting Swelling Potential of Expansive Subgrade Soil

This paper investigates empirical correlation between expansive soil index properties and soil swelling. The paper uses the concept of Nomographs to develop one for prediction of soil swelling. Disturbed soil samples from different regions in Sudan were collected to represent the most challenging soils in the country. The samples were collected from Al-Qadarif (S1), Wad Medani (S2) and Al-Giraif East in Khartoum (S3). The basic properties of the soil samples were thoroughly measured. The three soils gave high swelling potential and high plasticity. The X-ray diffraction test results showed that S1 has the highest montmorillonite than the other two soils. Therefore S1 is considered as the most expansive soil compared with the other soils. The consistency factor which was developed can be used to correlate the basic properties of the soil with the soil swelling. The consistency factor is a combination of the moisture content, dry density, void ratio, liquid limit and plasticity index. These parameters are combined in a way reflecting the influence of each of them on the soil property. The swelling properties were measured for the soil samples compacted at different moisture content and different dry densities. Very good linear relationships were developed between the swelling properties and the consistency factor. The correlations developed were verified by using data reported by some previous researchers. Using the relationships developed in this study, Nomograph was designed so as to make easy to predict swelling potential.

Impact of cardiac disorders on renal function tests and serum electrolytes in Sudanese patients with acute myocardial infarction

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most serious clinical manifestation of coronary artery disease leading to irreversible heart necrosis due to prolonged ischemia. From being an illness prevalent predominantly in developed countries, AMI is now becoming increasingly more common in developing countries. The study aims to estimate renal function test and serum electrolytes in acute myocardial infarction patients to reflect the effect of AMI on renal function. Case control study conducted at Cardiac center, Wad Medani, Gezira State, from September 2017 to February 2021. A total of three hundred and forty blood samples were collected, one hundred and seventy from acute myocardial infarction patient and one hundred and seventy from health control group. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version (21). A total 170 AMI patients with chest pain (100%), positive Troponin I (100%) and had not pervious history for renal disease (100%) were enrolled in this study, the majority of whom are male (67%), their age is over 60 (51%), and the majority of them have chronic diseases such as hypertension (68.2%) and diabetes (64%). The levels of blood urea, serum creatinine and urea / creatinine ratio were significantly increased in AMI patients when compared with control group with P.value (0.000), while the serum Sodium concentration was significantly decreased in AMI patients with P.value (0.005). On other hand, the level of serum Potassium and Sodium / Potassium ratio were not significant deferent between AMI patients and Non AMI healthy individuals. Also urea had significant positive moderate correlation with Creatinine, potassium and urea / Creatinine ratio, whereas it had a significant negative weak correlation with sodium. Inconclusion acute myocardial Infarction was affected on renal functions which lead to decrease renal clearance for body metabolism waste and decrease the ability of renal to reabsorbed sodium.

Effects of Banana Clones and Spacing on Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of some Banana Cultivars

Afield experiment was carried out at the National Institute for the Promotion of Horticultural Exports (NIPHE) research farm, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan, to study the effects of banana clones and spacing on vegetative growth, crop earliness, yield and yield components, fruit green life and fruit quality of some introduced banana clones under Gezira state conditions. Treatments consisted of six new banana clones, namely, Williams hybrid clone 1 (WH1), Williams hybrid clone 2 (WH2), Grand Nain clone 1 (GN1), Grand Nain clone 2 (GN2), Zelig and Bio, which were introduced from South Africa by NIPHE. The introduced clones were compared with the local cultivar Dwarf Cavendish (DC). All clones were grown at spacings of 2x2 m and 3x3 m. These treatments were arranged in a split plot design with three replications and four plants each. Results showed that vegetative growth parameters, crop earliness, yield and yield components, fruit green life and fruit quality were significantly affected by spacing and banana clones. WH1 and Zelig obtained the best vegetative growth, whereas DC obtained the worst growth. Zelig and Bio scored the highest yield and yield components, while DC scored the lowest yield in the three ratoons. WH1 took the largest number of days from shooting to harvesting, whereas Zelig recorded the highest exportable yield in the three ratoons.

Exploiting Wild Emmer Wheat Diversity to Improve Wheat A and B Genomes in Breeding for Heat Stress Adaptation.

Wheat is highly sensitive to temperature beyond the optimum. To improve wheat adaptation to heat stress, the best option is to exploit the diversity of wild wheat progenitors. This study aimed to identify germplasm and quantitative trait loci associated with heat stress tolerance from wild emmer wheat diversity. We evaluated a diverse set of multiple derivative lines harboring chromosome segments from nine wild emmer wheat parents under four environments: two optimum environments at Tottori, Japan and Dongola, Sudan, one moderate heat stress environment, and one severe heat stress environment at Wad Medani, Sudan. Genome-wide association analysis was conducted with 13,312 SNP markers. Strong marker-trait associations (MTAs) were identified for chlorophyll content at maturity on chromosomes 1A and 5B: these MTAs explained 28.8 and 26.8% of the variation, respectively. A region on chromosome 3A (473.7–638.4 Mbp) contained MTAs controlling grain yield, under optimum and severe heat stress. Under severe heat stress, regions on chromosomes 3A (590.4–713.3 Mbp) controlled grain yield, biomass, days to maturity and thousand kernel weight, and on 3B (744.0–795.2 Mbp) grain yield and biomass. Heat tolerance efficiency (HTE) was controlled by three MTAs, one each on chromosomes 2A, 2B, and 5A under moderate heat stress and one MTA on chromosome 3A under severe heat stress. Some of the MTAs found here were previously reported, but the new ones originated from the wild emmer wheat genomes. The favorable alleles identified from wild emmer wheat were absent or rare in the elite durum wheat germplasm being bred for heat stress tolerance. This study provides potential genetic materials, alleles, MTAs, and quantitative trait loci for enhancing wheat adaptation to heat stress. The derivative lines studied here could be investigated to enhance other stress tolerance such as drought and salinity.

Prevalence of Anemia among Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Alkhair Medical Center, Wad Medani, Gezira State, Sudan (2020)

Background: Anemia is one of the common complications of diabetes mellitus, and their risk in diabetic patients is estimated to be 2 – 3 times higher than that of patients without diabetes. Therefore, having a major impact on the overall health and survival of diabetes patients. Globally, the prevalence of concurrent anemia and diabetes mellitus ranges from 14 – 45% in various ethnic populations worldwide. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia among type II diabetic patients. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional laboratory-based study conducted in Alkhair Medical Center, Wad Medani, Gezira State, Sudan during March to December 2020 among 100 type II diabetic patients ((32 males and 68 females) their ages ranged between 30 and 90 years with mean (52.26 ± 13.58 years). Three ml of venous blood samples were collected from all participants in K3EDTA containers. A thin blood film was prepared and stained immediately. The RBCs parameters were performed using Sysmex XP-300 Automated Hematology Analyzer. SPSS computer program (v 25.0) was used for data analysis. Results: The study results showed that the prevalence of anemia among patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were 7 (7 %). 6 (85.7 %) patients had mild anemia, and one (14.3 %) had moderate anemia according to clinical degree of anemia based on hemoglobin level. 4 (57.14 %) patients had microcytic hypochromic anemia, and 2 (28.57 %) patients had normocytic normochromic anemia and one (14.29 %) patients had macrocytic anemia based on RBCs indices and morphology. The prevalence of anemia is more in female (7.35 %) than male (6.25 %). Conclusion: The study concluded that anemia among patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus was 7 %, mostly mild and microcytic hypochromic anemia; so improve their nutrition status among diabetic patients may help in reducing the anima during diabetes.

The Role of Microfinance in Combating Poverty in Sudan within the Scope of Dimensions (Economic, Social and Ethical) An applied Study on Microfinance Donor Banks (Gezira State-Local and Greater Wad Medani)

Microfinance policies in Sudan came to reduce poverty problems, so the study focused on clarifying the role of microfinance in combating poverty, through a study of several levels: the economic, social and moral level of the beneficiaries of the services of the microfinance industry. (95%), and the study concluded that there is a statistical relationship between microfinance and poverty reduction, by improving the economic, social and moral levels. Obstacles facing the microfinance industry and its marketing Adopting the Murabaha formula only and neglecting other financing formulas, in order to reduce risks, in addition to the lack of sufficient experience in the field, which makes the approved procedures an obstacle to financing small or micro projects. Therefore, the study recommends the issuance of a renewed map targeting the beneficiaries. From microfinance services, finding an appropriate formula to be adopted instead of working in the form of Murabaha, focus on marketing microfinance products and services, adopting a sufficient number of training courses for microfinance service workers, and a balance must be created between funding and social goals, in addition to devising new funding means.

Sudanese Medical Doctors' Perceptions, Expectations, Experiences and Perceived Barriers Towards the Roles of Clinical Pharmacists: A Cross-Sectional Study.

PurposeInterprofessional collaboration between physicians and clinical pharmacists has been shown to improve patients’ outcome by reduce medical errors, costs and patient adherence. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the medical doctors’ perceptions, expectations, experiences, and perceived barriers regarding clinical pharmacists in Wad Medani.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at five major hospitals in Wad Medani, between April and June 2021 using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed among 178 physicians. The questionnaire consists of four sections, in addition to a demographic section. These four sections measure physicians’ perceptions, expectations, experience, and perceived barriers.ResultsA total of 178 physicians were enrolled in the study. Physicians were comfortable with clinical pharmacists detecting and preventing prescription errors (55.1%); providing patient education (56.3%). Generally, physicians had high expectations with agreement rate of all the items ranged from 51.7% to 85.4%. Most physicians (79.8%) agreed that clinical pharmacists were a reliable source of general and clinical drug information. 64.0% and 59.0% of physicians perceive the unclear responsibility of clinical pharmacists and the lack of physicians’ experience with clinical pharmacists were barriers that can hinder clinical pharmacists’ contributions, respectively.ConclusionPhysicians had positive perceptions, expectations, and experiences with clinical pharmacists, and pointed out some barriers clinical pharmacists face. It was suggested that hospitals should recruit more clinical pharmacists to cover each unit within the hospital with clear job description and provide them CPD.

Effect of Plasmodium vivax malaria and their density on some Haematological parameters in infected patients admitted to Wad Medani teaching hospital in Gezira state, Sudan

Background: Despite the great effort of the malaria control program in Sudan, Plasmodium vivax malaria has remained a major challenge recently, causing significant morbidity with a variety of haematological changes. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effect of Plasmodium vivax malaria and their density on some haematological parameters in patients admitted to Wad Medani teaching hospital in Gezira state, Sudan. Methods: Some haematological parameters of 160 participants, 80 infected with vivax malaria (47 male and 33 female) and 80 non-infected with malaria, who were admitted to Wad Medani teaching hospital in Gezira state, Sudan during high transmission season between August and November 2018, were evaluated for some haematological parameters. Results: The parameters (haemoglobin, haematocrit, counts of red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils) were significantly lower in infected patients than malaria negatives. The platelets and haemoglobin were inversely correlated to parasite density in positive cases. Conclusion: The exhibition of some haematological parameters changes was closely related to patients infected with vivax malaria versus non-infected, and these changes could be used as a diagnostic criterion for vivax malaria diagnosis in endemic regions.

Determination of some nutrient minerals in the meats of three species of fishes brought from the Blue Nile and the White Nile, Sudan

Various fish species are found in fish-markets that trigger the need to evaluate the quality of various fish meat products to answer the consumer needs. This study evaluated some mineral elements in the meats of Baiad (B), Tilapia (T) and Nile Perch (NP) fish species. These fish species were brought from the fish market of Wad Medani City (Blue Nile Fishes; BN), and from Kosti fish market (White Nile Fishes; WN). The preparation of fish meat-ashes and the determination of minerals (through Atomic Absorption), were run in the Food Analysis Laboratory, and the Central Laboratory - University of Gezira. The results showed high concentration of Cu element in WN samples was high in B-meat (0.434 mg/L) and in BN sample in T-meat (0.115 mg/L). Mn element in WN samples was high in B-meat (0.282 mg/L) and in BN sample in T-meat (0.292 mg/L). Fe (0.788 mg/L) and Zn (0.950 mg/L) elements were high in NP-meat of WN, while Fe (3.261 mg/L) and Zn (5.123 mg/L) were high in B-meat of BN. WN samples were highly contaminated with Pb which was about 24-folds more than the maximum tolerable limit (0.025 mg/L), while BN samples were still about third that standard. It was cleared that, BN fish samples were relatively rich in Fe and Zn, while WN samples were relatively rich in Cu and Mn elements.The contamination of fish meat of WN with Pb should be seriously studied, and the meat quality of all fish species should be determined.

Determination of fat composition in the meats of tilapia and Nile perch fishes collected from Blue Nile and White Nile, Sudan

Fish provides a good source of high quality protein and contains many of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K), mineral elements and antioxidant. This study determined the fat composition in the meats of two popular fish species that were brought from the fish market of Wad Medani City (Blue Nile samples; BN), and from Kosti fish market (White Nile samples, WN). The preparation of fish meat-fat and fat composition (through GC-MS), were run in the Food Analysis Laboratory, and the Central Laboratory - University of Gezira. The results showed that, Hexadecanoic acid was detected in WN Nile Perch (3.01%) and Tilapia (13.37%), whereas BN samples did not contain this fatty acid. Eicosanoic acid appeared in only BN samples: Tilapia (9.60%) and perch (2.12), Oleic acid (omega 9) appeared only in WN samples (it was 4.01% in NP, and 16.54% in T. Octadecanoic acid (Streaic acid) was appeared in all BN and WN samples (it was 8.45% in BN Perch, 1.6% in BN Tilapia, 1.60% in WN Tilapia and 0.29% in WN Perch). The more abundant fatty acids was Oleic acid (total sum 20.55%), then Hexadecanoic acid (16.38%). From the proposed results, the feasibility of local production of fish oils for human consumption should be done.

Clinical characteristics, complications, and predictors of outcome of hospitalized adult Sudanese patients with COVID-19 and malaria coinfection in Sudan: A multicenter retrospective cross-sectional study.

Malaria and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) share several characteristics that could lead to cross‐infection, particularly in malaria‐endemic areas. Early COVID‐19 symptoms might be misdiagnosed for malaria in clinical settings. Also, both diseases can cause fatal complications. So, laboratory testing for both diseases was recommended by the World Health Organization. To study the clinical characteristics and outcomes of Adult Sudanese patients with COVID‐19 and malaria coinfection. This retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to October 2021 in Wad Medani. Total coverage of all Sudanese patients above 18 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of coinfection with COVID‐19 and malaria was included, and data were collected using a data collection sheet. Data were analyzed using R software version 4.0.2. Data were described and presented as mean, standard deviation, and number (percentage). To find associated factors with in‐hospital outcome, χ 2 test, fisher exact test, and independent t test or Wilcoxon rank‐sum test were used. In this study, 156 participants were diagnosed with COVID‐19 and malaria coinfection. Most of them were between 60 and 70 years (30.8%), the majority were males (59%). Shortness of breath (76.3%) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (35.3%) were the most common symptom and complications among coinfected patients, respectively. Ground glass opacity (n = 47/49, 95.9%) is the most common result for computed tomography scan. Atrial fibrillation was the most common abnormal electrocardiogram finding (n = 6/62, 9.7%). Overall mortality among all participants was (63/156, 40.4%). High mortality rate was found among the coinfected patients. More attention is needed towards fighting COVID‐19 and malaria coinfection. There may be a link between malaria and COVID‐19.

Assessment of Asthma Control Level at Outpatients Clinic, Wad Medani Teaching Hospital

AbstractAsthma is a heterogeneous disorder associated with chronic airway inflammation, its prevalence is increasing globally and more prevalent in developed countries. This study aimed to determine the level of asthma control at Wad Medani Teaching Hospital Outpatient Clinic. A cross-sectional study was performed in 130 adult asthmatics in Wad Medani Teaching Hospital Outpatient Clinic between March to June 2021. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire, and Asthma Control Test (ACT) was used to determine the level of the control. Multivariate analysis and Logistic Regression were used to determine the most factors that have a role in asthma control. The mean age of the study participants was 35 years (±14) and females were predominant (68.5 %). Among all asthmatics, the prevalence of uncontrolled asthma was 75.4% according to the ACT Score. The following factors were shown to be significantly associated with asthma control; education level (P = <0.001), current occupation(P = 0.02), social status (P =0.002), duration of disease (P = <0.01), frequency of asthma attacks during the last year that required an emergency department (P = 0.002), and follow-up with a physician (P = <0.001). This study showed a high rate of uncontrolled asthma at Wad Medani Teaching Hospital Outpatient Clinic. Factors associated with uncontrollable asthma can be used as targets for future intervention programs.

Optimal Medical Therapy for Secondary Prevention of Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Hospital in Sudan.

BackgroundFive-medication regimen is recommended for patients after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) as a secondary prevention strategy at discharge to reduce recurrence and improve mortality.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess prescribing of optimal medical therapy (OMT) as five-medication regimens for secondary prevention at discharge after ACS in Sudan.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed at a tertiary hospital located in Wad Medani, Sudan, in the period between January and December 2019. Data were collected from patients’ files. OMT was defined as a combination of five medications; aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitors, statins, beta-blockers (BBs), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or if a valid contraindication was documented.ResultsOf the 619 patients throughout the study period, 591 were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The median age of patients was 60 years, and 58.9% of patients were male. Diabetes (44.5%) and hypertension (42%) were the most common risk factors. Most patients (58.4%) were diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. About 99.7% of patients were on aspirin, 99.5% on statins, 97% on clopidogrel, 96.8% on dual antiplatelet therapy, 70.4% on BBs, and 57.9% on ACEIs/ARBs. OMT for secondary prevention was prescribed to 267 (45.2%) patients with ACS at discharge.ConclusionAlthough prescriptions for all five guideline-recommended medications after ACS were suboptimal, the study showed a positive trend in prescribing most individual medications.

The association between body mass index and foot ulcer among patients with diabetes mellitus, Wad Medani, Sudan

Introduction: Globally about 463 million people are living with diabetes mellitus (DM) which is estimated to rise to 700 million by 2045; 80% are in middle and low-income countries. Recent studies have shown that body mass index (BMI) was one of the significant predictors, along with nephropathy and retinopathy, of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU).Objective: To assess the association between BMI and DFU in Wad Medani town, Gezira state, Sudan.Method: The study was based on primary data obtained via a cross sectional random sample of 400 patients with DM presenting at Aldarga Diabetic Centre in Wad Medani. The data collection tool was a structured questionnaire designed in English and translated into Arabic for the field survey. Data were analysed with SPSS version 20, using frequency tables and chi-square tests.Results: Of the 400 participants, 208 were diagnosed with foot ulcer. There was a statistically significant association between BMI and DFU. A total of 134 (56%) of the 239 overweight patients had diabetic foot ulcers compared to 74 (46%) of the 161 who were not overweight (p=0.04).Conclusion: The result suggests a significant association between BMI and DFU at our Diabetic Centre.

Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors Associated with Severe Disease Progression among COVID-19 Patients In Wad Medani Isolation Centers: A Multicenter Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundSince December 2019, (COVID‐19) has had a significant impact on global health systems. Because little is known about the clinical characteristics and risk factors connected with COVID‐19 severity in Sudanese patients, it is vital to summarize the clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients and to investigate the risk factors linked to COVID‐19 severity.ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients and look into risk factors associated with COVID‐19 severity.MethodsThis is a retrospective cross‐sectional study that took place in two Isolation Centers in Wad Medani, Gezira State, Sudan. Four hundred and eighteen patients were included between May 2020 and May 2021. All COVID‐19 patients over the age of 18 who were proven COVID‐19 positive by nucleic acid testing or had characteristics suggestive of COVID‐19 on a chest CT scan and had a complete medical record in the study period were included.ResultsThe participants in this study were 418 confirmed COVID‐19 cases with a median age of 66.313 years. There were 279 men (66.7%) among the patients. The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (n = 195; 46.7%) and diabetes (n = 187; 44.7%). Fever (n = 303; 72.5%), cough (n = 278; 66.5%), and dyspnea (n = 256; 61.2%) were the most prevalent symptoms at the onset of COVID‐19. The overall mortality rate (n = 148) was 35.4%. Patients with severe illness had a mortality rate of 42.3% (n = 118). Older age, anemia, neutrophilia, and lymphocytopenia, as well as higher glucose, HbA1c, and creatinine levels, were all linked to severe COVID‐19, according to the chi‐square test and analysis of variance analysis.ConclusionSixteen variables were found to be associated with COVID‐19 severity. These patients are more prone to go through a serious infection and as a result have a greater death rate than those who do not have these characteristics.

Molecular Identification of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> in Isolates from Children with Pharyngitis, Gezira State, Sudan 2022

Background: Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus) is an important Gram-positive human pathogen affected the upper respiratory tract, such as the tonsils and pharynx, and is also induces post-infection diseases such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. This study aim to isolate Streptococcus pyogenes from children with pharyngitis and to evaluate the molecular identification of S. pyogenes compared with conventional methods. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on total of 200 throat swab samples which were collected from children with pharyngitis referred to Wad medani Pediatric Teaching Hospital and Wad medani ENT hospital from January to November 2021. Demographic and clinical data were collected by questionnaire. Throat swabs were tested with the standard microbiological techniques to isolated Group A streptococcus (GAS). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to all GAS isolates using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method according to clinical laboratory standard institute (CLSI) guidelines. Additionally, PCR was used to identify Spy 1258 gene of isolated bacteria. Results: From all throat swab samples screened, 51 isolates (25.5%) were identified as GAS. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that all the GAS isolates were sensitive to Penicillin and Azithromycin. Sensitivity to Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin and Cephalexin were 88.2%, 86.3%, 45.1%, 41.2%, 13.7%, respectively. Based on PCR identification of Spy 1258 gene the percentage of isolated bacteria was 21%. Conclusion: The rate of isolated Streptococcus pyogenes was 25.5% by conventional methods and 21% by PCR. The bacteria were sensitive to Penicillin and Azithromycin. The Spy 1258 gene was specific for detection of Streptococcus pyogenes.

Prevalence of Anemia among Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Alkhair Medical Center, Wad Medani, Gezira State, Sudan (2020)

Prevalence of Anemia among Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Alkhair Medical Center, Wad Medani, Gezira State, Sudan (2020)

Stability in Advanced Gezira Population of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench) at Drought Porne Environments in Sudan

In Sudan, grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), is the most important cereal crop, in terms of total acreage, production and consumption. One hundred and twenty S1 families were taken at random from an advanced random mating Gezira sorghum population (G S P-1) developed and improved for six cycles using S1 family selection, at Rain-fed Crop Research Centre for Arid and Semi-Arid areas (RCRCASA) in the University of Gezira, Wad Medani Sudan. The study was conducted during two seasons (2004-2005) to study genetic variability in the population (GSP-1) at four rain-fed areas in Sudan namely; Gedarif University farm at northern Gedarif environment (2004), Gedarif Research Station at northern Gedarif environment (2005), Rahad Scheme rain-fed at marginal Gedarif environment (2004) and Kasamoor North east Gedarif (2005). The design used was a modified Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two replications nested within six blocks. Stability was estimated for the 120 families yield (Kgh-1). The combined analysis over environments revealed significant differences between environments, which indicated that four environments are contrasting for evaluating the genotypes. In average over environments the genotypes have shown G×E interaction was not significant for yield, indicating relative ranking of the genotypes remained constant and yield was stable over all environments. The mean was1448Kgh-1. The Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) stability analysis with the first principal components (PCA1) axes for grain yield identified stable families as the families with a lower absolute PCA1 score which were 101, 95, 93, 96, 94, 103, 97, 102, 99, 100, 104, 98 respectively, would produce a lower absolute GE interaction effect and would have a less variable yield across the four Gedarf studied environments. These could provide a good source for sorghum improvement in Gedarif rain-fed area