Vulnerability Classes Research Articles

Machine Learning: Research on Detection of Network Security Vulnerabilities by Extracting and Matching Features

The existence of vulnerabilities is a serious threat to the security of networks, which needs to be detected timely. In this paper, machine learning methods were mainly studied. Firstly, network security vulnerabilities were briefly introduced, and then a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) + Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) method was designed to extract and match vulnerability features by preprocessing vulnerability data based on National Vulnerability Database. It was found that the CNN-LSTM method had high training accuracy, and its recall rate, precision, F1, and Mathews correlation coefficient (MCC) values were better than those of support vector machine and other methods in detecting the test set; its F1 and MCC values reached 0.8807 and 0.9738, respectively; the F1 value was above 0.85 in detecting different categories of vulnerabilities. The results demonstrate the reliability of the CNN-LSTM method for vulnerability detection. The CNN-LSTM method can be applied to real networks.

PECULIARITIES OF THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE IN WOMEN WITH COVID-19

One of the most crucial topics at the moment is the viral infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which has acquired not only medical, but also, of course, social significance. The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged healthcare systems around the world.Pregnant women are the most vulnerable category of people, along with the elderly. Due to low immune reactivity, they are more susceptible to severe complications than others, which makes the problem of pregnancy in patients with COVID-19 a pressing issue.A successful pregnancy requires changes in the immune system of the pregnant woman to tolerate a genetically foreign fetus. These changes in the immune system, as well as in the cardiac, pulmonary, and other systems, can lead to increased susceptibility or increased morbidity and mortality due to infection during pregnancy. Considering the physiological adaptations associated with pregnancy, we found that the high metabolic demand to maintain normal intrauterine development increases the burden of oxidative stress during pregnancy. Intracellular redox changes associated with acute phase reactions at the maternal-fetal interface may be enhanced during pregnancy. Notably, mother-to-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has not been detected in most COVID-19 pregnancies. This relative absence of vertical transmission may be due to the presence of lactoferrin in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and breast secretions. However, the cytokine storm induced during COVID-19-associated pregnancies can cause severe inflammatory damage to the fetus and, if left uncontrolled, can subsequently lead to autism spectrum disorders and brain developmental abnormalities in newborns. Given this serious health threat to a child's growth and development, preventing COVID-19 during pregnancy should be a priority.We aimed to study risk factors and assess the course of pregnancy in women with COVID-19.The study was carried out within the framework of the research work "Clinical and pathogenetic substantiation of differentiated treatment of combined pathology of internal organs" (№0122U002209).

The Relationship Between Parenting Style and Self-Efficacy To Premarital Sexual Behavior Of High School Students In Gunungkidul

Introduction: The teenage age group is the most vulnerable category to various negative behaviors, such as risky sexual behavior. Consequently, there is an increase in adolescent health issues, such as the spread of sexually transmitted infections, unwanted pregnancies, early marriages, and abortions. Parents play a crucial role in providing the foundations of teenagers' personalities and guiding them to make responsible decisions, including those related to their sexuality. All forms of interaction between parents and teenagers manifest in the form of parenting styles. In addition to the role of parents, teenagers themselves must also have high self-efficacy to avoid premarital sexual behavior. Objective: This study aims to examining the relationship between parenting styles and self-efficacy with premarital sexual behavior among high school adolescents in Gunungkidul Regency. Method: This study is a quantitative research employing a cross-sectional study design. Results: Adolescents engaging in premarital sexual behavior have a risk of 36.21%. There is a significant relationship between parenting styles and premarital sexual behavior among high school adolescents (p < 0.05). There is also a significant relationship between self-efficacy and premarital sexual behavior. Gender and peer influence are significantly associated with premarital sexual behavior (p < 0.05), while exposure to information is not related to premarital sexual behavior (p > 0.05). The study concludes that adolescents who receive permissive parenting styles and have low self-efficacy are more likely to engage in risky premarital sexual behavior.

Increasing Children's Preparedness, Especially Street Children By Children's Friends In Dealing With The Covid-19 Pandemic Disaster Through Educative Learning And Healing

The Covid-19 pandemic is affecting all age groups from young children to the elderly. Children are a population that is included in the vulnerable group category. Through Healing and Education activities. The Jakarta Sahabat Anak Foundation seeks to reduce the impact of Covid-19 by providing direct assistance which is expected to contribute to the three main components of disaster management, namely prevention, direct response and recovery. The purpose of this study is to analyze the educative learning model and examine its implementation efforts to increase children's preparedness for the Covid-19 pandemic in order to support national resilience. The research method used is a case study qualitative method supported by data that has been obtained from observations, interviews and document studies, then analyzed, and the findings are obtained. The results of this study are that educative learning is known to be one of the tools that can increase children's preparedness in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. The Sahabat Anak Foundation is able to take appropriate actions to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic situation as a national disaster. Educational learning initiated by the Sahabat Anak Foundation is an activity that can help children in the process of adaptation, entertainment and learning in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of this study can be used as material for further research with the latest data so that it is more comprehensive.

Impact of a patient reminder letter from their general practitioners on influenza vaccination: A quasi-experimental study in Paris, France

BackgroundSeasonal influenza vaccination coverage levels remain too low in many countries.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of a reminder letter from their general practitioner (GP) on patients’ influenza vaccination.MethodsEligible patients for this controlled non-randomised study were the vulnerable categories targeted by the 2019–2020 national health insurance fund (NHIF) vaccination campaign, on the lists of 14 GPs from three practices in Paris (France) and unvaccinated on January 2, 2020 (mid-campaign). The choice of practices and assigning five GPs to the intervention arm were made for convenience. At mid-campaign, GPs in the intervention arm sent a standardised letter reminding each eligible patient to be vaccinated. In the control arm, GPs worked as usual. The intervention effect, calculated from the NHIF databases, was estimated by the difference between the groups in their vaccination coverage at the end of the campaign, with a linear mixed model adjusted for age, sex, chronic disease (at the patient level) and medical practice (at the GP level).ResultsThe vaccination coverage at the end of the campaign was 14.7% in the intervention group (n = 317) and 1.7% in the control group (n = 493): a difference of 13.1% points (95% confidence interval [9.0–17.2], number needed to send 7.7). At the campaign’s end, vaccination coverage among patients from the lists of GPs in the intervention arm was 62.7%, and 46.2% among patients from the control-arm GP lists.ConclusionReminder letters could help increase influenza vaccination coverage.

Analysis of the Socio-Economic vulnerability of coastal area of Leupung District, Aceh Besar

The purpose of this study is to assess the status of socio-economic vulnerability in the coastal area of Leupung sub-district, Aceh Besar district. The assessment was carried out by applying six indicators of vulnerability, namely income per capital, asset ownership, green belt area, population density, education level, and local wisdom using the SEVI (Social Economic Vulnerability Index) method. These indicators were then analyzed and described in the form of vulnerability maps using GIS applications to get a clear picture of the socio-economic conditions of communities in the form of thematic maps. The results of the study indicate that the green belt in several villages in the Leupung area has a high vulnerability status, then asset ownership, population density, and income per capita are included in the vulnerable category. Meanwhile, the local wisdom and education level of the community is generally in low to moderate vulnerability status. The results also indicate that the status of vulnerability in the sub-district of Leupung tends to lead to high vulnerability if coastal management does not anticipate these possibilities.

Russian households’ finances during the pandemic

This paper is based on data of the Household Finance Survey carried out from 2013 to 2020. The analysis shows that household income growth was less affected by the pandemic than by the economic downturn in 2015. Consumer lending continued to expand in 2020, with a rising percentage of lower income borrowers. The increase in the share of highly indebted households and the overall growth of debt burden were moderate in 2020. An outstanding consumer loan did not have a significant negative effect on the self-assessment of a respondent’s financial situation on average. This negative effect was statistically significant among families with children and borrowers from vulnerable categories of workers.

APPORT DE LA GEOMATIQUE ALA DELIMITATION DES PERIMETRES DE PROTECTION AUTOUR DE LA PRISE DEAUPOUR LALIMENTATION EN EAU POTABLE SUR LA RIVIERE ME A KONGOFON (SUD EST DE LA COTE DIVOIRE)

The quality of the Me Rivers water is threatened by sources of pollution generated in the region without any measures being taken to protect this resource.So, to reduce the risk of pollution of this water resource, this study aims to delimit the protection perimeters around the water intake on the river.The methodological approach consisted firstly in assessing the vulnerability of the resource through the weighting and combination of five selected parameters, and then in determining the protection perimeters on the basis of the pre-established vulnerability map and data from previous studies.The pollution vulnerability map obtained reveals five classes of vulnerability around the water intake, with a dominance of the high class estimated at 29.44% of the watershed. Three protection perimeters have been defined. The immediate protection perimeter has a 200 m radius around the water intake and covers areas with a strong influence on the rivers vulnerability to pollution over a surface area of 1.97 km2.The close protection perimeter, covering a 1000 m radius, was delimited from the immediate protection perimeter. It covers an area of 43.7 km2 and takes into account the rivers low, medium and very high vulnerability classes, following the direction of water flow in the Me watershed.The remote protection perimeter covers a large part of the watershed, with an area of 1,480 Km2. It covers the rest of the catchments highly vulnerable areas and adjoins the close protection perimeter.The defined protection perimeters can serve as a guide for sustainable management and protection of river quality.

IMPLICATIONS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE WORLD AND THE ROMANIAN SOCIETY. AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH

This article examines how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected mental health while the virus was spreading and governments took measures around the world, in Europe and, more specifically, in Romania, while paying particular attention to vulnerable categories of individuals, parent-child interactions and distress, educational changes and adaptive behaviours, work-related stress and communication, digitalization and lack of proper social contact. The impact of the pandemic on several facets of mental health as well as its impact on the situations is evaluated using data from current literature.
 The findings demonstrate that the pandemic has had a profoundly negative influence on mental health, resulting in higher levels of stress and anxiety, lower overall life satisfaction, and a higher likelihood of developing a depressive disorder. Additionally, it shows several modifications in the child-parent connection, including a decline in communication and an uptick in conflict, as well as comparable tendencies in the educational field. While digitalization sure was a solution and it made things easier, it also led to a bigger gender gap and work-family balance issues which put more pressure on women and their career development. Cyberchondria now replaces hypochondria, efficiency in education hits a peak but we lack effectiveness and, while the solutions found were appropriate and best for diverse situations, they also outlined more problems that overtook the advantages. We need to develop and adapt but we must not forget about what technology cannot yet replace: emotion, empathy, warmth and all that keeps us mentally healthy and wealthy.

THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN DURING ARMED CONFLICTS: ISRAELI VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN THREE WARS IN GAZA

Children are one of the most vulnerable categories of victims during armed conflicts. Although several international instruments exist to protect them and civilians in general, there are still many violations committed against children worldwide. This article reports a pure doctrinal research that has used a descriptive analytical approach. It seeks to address the issue of the protection of children from the perspective of International Humanitarian Law. The context of the study is its focus on Israeli violations committed during three wars in the Gaza Strip, i.e., in 2008, 2012 and 2014. The violations were analysed using the framework of the rules and principles ofInternational Humanitarian Law, specifically the Geneva Convention IV and its two additional protocols regarding the protection of children during armed conflicts. It is important to understand the nature of the protection provided to children under International Humanitarian Law and to identify whether the Israeli forces breached the rules during the three wars. This will expose the Israeli violations and provide better protection for the people in Gaza, especially children in wartime. Finally, the study summarises that the International Humanitarian Law provides a special protection to children in wartime alongside the protection provided to civilians. It also concludes that during the wars in the Gaza Strip, i.e., in 2008, 2012 and 2014, Israel did violate the principles of International Humanitarian Law concerning children and the civilians in general.

Fishes of West Bengal: Review and Annotated Checklist

An updated systematic inventory of the fish faunal variety from the state of West Bengal, comprising 894 species represented by 36 orders and 152 families, has been produced following an extensive review of the literature. Diversity-wise, order Acanthuriformes, has 19 families and 120 species, is the top order of both freshwater and marine fishes. Cypriniformes, which has 7 families and 117 species, is the second most diverse order and the most diverse order in freshwater. Cyprinidae, makes up 6% of the entire fish population in West Bengal, is the family with the most diversity. Marine fishes showed the highest diversity in Gobiidae and Carangidae with 5.6% and 4.8% respectively. 221 species are fully freshwater species, whereas 297 species are marine. The rest of the species are associated with fresh water, brackish and marine habitats. According to the IUCN red list status, 8 species belong to the critically endangered category, 18 belong to the endangered category, 30 species belong to the vulnerable category and 37 species belong to the near threatened category. The conservation status of 239 fish species found in West Bengal has not yet been determined by IUCN. The present study is the first attempt to provide a comprehensive data of fish faunal diversity occurring from all the habitats present in West Bengal, which will ultimately help in the management of the prospects of fisheries resources from West Bengal as well as provide support for the effective conservational planning process.

Zoning of Social Vulnerability for Tidal Flood Disaster in Medan Belawan District, Medan City Based on Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems

This study aims to 1) identify the social vulnerability of tidal floods in Medan Belawan District and 2) produce a zoning map of social vulnerability to tidal floods in Medan Belawan District descriptive quantitative type research. The variable used refers to Regulation of the Head of BNPB No. 2 of 2012 with changes covering population density, sex ratio, ratio of persons with disabilities, land use, and existing tidal flooding. The social vulnerability variable is then classified using a scoring technique. Data collection techniques in this study were document studies of secondary data obtained from various agencies. The results showed that five urban villages (83%) in Medan Belawan District had high tidal flood social vulnerability, and only one urban town (17%) was classified as having moderate social vulnerability. The urban villages with high tidal flood social vulnerability are Bagan Deli urban village, Belawan Bahagia urban village, Belawan Bahari urban village, Belawan I urban village, and Belawan II urban village. Meanwhile, the urban village with a moderate level of social vulnerability to tidal floods is the Belawan Sicanang Village. Belawan I Village occupies the highest tidal flood social vulnerability class, and the lowest tidal flood social vulnerability class is populated by Belawan Sicanang urban village.Keywords: Social Vulnerability, Tidal Flood, Disaster

재난불평등과 재난안전취약계층에 대한 지원체계

The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems of the support system for the disaster safety vulnerable group and prepare legal, institutional, and practical improvement plans. The legal and institutional problems in support for the disaster safety vulnerable class are: first, the unclear and limited concept and scope of the disaster safety vulnerable class, second, the limited legal stipulations for support for the disaster safety vulnerable class, third, the problem of measuring the loss by disaster and finally lack of the customized and support system for the disaster safety vulnerable group. A legal and institutional improvement strategy to minimize damage and increase resilience of the disaster safety vulnerable class is as follows: first, the establishment of the concept and expansion of the scope of the disaster safety vulnerable class, and enact integrated safety management legislation; second, the establishment and legislation of customized support systems for each disaster response stage; third, systemic measurement and management of damage; and fourth, public-private cooperation with local communities for the vulnerable in disaster safety.

Prevalence and structure of refractive error among schoolchildren in Krasnoyarsk

Every year the number of patients with pathology of the visual organ increases. Refractive errors in ophthalmology occupy a leading position. Schoolchildren and preschool children are among the most vulnerable categories for the development of myopia. Material and methods: 1 165 children currently studying in schools of the Krasnoyarsk Territory were examined, a retrospective analysis of 1 335 forms of 026/from students of the same schools in 20102011 was performed. Standard methods of ophthalmological examination were used. The results of a comparative analysis of a retrospective sample of 026/y forms for 20102011 and a prospective analysis of the results of a survey of schoolchildren performed in 20212022 revealed a statistically significant increase in the number of schoolchildren with refractive disorders in all three age groups by 1.9 times (18.1 and 33.6 % respectively). Analysis of the rank structure of refractive disorders brought weak myopia to the first place, degrees, to the second degree hypermetropia of a weak degree and to the third place a spasm of accommodation. Conclusions: A large visual load and distance learning negatively affected the state of vision of students. Myopia and myopic astigmatism accounted for 71.4% in the structure of refractive errors detected in the examined schoolchildren.

Double phase culture system mediated enhanced protocol for shoot proliferation of Vanilla andamanica Rolfe. - an endemic wild relative of commercial Vanilla from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

A liquid overlay culture system in micropropagation improved shoot proliferation in many species. In the present investigation, we have developed an enhanced shoot proliferation protocol using the double phase culture system (DPS) for Vanilla andamanica, an endemic species of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands recognized under the vulnerable category by the IUCN. In vitro generated nodal explants were used for shoot proliferation experiments and were tested in Murashige and Skoog medium augmented with various cytokinins (BAP, KIN, 2iP) and auxins (IBA, NAA, IAA) to produce a maximum of 3.24 ± 0.08 shoots per explant in 5 µM BAP and 5.23±0.67 roots per shoot in basal MS medium. A remarkable increase in shoot regeneration was observed when the nodal explant was cultured on DPS system with optimum cytokinin (5 µM BAP). On evaluation of the influence of DPS and conventional single-phase systems (SPS), (solid medium) exhibits an improved multiplication rate on a DPS with optimal BAP (5µM) with an average of 8.66 ± 0.17 shoots per explant, which represents a 2-fold increase over the rate of SPS + 5 µM BAP. The plantlets were rooted at 100% frequency in half-strength MS medium devoid of auxins and acclimatized with 100% success. A double-phase mediated enhanced shoot proliferating procedure could be employed for large scale multiplication and commercial breeding trials for better results with regard to V. andamanica.

An Integrated Multicriteria Sorting Methodology with q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Sets for Evaluating the Impacts of Delays on Residential Construction Projects

This study offers an integrated evaluation methodology for construction project delay causes viewed as a multicriteria sorting (MCS) problem. Time, cost, and quality were the three project management factors considered as criteria to evaluate 38 identified delay causes. The priority weights were extracted using the integration of Weighted Influence Non-linear Gauge Systems (WINGS) and Level-Based Weight Assessment (LBWA) to capture the inherent interdependencies of the criteria. The sorting of 38 delay causes was performed using FlowSort. To handle the uncertainty and vagueness of the judgments of the decision makers in the evaluation process, q-rung fuzzy orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFS) were integrated within the proposed computational framework. The proposed novel q-ROF–WINGS–LBWA–FlowSort method was applied in an actual case study in residential construction projects. The delay causes were categorized under three categories of construction firm vulnerability into four levels of impact. In highly vulnerable construction firms, thirty-five delay causes have a high impact, two have a moderate impact, and one has the least impact. In moderately vulnerable and least-vulnerable construction firms, 32 and 28 delay causes have a medium impact, respectively. The results may provide insights for decision makers in highly vulnerable construction firms, i.e., small companies with limited resources and networks. Layers of sensitivity and comparative analyses were put forward to test the robustness of the approach.

Habitat characteristics and biodiversity of nekton in the Alas-Singkil River Basin, Northern Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Muhtadi A, Leidonald R, Fauzia AD. 2023. Habitat characteristics and biodiversity of nekton in the Alas-Singkil River Basin, Northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 3673-3689. The Alas-Singkil watershed ecosystem is an essential habitat for the diversity of flora and fauna in the North Sumatra region. This study aims to describe the habitat characteristics and distribution of ichthyofauna in the Alas-Singkil watershed. Observations and data collection were carried out in 2021-2022 in all river segments in the Alas-Singkil watershed, including the downstream, swamp, oxbow lake, middle, upstream, and tributaries. Habitat characteristics in the Alas-Singkil watershed are very diverse. Some swamps in the main river's lower to middle reaches allow the ichthyofauna to migrate laterally. In the middle of the main tributaries (sub-watersheds) to the upstream (most) have habitat characteristics dominated by sedimentary rock substrates with relatively moderate-strong currents. The upper reaches of the main river are dominated by rocky substrates with clear, low-medium flowing waters. During observations in the Alas-Singkil watershed, 99 species of fish from 39 families, 9 species of shrimp, 1 species of freshwater crab, 1 species of freshwater turtle, and 1 species of crocodile were collected. Spotted barb (Barbodes binotatus), Blue panchax (Aplocheilus panchax), and Mahseer fish are fishes often found and widely distributed in the Alas-Singkil watershed. The nekton found in the Alas-Singkil watershed is included in the Least Concern (LC) category at 71% and Data Deficient (DD) at 14%. However, there are 2 species (2%) in the Endangered (EN) category and 6 species (5%) in the Vulnerable (VU) category; Ompok brevirictus and Clarias microspilus are species categorized as Endangered Species.

Fulfillment of pregnancy-related needs of women in refugee camps in Indonesia: A phenomenology study

Background: As Indonesia lies on several tectonic plates, it is often hit by natural disasters such as earthquakes. Women are included in the vulnerable group category during disaster situations, especially pregnant women. Purpose: This study aims to explore the needs of pregnant women in refugee camps after natural disasters. Methods: This is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The data were collected in 2019 through in-depth interviews with 9 women who were pregnant when the disaster occurred using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The participants were refugees who were victims of the earthquake in Kalibening, Banjarnegara, Central Java, in 2018. Interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The following three themes were found and discussed: (1) the basic needs of pregnant women during a disaster situation in refugee camps, (2) comprehensive health examinations for pregnant women in disaster situations, and (3) pregnant women’s reluctance to stay in refugee camps. Conclusions: This study shows that pregnant women’s limited mobility restricts them from meeting their basic and perinatal needs in refugee camps. After natural disasters, many pregnant women experience complications during their pregnancy. Moreover, from a cultural aspect, being together with family was found to be important for pregnant women. Thus, there is a need for coordination between local governments and other stakeholders regarding the needs of pregnant women so that they can receive appropriate assistance accordingly.

Unveiling the Landscape of Operating System Vulnerabilities

Operating systems play a crucial role in computer systems, serving as the fundamental infrastructure that supports a wide range of applications and services. However, they are also prime targets for malicious actors seeking to exploit vulnerabilities and compromise system security. This is a crucial area that requires active research; however, OS vulnerabilities have not been actively studied in recent years. Therefore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of OS vulnerabilities, aiming to enhance the understanding of their trends, severity, and common weaknesses. Our research methodology encompasses data preparation, sampling of vulnerable OS categories and versions, and an in-depth analysis of trends, severity levels, and types of OS vulnerabilities. We scrape the high-level data from reliable and recognized sources to generate two refined OS vulnerability datasets: one for OS categories and another for OS versions. Our study reveals the susceptibility of popular operating systems such as Windows, Windows Server, Debian Linux, and Mac OS. Specifically, Windows 10, Windows 11, Android (v11.0, v12.0, v13.0), Windows Server 2012, Debian Linux (v10.0, v11.0), Fedora 37, and HarmonyOS 2, are identified as the most vulnerable OS versions in recent years (2021–2022). Notably, these vulnerabilities exhibit a high severity, with maximum CVSS scores falling into the 7–8 and 9–10 range. Common vulnerability types, including CWE-119, CWE-20, CWE-200, and CWE-787, are prevalent in these OSs and require specific attention from OS vendors. The findings on trends, severity, and types of OS vulnerabilities from this research will serve as a valuable resource for vendors, security professionals, and end-users, empowering them to enhance OS security measures, prioritize vulnerability management efforts, and make informed decisions to mitigate risks associated with these vulnerabilities.

Characterization of Vulnerability of Internally Displaced Persons in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger Using Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS)

Abstract The Central Sahel region has one of the world's fastest-growing populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs). To better understand the risk factors associated with displacement, this study utilized respondent-driven sampling to recruit otherwise hard-to-reach IDPs in remote and urban areas in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. From August to October 2021, 4144 IDPs were surveyed, and nine targeted vulnerability profiles were measured across the domains of gender, health, and protection. The study revealed a high prevalence of risk factors and vulnerability among IDPs, with notable geographic differences. The majority of IDPs fell into at least one category of vulnerability, with health vulnerabilities being the most common. Internally displaced persons reported overlapping vulnerabilities in health, particularly chronic illness, mental health issues, and disability. Women had higher odds of vulnerability than men. Statistically significant associations were site-specific, and some were inconsistent across contexts, highlighting the cross-cutting and pervasive nature of vulnerability among IDPs.