Voluntary Immigrants Research Articles

The Distinction between Refugees and Immigrants

Abstract International law obliges states to admit refugees while allowing discretion in accepting voluntary immigrants. This study, based on a 26-country survey, examines citizen attitudes towards these groups. With reference to the debate in political philosophy, the authors distinguish between different attitudinal groups: Nationalists, who advocate for border control; Cosmopolitans, who support unrestricted immigration rights; Legalists, who align with international law by supporting state discretion for voluntary immigrants but mandating refugee acceptance; and Inconsistents, who believe the state should have the right to reject refugees but not voluntary immigrants. The findings reveal that most citizens do not differentiate between refugees and voluntary immigrants, challenging the legal distinction in international law. Nationalists make up 44% of respondents, Cosmopolitans 31%, Legalists 15%, and Inconsistents 9%. Nationalists and Cosmopolitans have clear social profiles based on structural and cultural characteristics, while Legalists and Inconsistents do not.

Population Dynamics of the Village of Chumay in the XIX – Early XX Centuries

The article deals with the population dynamics of the village of Chumay in the XIX – early XX centuries. The main research objective was to study statistical data and identify the causes and conditions that had a decisive impact on the demographic situation in Chumay during the period under review. The study was based on a critical analysis of published and unpublished historical sources. The reliability of the data was checked by comparing the arithmetic mean values. The analysis involved the number of houses and farms, the total number of residents, and their distribution by class, religion, and gender. The resettlement policy of the state and the associated natural growth proved to be the main factor that affected the population of Chumay. The population growth was associated with the permanent placement of exiles in Chumay. Voluntary immigrants from the inner provinces of Russia did not have a significant impact on the local demography. The paper also introduces the average population of the Chumay household in the XIX – early XX centuries.

Social Mobilization and Migration Predictions by Machine Learning Methods: A study case on Lake Urmia

Voluntary or compulsory immigration of people to other regions or countries for different reasons can lead to social, cultural, and economic problems. In recent years, especially the rate of forced migration has increased and it is sometimes chosen as a last resort for social mobilization. Scientists and governments who have gathered data on migration for years have recently realized that Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) methods are important in analyzing this data and developing utility models and systems. It has been gradually understood that these new technologies are very important in recent years, but studies have either only been done in the field of social sciences or only in the field of engineering. In this study, a comprehensive interdisciplinary study covering both dimensions is prepared. In this study, a machine learning-based model is presented by making a multidisciplinary study and exemplifying the Lake Urmia case study. The proposed method can be used in the decision-making process in the migration management. In our study, is proposed a model using three different algorithms (Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)). According to the results, the SVM-based model outperforms others in accuracy and validations. The trained model of SVM has a success rate on mean accuracy as near to 86% with 4,00E-02 standard deviation rate. SVM ranked first and this method was followed by RF and KNN methods, respectively. In this context, this model can make forward-looking predictions and, like an expert system, can guide the relevant researchers and even state or form ideas according to the results obtained from it.

We Are a Garden: A Story of How Diversity Took Root in America by Lisa Westberg Peters

Reviewed by: We Are a Garden: A Story of How Diversity Took Root in America by Lisa Westberg Peters Deborah Stevenson, Editor Peters, Lisa Westberg We Are a Garden: A Story of How Diversity Took Root in America; illus. by Victoria Tentler-Krylov. Schwartz & Wade, 2021 [40p] Library ed. ISBN 9780593123140 $20.99 Trade ed. ISBN 9780593123133 $17.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9780593123157 $10.99 Reviewed from digital galleys Ad 5-7 yrs “Long ago, a strong wind blew. It blew people, like seeds, to a new land.” That’s the description, in Peters’ American migration story, of the first people to come to North America. As millennia and centuries go by, the wind blows those people to every corner of the continent, and then it blows in conquistadors and colonists, enslaved people and voluntary immigrants, from east, west, and south, and it still does today. The garden is an engaging metaphor for both diversity and migration, and the book is honest in its inclusion of enslavement, genocide, and colonization. However, the image homogenizes some very different migrations and renders participants ahistorically passive; there’s also little acknowledgment that the included lines from Emma Lazarus’ “The New Colossus” contradict the experience of many of those blown seeds featured in the book. Tentler-Kylov (herself an immigrant) employs agile watercolors in energetic, dynamically composed spreads; while one spread confusingly differs from the text (the art features conquistadors on horseback [End Page 394] while the text describes colonists with wagons), illustrations are otherwise thoughtful, individualized, and appropriately diverse. Despite the book’s flaws, the garden concept offers a new way to talk about national identity and diversity, and listeners may appreciate the tempered optimism. Appended are a glossary, notes to each spread that provide specifics about the pictured events, and a list of sources. Copyright © 2021 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

The Economic Life of Polish Immigrants in Siberia at the Late 19th – Early 20th Century: Strategies for Success

The theme of the Siberian adaptation experience of Polish agrarian voluntary immigrants at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries is traditional for modern Polish-Russian historiography. There it is reviewed in the context of the impact of resettlement forms on the strategies of adaptation. Several variations of the adaptive strategies implemented in Polish ethnic villages (settlements with a significant proportion of Polish immigrants) and Polish families, which live separately in foreign ethnic communities (farm households) were identified. On the example of the settlement Minsk-Dvoryansk demonstrated the use of a resource of ethnicity in the adaptation process by immigrants. In the absence of a parental ethnic environment, the Poles preferred the neighborhood of Catholic immigrants or isolation in the form of a farm household.

Immigrant parents' experiences of accessing child healthcare services in a host country: A qualitative thematic synthesis.

To explore voluntary immigrant parents' experiences of child healthcare services in host countries. Thomas and Harden's qualitative thematic synthesis method. Five electronic databases (CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Psych INFO and Web of Science), were systematically searched from January 2000 - October 2018. Included studies focused on voluntary migrant/immigrant parents' experiences of child healthcare services. Data were abstracted independently by two authors. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools were applied, and qualitative thematic synthesis was performed. Nine studies were eligible for inclusion. Five descriptive themes were identified: (a) seeking information and reassurance, (b) seeking information from "people like me", (c) comparison between child healthcare services in home and host countries, (d) effective communication, and (e) cultural isolation and perceived discrimination. Three analytical themes emerged: navigation of parenting in a health context in a new environment; trust; and balance. Many immigrant families reported positive experiences, others felt patronized and disrespected, leading to a lack of trust and making them less willing to access universal child health care. Trusted advocates, who are culturally competent, have a role in helping immigrant parents navigate the child healthcare system and negotiate with healthcare professionals. Health registration of children of immigrants may encourage the uptake of universal healthcare services. More research is required into the specific health needs of voluntary immigrants. Less is known about the experiences of voluntary immigrants than those of refugees/asylum seekers in accessing child healthcare. Navigating health systems is difficult. This can be due to language difficulties, differences in systems of healthcare, and differences in culture/health beliefs. When both parties have some understanding of the others' healthcare practices and beliefs, balance can be found; helping the families to positively compare healthcare and incentivising them to engage in universal child healthcare.

Settlement of the Kiya River Basin by the Russians: Case Study of the Foundation of the Village of Сhumay in the Chebulinsky District of Kemerovo Region

The present research featured the development of the Northern Kemerovo region. The paper focuses on the case of the village of Chumay in the Kiya river basin. The development of Russian settlements along the Kiya remains understudied. Existing publications give different foundation dates for the villages in the area of Prichulym'e. The Russians first came to the Kiya basin in the early XVII century. However, they were slow to settle down for a number of reasons. First, it was the military confrontation with the Yenisei Kirghiz. Second, the local taiga and mountains were impassable and unsuitable for farming. In addition, the existing communication routes were far from the Kia basin. The article describes the prerequisites and conditions for the emergence of Russian villages in this territory. The research was based on rare historical sources, e.g. memoirs of local residents and parochial documents, related to the foundation of the village of Chumay located in the Chebulinsk district of the Kemerovo region. The research revealed the settling process and some new data on the first settlers. The findings refute the thesis that this territory of the Kemerovo region was settled exclusively by fugitives and exiles in the XVII–XVIII centuries. The Russian advanced into the Kiya river basin after the military threat from the Kirghiz had been eliminated. Second, the indigenous peoples were converted to Christianity and had to pay tribute in furs. Third, a section of the Moscow-Siberian tract was built in the vicinity. Finally, voluntary migrants willing to settle down in the area were given a free piece of land. Unlike the rest of the Kemerovo region, the lands along the Kiya river were colonized by the Russians much later. The government colonization was organized and started "from above". It was represented mainly by voluntary immigrants. The research also revealed the role of migrants from the Caucasus in the development of the Kiya basin as they set up new settlements and went to live in sparsely populated villages.

The Jamestown Brides: The Untold Story of England’s “Maids for Virginia” by Jennifer Potter

Reviewed by: The Jamestown Brides: The Untold Story of England’s “Maids for Virginia” by Jennifer Potter Marcia Zug The Jamestown Brides: The Untold Story of England’s “Maids for Virginia.” By Jennifer Potter. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. Pp. xii, 372. $29.95, ISBN 978-0-19-094263-2.) The history of the United States is a story of immigration. For over four hundred years, immigrants to North America have risked tremendous dangers and suffered severe hardships in the hope of achieving a better life for themselves and their families. The Jamestown Brides: The Untold Story of England’s “Maids for Virginia” explores the history of one of these first immigrant groups: young, single English women recruited by the Virginia Company to immigrate to Jamestown to find husbands among the mostly [End Page 442] male colonists. The Virginia Company believed the women would make these men more settled and that they would raise money for the company’s coffers through reimbursements from the women’s future husbands. Like most Jamestown immigrants, these women faced great risk, but they also faced the possibility of great reward. Consequently, it is surprising that author Jennifer Potter writes that the fundamental question the book seeks to answer is whether these women were victims or adventurers, “women prepared to invest their persons rather than their purses in the New World” (p. 7). Clearly, the Jamestown brides, as well as nearly all other voluntary immigrants to the Virginia colony, were both. As Potter carefully details, Jamestown was founded as a profit-making enterprise, and the welfare of the colonists was never the priority. Moreover, even if the colony had been given greater care and resources, disease, starvation, and conflicts with the local Indian tribes meant that colonization was always going to be a dangerous enterprise. Potter vividly describes how both men and women suffered the colony’s hardships and profited from its opportunities, yet she struggles to characterize the Jamestown brides as anything other than victims. This characterization is unfair, but it is also understandable. As the book reveals, for many of the women the decision to immigrate was a fatal mistake. Shortly after the women arrived in Jamestown, large numbers were killed in a horrific Indian attack. Moreover, although the Virginia Company could not have known about the impending attack, the company’s lack of concern for the women’s deaths can be characterized as a second victimization. As Potter writes, “I remain shocked that I found not a single expression of regret from the leaders of the Virginia Company . . . about sending so many of these women to their deaths” (p. 308). Thankfully, this ill-treatment is one Potter can and does remedy. Although The Jamestown Brides mostly confirms previous understandings of the Virginia Company’s bridal immigration program, the book’s important contribution is in combating the women’s historical erasure and restoring their individuality. For so long, the Jamestown brides have been clumped together as one undistinguishable mass—a group of women sharing general physical, financial, and familial characteristics. Potter provides the details and stories that have been missing. For example, she reveals that many of the brides were recruited from the friends and family of Virginia Company personnel. She also notes that others came from the theater region of London and may have attended and been inspired by Shakespeare’s The Tempest, his play about adventures in the New World. Further, she shows that at least one woman was likely fleeing a quarrelsome and possibly abusive brother. Such information provides a clearer picture of who these women were, why they chose to immigrate, and whether it was a reasonable decision. The book also offers revealing new details about the women’s lives after their arrival. Potter uncovers legal scheming and treachery, scandalous gossip, daunting feats of heroism, and stunning financial successes. Finally, after relating the rich details of these women’s lives, Potter concludes that, like the prominent men have, “all the settler women who endured Jamestown’s [End Page 443] privations in those early years deserve a church memorial” (p. 309). Through The Jamestown Brides, Potter has created this memorial. It is a fitting tribute. Marcia Zug University of...

An Investigation and Countermeasures on the Cultural Adaptation of African Students in China

Culture adaption is based on norms, customs and language, which entails moving from different classes and voluntary immigration. This qualitative and quantitative research paper is exploring the new ideas and fondness of interchange personalities of students, who are studying in different universities and in different cities of Jiangsu province. The empirical analysis of this study is investigated that those African students who have a well-educated and oriented in their own specialization but still in case of language they have faced some tactical challenges with different race and nations. Furthermore, the African students not directly integrate with Chinese culture comparatively other nations of students. However, some proposals will be offered to help African students’ living and learning. Additionally, to develop the relationship by state with new ideas and to improve the business policies from African countries.

VIEWS OF VOLUNTARY IMMIGRANTS ON LIFE IN SLOVAKIA

Slovakia is not perceived as a destination country for forced or voluntary migrants in the European Union. Nevertheless, the number of foreigners living legally in Slovakia has increased more than fourfold since Slovakia joined the European Union in 2004. The aim of this paper is to recognize the views of voluntary immigrants on their own life in Slovakia. In our research, we are interested in migrants who chose small towns in Slovakia, which are culturally and linguistically homogeneous. We have chosen a qualitative research strategy. The research design is of a biographical design and a grounded theory. As a research tool, we chose an individual structured interview (in-depth interview). For qualitative data analysis, we used coding; we set descriptive and inductive codes, subcategories and categories. The subject of research is eight voluntary immigrants to Slovakia who have been living in Slovakia for at least one year at the time of the study. Thus, they meet the long-term migration criterion. Participants were selected on a deliberate basis to cover the phenomenon of voluntary migration. Due to the chosen research design, theoretical sampling was utilized. Our research confirmed the assumptions of voluntary migration described by Pierce (1999). Not only participants from developing countries, but also participants from countries with higher HDI than Slovakia praise the work and business opportunities in Slovakia. Participants identified the following areas of life benefits in Slovakia: employment, economic and social conditions, leisure, cultural and development activities, and environmental issues. Negative aspects of life include negative administrative experiences, lower living comfort, worse social conditions and the environment.

Foreign aid, bilateral asylum immigration and development

This paper measures the links between aid from 14 rich to 113 developing economies and bilateral asylum applications during the years 1993 to 2013. Dynamic panel models and Sys-Generalized Method of Moments are used. The results show that asylum applications are related to aid nonlinearly in a U-shaped fashion with respect to the level of development of origin countries, although only the downward segment proves to be robust to all specifications. Asylum inflows from poor countries are significantly and negatively associated with aid in the short run, with mixed evidence of more lasting effects, while inflows from less poor economies show a positive but non-robust relationship to aid. Moreover, aid leads to negative cross-donor spillovers. Applications linearly decrease with humanitarian aid. Voluntary immigration is not related to aid. Overall, the reduction in asylum inflows is stronger when aid disbursements are conditional on economic, institutional and political improvements in the recipient economy.

Foreigners in the town. Experience of voluntary immigrants living in a small town

The aim of the paper is to unveil the experiences of voluntary immigrants to Slovakia related to their life in a small Slovak town and to identify opportunities for intervention through social work, particularly experience in the field of interpersonal relations, employment or during studies, and in the economic field. In research, we are interested in voluntary migrants who chose small towns in Slovakia, which are culturally and linguistically homogeneous. We have chosen a qualitative research strategy. Research design is grounded theory. As a research tool, we chose an individual structured interview (In-Depth Interview). For qualitative analysis of data, we used the coding; we set descriptive and inductive codes, subcategories and categories. The subject of research is eight voluntary immigrants to Slovakia who live in small towns for at least one year at the time of research. Thus, they meet the long-term migration criterion. Participants were selected on a deliberate basis to cover the phenomenon of voluntary migration. Due to the chosen research design, theoretical sampling is the case.

Immigrant Children, Educational Performance and Public Policy: a Capability Approach

This article reports on the relationship between the educational performance of second-generation students, the attitude of majority society towards immigrants and integration policy in the destination country. It argues that the educational underperformance of second-generation students is to some extent a product of an inequality in different students’ abilities to materialise educational opportunities provided by the destination country’s education system. This inequality in abilities is generated by the human diversity of the different groups: immigrants vs. non-immigrants; voluntary immigrants vs. refugees. Depending on the integration context, the human diversity may exacerbate the inequality and cause the performance gap to get wider. The article uses data from two qualitative studies with the Somali community in Finland and employs the capability approach. Due to their background as the children of refugees from Somalia and the attitude of people in mainstream society, Finnish-Somali students face more challenges in materialising educational opportunities. The Finnish context in which they find themselves puts these students in a less encouraging position for two reasons. First, prejudice and discrimination may weaken their will and confidence to learn and reduces their parents’ will to cooperate with their schools. Second, their parents—due to their lack of knowledge of the school system and proficiency in the Finnish language—are also relatively less effective in the Finnish schooling system. To deal with the performance gap between immigrant and native children in schooling, public policy should focus on how the integration context is shaping diverse students’ abilities (capability sets) to succeed.

Immigration, Participation in Health Services and Social Occupations: A Literature Review

Introduction: According to the World Health Organisation ‘participation’, meaning involvement in everyday occupations, has a positive influence on health and wellbeing and lack thereof can lead to negative health consequences. Occupational therapy scholars believe this phenomenon needs exploring with attention to context. Variability is apparent in the way participation has been addressed in the context of voluntary immigration. This review aims to identify how the concept of participation and its association with the health and wellbeing of immigrants is addressed in research literature. Methods: A literature review method was applied. The data bases searched were: PubMed, ASSIA, CINHAL, PsycINFO, AMED, CRD, EBESCO Host, Sociological Abstract, Lexis and EMBASE. Articles that fulfilled all inclusion criteria were critically appraised in order to assess their quality. Sixteen articles from major related databases were included. Qualitative analysis was used throughout. Results: Participation was mostly identified by measuring the number of attendances or self-report of attendance in health-related services or social occupations. Four themes were identified: outlook of participation, contributing factors to participation, approaches to studying immigrants’ participation, and outcomes of participation. Conclusion: Participation lacks a common and exclusive definition that considers both objective and subjective experiences. How immigrants’ backgrounds and future perspectives affect what ‘participation’ means to them needs further exploration. The current publication has identified several contributing factors that need considering in health and social-related policies, plans and strategies. It is significant that enabling factors such as the positive attitude of immigrants, and providing support to immigrants can facilitate their participation pattern.

Этносоциальная идентификация шляхты Западного края в Сибири во второй половине XIX - начале XX в.

Representatives of the nobility fell into Siberia primarily due to political exile either as a result of the appointment to the service or (from the beginning of the 20th century) as a voluntary immigrants because of the official course to colonization of the Siberian outskirts. The nobility became in Siberia a numerically significant social group due to the exile of the participants of the January Uprising of 1863. The ethnosocial identification of the deported nobility from the Western Territory in Siberia is traceable from the materials of the administrative correspondence of the governor of Tobolsk province A. I. Despot-Zenovich and the governor of Yenisey province P. N. Zamyatnin, as well as on the basis of assessments of the highest Russian bureaucracy that arose during the elaboration and application of the rules of June 22, 1900, on the resettlement of landed nobility to Siberia.

Dimensões do sofrimento psíquico em estudantes universitários estrangeiros

Os estudantes universitários estrangeiros fazem parte da categoria de imigrantes voluntários, que se desloca para realizar a formação superior em outro país. O processo imigratório acarreta uma série de desafios e não deixa de ter consequências no psiquismo dos sujeitos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se apresentar e discutir características do sofrimento psíquico desses estudantes estrangeiros residentes em Florianópolis. Para tanto, produziu-se uma pesquisa qualitativa na qual os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 15 participantes. Os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo, com suporte do software Atlas.ti. Assim, foi possível distinguir três subcategorias de análise: sintomas físicos, sociais e psicológicos. Observou-se um alto índice de somatizações, experiências de discriminação e relatos de sentimento de não pertencimento. Em conclusão, ressalta-se a necessidade de se refletir sobre formas de amenizar o sofrimento e de pensar em programas específicos para essa população, principalmente no contexto universitário.

Psychoanalytic Thoughts on the European Refugee Crisis and the Other.

There are many aspects-political, economic, legal, medical, cultural, religious-of the present refugee crisis in Europe. Difficulties at border crossings, settlement programs, life-saving issues, and security measures come to mind immediately, but the refugee crisis also needs to be examined from a psychological angle. This paper outlines psychoanalytic findings on voluntary and forced immigration and human responses to the Other. Change in the twenty-first century is occurring at an unprecedented pace and scale. Globalization, incredible advances in communication technology, fast travel, recourse limitations, terrorist activities, and now the refugee crisis in Europe make psychoanalytic investigation of the Other a necessity.

‘Healthy’ identities? Revisiting rejection‐identification and rejection‐disidentification models among voluntary and forced immigrants

AbstractRejection‐identification and rejection‐disidentification models propose that low‐status groups identify with their in‐group and disidentify with a high‐status out‐group in response to rejection by the latter. Our research tests these two models simultaneously among multiple groups of foreign‐born people living in two cultural contexts. We examined these effects on representative samples of 2446 refugees in the Netherlands (Study 1) and 1234 voluntary immigrants in Spain (Study 2). We found that both ethnic and host national identification are ‘healthy’ and thus predominantly conducive to greater hedonic and eudaimonic well‐being. Further, perceived discrimination was associated with host national disidentification among refugees in the Netherlands and voluntary immigrants in Spain. However, our findings regarding the rejection‐identification link were less consistent. We discuss the importance of ethnic and host national identification for the well‐being of immigrants.

Multilingual immigrants’ French and English acquisition in Grade 6 French immersion: evidence as means to improve access

ABSTRACTThis study seeks to examine the success of voluntary immigrants in Grade 6 French immersion with a double comparison to Canadian-born (a) Anglophones and (b) multilingual students (children of voluntary immigrants). The findings, that show the immigrant students to outperform the other two groups in French and English, are explored through a cultural–ecological lens suggesting that voluntary immigrants to Canada are positive about education in general and, despite experiencing discrimination, are positive about official language bilingualism in particular, thereby having a positive impact on their results where more traditionally examined influential variables did not (e.g. metalinguistic awareness).Cette étude cherche à examiner le succès des immigrants volontaires en immersion française en 6e année avec une comparaison avec: (a) les anglophones et (b) les élèves multilingues nés au Canada (enfants d’immigrants volontaires). J’explore les résultats, qui montrent que les élèves immigrants surpassent les deux autres groupes en français et en anglais, d’une perspective culturelle-écologique, ce qui suggère que les immigrants volontaires au Canada sont positifs: à l’égard de l’éducation en général et malgré les expériences discriminations, en ce qui concerne le bilinguisme des langues officielles en particulier, ce qui a eu un impact positif sur leurs résultats où les variables influentes traditionnellement examinées ne l’ont pas eu (par exemple, la connaissance métalinguistique).

Educational and economic dimensions in the Israeli project against occupied Jerusalem

Emboldened by American partiality for the Israeli occupation and the feeble Arab-Islamic support for the Palestinian cause, Israel has been taking advantage, over the last five years, of the current events and changing conditions prevailing in the regional Arab system. The Israeli occupation authority employs the two contingent devices of education and the economy in occupied Jerusalem as a base for counter-action in its desperate effort to hit the collective political consciousness that demands terminating occupation, liberation and self-determination. The occupation authority in occupied Jerusalem has employed a systematic scheme to isolate the city from the rest of the West Bank territories. Their aim is to destroy its trade movement in order to tighten the loop of hegemony around the vital economic and social sectors, and to deprive the Palestinian Authority from returns of tourism. Life for the residents of the city has become complicated in every possible way, prompting them to abandon their city. All this would be a part of a ‘voluntary immigration’ policy as a prelude to Judaizing the city, evacuating its residents, replacing them with settlers and, ultimately, dropping the city off the partition claims. The measures adopted by the occupation authorities take advantage of the educational and economic dimensions and employ them as leverage for penetrating the articulating points of the resisting Jerusalemite society. This goal is being achieved by shaking the foundations of the educational system and by obstructing endeavours seeking to improve and propagate it. The occupation authority continued to perpetrate its scheme of ‘displacement/settlement’ when it recently expelled 100,000 Jerusalemites from their city. In light of the aforesaid, this research examines, as its main theme, the impact of putting the educational and economic dimensions to use in the Israeli project against occupied Jerusalem, on the fate of the city, and on the equation of the Arab–Israeli conflict. The paper also argues that it would be natural that a popular youth movement emerging in the face of Israel’s intransigence will nominate its own political leadership, dissociated from the political leadership of the Palestinian factions, so that insurrection can continue.