Penetration Volume Research Articles

Analysis of the influence of charge liner on the penetration effect of shaped charge jet assisted window sidetracking

In order to improve the efficiency and success rate of sidetracking in high-strength thick-walled casing, we use shaped charge jet to penetrate the casing to reduce the milling workload of milling cone. This paper established a model of shaped charge jet penetrating casing, and analyzed the effects of charge liner structures, charge quantity, and charge liner material. The results show that with the decrease of standoff distance, the velocity attenuation rate of the jet will increase in the process of penetrating the casing. Under standoff distance of 1D, the velocity attenuation rate of the trumpet-shaped liner (TSL) is the smallest, the TSL has a good ability to expand the aperture, and can form a funnel-shaped hole with a large diameter at the front end, and has the largest penetration volume. The charge quantity does not directly affect the penetration volume. The 70-1D charge combination has the largest penetration depth, the largest front diameter of the hole, and the larger penetration volume. The jet velocity of aluminum and titanium is much higher than that of other materials; tungsten and titanium have the largest penetration volume. When the material density in the charge liner's truncation is greater than that of the curve section, such combination material charge liners achieve better penetration effects. The titanium-tungsten charge liner exhibits the best penetration performance on the casing, forming a hole with a volume of 11369.2 mm3 and an outlet diameter of 18.8 mm on the TP110TS casing. In summary, at standoff distance of 1D, the TSL with 70-1D charge combination and titanium-tungsten material combination has the best penetration effect on casing. This study has certain guiding significance for the application of shaped charge jet assisted window sidetracking technology.

Research on penetration characteristics of Nb1Zr2Ti1W2 high entropy alloy

The present study reports a novel Nb1Zr2Ti1W2 high entropy alloy (HEA) exhibiting exceptional strength and energy release properties, thereby demonstrating its promising potential for utilization in extreme conditions such as penetration. The penetration of Nb1Zr2Ti1W2 HEA fragments into a semi-infinite high carbon steel target was investigated through an experiment utilizing a 14.5 mm ballistic gun, covering a wide range of impact velocities from 800 to 1600 m/s. The experimental data, encompassing DOP (the depth of penetration) and VOP (the volume of penetration) of HEA fragments at various impact velocities, were acquired. After conducting both macroscopic and microscopic analyses of the crater and residual fragments, we have determined that the penetration pattern of HEA fragments undergoes a transition from a "self-sharpening" to a "mushroom head" across a wide range of impact velocities. The findings indicate that the impact velocity, as well as the biphase structure of Nb1Zr2Ti1W2 HEA (BCC1 and BCC2), are crucial external and internal factors influencing the penetration process. The present study unveils this intriguing physicochemical phenomenon and investigates the correlation between microscopic structure and macroscopic penetration behavior.

Screening staining agents for contrast-enhanced microCT of vascular tissues: Assessing the effect on microstructural and mechanical properties

Cardiovascular tissues possess a complex microstructure, which remodel and adapt due to ageing and diseases. This complex and evolving microstructure is intrinsically linked to the tissue’s mechanical properties. To better understand how changes in the microstructure can impact the mechanical behavior, 4D-contrast-enhanced microCT (4D-CECT) can be used (i.e. in situ mechanical loading combined with 3D microstructural visualization). Since absorption-based CECT requires the use of contrast-enhancing staining agents (CESAs), we investigated six different CESAs for their suitability for 4D-CECT imaging of arterial tissue, considering their ability to provide good microstructural visualization and segmentation while ensuring the preservation of the mechanical properties. For this purpose, the penetration speed, contrast-enhancement, volume change, and stiffness change of porcine arterial tissue stained with the different CESA solutions were studied. Based on our results, we selected 1:2 Hafnium-substituted Wells-Dawson Polyoxometalate as the most suited CESA for 4D-CECT of arterial tissue. Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and Lugol iodine with Sorensen’s buffer (Lugol), despite being the reference in the state-of-the-art as CESA and having excellent contrast-enhancement properties, were the only ones that significantly affected the mechanical properties of porcine arterial tissue. Additionally, for these two solutions, tissue shrinkage was observed, resulting in a volume reduction of approximately − 12 % for PTA and − 17 % for Lugol. Finally, it was observed that the penetration speed of all CESA solutions exhibited a ratio of 60–40 % from the intimal side to the adventitial side, which is likely due to the denser packing of elastic lamellae towards the adventitia. Overall, our study offers valuable new insights for selecting and comparing various CESA solutions for (4D-)CECT.

Durability and microstructural characteristics of self-compacting concrete incorporating M-sand

ABSTRACT Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is characterized by increased fluidity and enhanced cohesion, leading to its growing prominence within the construction sector. Additive materials such as alccofine and silica fume can enhance the properties of SCC while concurrently mitigating the ecological footprint linked to cement manufacturing. Manufactured sand, also known as M-sand, is finely crushed aggregate sourced from rocks or quarry stones, providing a sustainable substitute for natural river sand in construction. The primary emphasis of this study revolves around evaluating the enduring compressive strength and durability attributes of SCC, wherein M-sand is employed to replace river sand to varying percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Durability assessments encompass evaluations at 28, 56, 90, 180, and 365 days for water absorption, Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT), sorptivity, and Volume of Permeable Voids (VPV), all compared against the benchmarks of control concrete. Microstructural characterization studies entail the utilization of techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope imagery (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). From the results it is observed that M-sand replacement in SCC enhanced durability of the concrete.

Study of the Effects of Different Ambient Gases and Buoyancy on Hydrogen Jet Characteristics.

Substituting nitrogen with inert gases in an inert gas cycle engine can not only effectively improve engine efficiency but also eliminate NOX emissions in the combustion products. Owing to the low density of hydrogen, jet development is affected by buoyancy. This study explored the effects of different ambient gases, such as Ar, N2, and He, as well as buoyancy, on the hydrogen jet and mixing characteristics based on Schlieren. The results indicated that as the pressure ratio increases, the penetration length and volume of the hydrogen jet increase, whereas the dispersion angle and entrainment ratio decrease. The penetration capacity of the hydrogen jet is strongest in He, followed by N2, and weakest in Ar. Additionally, in He, the hydrogen jet exhibits the smallest dispersion angle, fastest jet volume growth, and largest entrainment ratio. The entrainment ratio of the H2 jet in He is 2.75-3.84 times that of N2 and 4.72-8.3 times that of Ar. In N2 and Ar, the penetration length of the inverted jet after 2.5 ms is approximately 2-4 mm longer than that of the upright jet, indicating that buoyancy has a certain influence on jet development.

Spray Characterization of Direct Hydrogen Injection as a Green Fuel with Lower Emissions

A viable green energy source for heavy industries and transportation is hydrogen. The internal combustion engine (ICE), when powered by hydrogen, offers an economical and adaptable way to quickly decarbonize the transportation industry. In general, two techniques are used to inject hydrogen into the ICE combustion chamber: port injection and direct injection. The present work examined direct injection technology, highlighting the need to understand and manage hydrogen mixing within an ICE’s combustion chamber. Before combusting hydrogen, it is critical to study its propagation and mixture behavior just immediately before burning. For this purpose, the DI-CHG.2 direct injector model by BorgWarner was used. This injector operated at 35 barG and 20 barG as maximum and minimum upstream pressures, respectively; a 5.8 g/s flow rate; and a maximum tip nozzle temperature of 250 °C. Experiments were performed using a high-pressure and high-temperature visualization vessel available at our facility. The combustion mixture prior to burning (spray) was visually controlled by the single-pass high-speed Schlieren technique. Images were used to study the spray penetration (S) and spray volume (V). Several parameters were considered to perform the experiments, such as the injection pressure (Pinj), chamber temperature (Tch), and the injection energizing time (Tinj). With pressure ratio and injection time being the parameters commonly used in jet characterization, the addition of temperature formed a more comprehensive group of parameters that should generally aid in the characterization of this type of gas jets as well as the understanding of the combined effect of the rate of injection on the overall outcome. It was observed that the increase in injection pressure (Pinj) increased the spray penetration depth and its calculated volume, as well as the amount of mass injected inside the chamber according to the ROI results; furthermore, it was also observed that with a pressure difference of 20 bar (the minimum required for the proper functioning of the injector used), cyclic variability increased. The variation in temperature inside the chamber had less of an impact on the spray shape and its penetration; instead, it determined the velocity at which the spray reached its maximum length. In addition, the injection energizing time had no effect on the spray penetration.

Construction of FeSe2 nanoparticles encapsulated in TiN/N-doped carbon nanofibers intertwined with in-situ grown CNTs for pseudocapacitive Na+ storage

Metal selenides are recognized as potential anodes for sodium-ion batteries because of their high theoretical capacity. However, they face the hurdles of low electronic conductivity and significant volume change. In this study, a composite material consisting of FeSe2 nanoparticles enclosed within TiN/N-doped carbon nanofibers intertwined with in-situ grown carbon nanotubes (FeSe2@TNCF/CNTs) is successfully prepared by electrospinning, carbonization, and selenization approach. The TiN/N-doped carbon nanofibers enhance electronic conductivity, active sites for sodium-ion storage, and structural stability. Moreover, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that in-situ grown on the carbon nanofibers not only enhance conductivity but also facilitate electrolyte penetration and buffer volume expansion. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of FeSe2, TiN, N-doped carbon nanofibers and CNTs, the hybrid FeSe2@TNCF/CNTs anode demonstrates long-term cycling stability and ultrafast pseudocapacitive sodium storage capability, with a specific capacity of 388.5 mAh/g delivered at 0.2 A/g after 1000 cycles. This work could provide inspiration for further research into the design and manufacture of high-performance materials for use in energy storage systems.

Field test on the mechanism of composite bucket foundation penetrating sandy silt overlying clay

Composite bucket foundation has been gradually applied in China, involving six tilting supports to connect an upper pillar with a lower suction bucket with even honeycomb components separated by bulkheads. However, there are limited field measurements for such new type of offshore wind turbine foundation structure currently. In this study, field test campaign is launched to investigate the evolution of critical parameters for composite bucket foundation during the penetration process in soils. Results indicate that the coefficient of lateral pressure on the exterior skirt increases dramatically when traversing a shallow sandy silt layer, and the maximum value is approximately 2.81 times the passive soil pressure coefficient; the presence of negative pressure within the bucket causes a coefficient of lateral pressure on the interior skirt within the range between active and passive pressure coefficients. Nonetheless, as the penetration depth increases, the muddy-silty clay layer inside the bucket prevents further generation of seepage channels. By comparing the volume of seawater discharged from the bucket with its penetration volume into the mud surface, it is found that the bucket is under an over-speed penetration state. This study serves to promote the understanding of self-weight and negative pressure penetration mechanism for composite bucket foundation.

The properties of sustainable aviation fuel I: Spray characteristics

This study measures the spray penetration, spray angle and spray volume of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) experimentally using an optical constant volume combustion chamber under different ambient temperatures, injection pressures, and ambient pressures. The results show that when the ambient temperature increases from 200 °C to 300 °C, the spray penetration decreases by ∽10%–20%, while it further decreases by ∽40%–50% when the temperature increases from 300 °C to 400 °C. Furthermore, the spray penetration of SAF will reach its stable stage fastest at 400 °C. As the ambient temperature increases, the spray angle and spray volume of SAF decreased by 10%–20% and 50%, respectively. In addition, the spray penetration and spray volume of SAF increased by 10% and 20%, respectively, with an increase in injection pressure at 200 °C. An increase in injection pressure at 400 °C causes the decrease in spray penetration and spray volume of SAF by 20%, and both of them showed increasing and decreasing trends at the stable stage. Thus, increase in injection pressure has little effect on the spray angle. Moreover, the spray penetration and spray volume of SAF showed a decreasing trend on increasing ambient pressure, but significant effect was observed at a high temperature of 400 °C than at a low temperature of 200 °C. Conversely, the spray angle of SAF showed an increasing trend with an increase in ambient pressure, but this influence was larger at a low temperature of 200 °C than that at a high temperature of 400 °C.

Effects of in-nozzle liquid fuel vortex cavitation on characteristics of flow and spray: Numerical research

The current work studies the dynamics of vortex cavitation under various conditions, including the pressure and orifice number, and their effects on the nozzle flow and spray characteristics using a modified cavitation model considering the swirling flow. Its validation against experimental data has demonstrated a high precision of the code in terms of vortex cavitation inside the nozzles. The higher the inlet pressure, the higher the mass flow rate and discharge coefficient, but the weaker the vortex cavitation; while the vortex cavitation intensity decreases, the discharge coefficient increases and the mass flow rate is almost constant with increasing back pressure. Moreover, under the influence of vortex cavitation, the primary jet liquid spreading angle, spray penetration, and spray volume coefficient increase first and then decrease with increasing inlet pressure; with an increase of back pressure, however, the primary jet liquid spreading angle increases, the spray penetration vice versa. Additionally, once the inner well-organized large-scale longitudinal vortices are destroyed, the vortex cavitation will not incept, which induces a larger discharge coefficient and spray penetration, but a smaller primary jet liquid spreading angle as a result. The swirling flow in the multi-hole nozzle is inhibited; hence, vortex cavitation is difficult.

Experimental investigation of the combined impact of backpressure with the pintle dynamic on the hydrogen spray exiting a medium pressure DI outward-opening injector

A vast scientific literature has shed light on hydrogen as a promising vector for carbon-free mobility. Within this scope, over the last few decades several efforts were directed towards the characterization of hydrogen spray, given its significant influence on the combustion efficiency. Nevertheless, several aspects underlying the hydrogen spray development are still far from being fully understood. This framework prompted the authors to undertake a robust experimental campaign, performing hydrogen injections over a wide range of injection settings. In this study, the schlieren method was utilized to capture the image of jets performed at injection pressure of 3.6 MPa and exiting an outward-opening injector. Afterwards, the spray images were processed by means of an in-home developed Matlab script. In order to assess the spray characteristics, such as the penetration length, area and volume, the analysis of the results was focused on the combined impact of backpressure, ranging from 0.12 to 1.5 MPa, with current profile determining the pintle dynamic. Besides, a qualitative analysis of the injection setting impact on the shock wave position was carried out. In the light of emerged findings, the research serves as a further baseline for forthcoming research activities dealing with hydrogen spray.

Experimental and Numerical Simulation on the Penetration for Basic Magnesium Sulfate Cement Concrete.

The penetration resistance of the new material Basic Magnesium Sulfate Cement (BMSC) is studied through comprehensive application of an experimental and numerical simulation method. This paper consists of three parts. The first part introduces the preparation of Basic Magnesium Sulfate Cement Concrete (BMSCC) and the study of its dynamic mechanical properties. In the second part, on-site testing was carried out on both BMSCC and an ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPCC) target, and the anti-penetration performance of the two materials was analyzed and compared from three aspects: penetration depth, crater diameter and volume, and failure mode. In the last part, the numerical simulation analysis was carried out based on LS-DYNA, and the effects of factors, such as material strength and penetration velocity on the penetration depth, are analyzed. According to the results, the BMSCC targets have better penetration resistance performance than OPCC under the same conditions, mainly manifested in smaller penetration depth, smaller crater diameter and volume, as well as fewer cracks.

Effects of membrane compliance on the normal-scale triaxial cyclic liquefaction test results of saturated coral sand

Correctly evaluating the membrane penetration and compliance effects in the element liquefaction test of saturated coral sand is important for test result applications. Therefore, the penetration volume measurement and triaxial cyclic liquefaction testing of saturated coral sand and quartz sand samples with the same grading and relative density were conducted for relatively loose and dense states, and the liquefaction resistance test results before and after membrane compliance correction were analyzed. The results showed that under the same conditions, the influence of the penetration and compliance of coral sand samples was more significant than that of the quartz sand samples. The general practice of ignoring the effect of membrane compliance in normal-scale triaxial tests is inapplicable in coral sand tests and will result in relatively unsafe analysis results.

Modeling of temporary cavity in ballistic gelatin based on spherical cavity expansion model

To investigate the expansion mechanism of the temporary cavity produced by high-speed penetrators into ballistic gelatin, a dynamic spherical-cavity-expansion model for gelatin targets was proposed with consideration of the outer boundary size. The theoretical solution of the cavity radial stress was obtained and the energy conversion and conservation relation during the cavity expansion process was established. The influence of the finite boundary to the solutions of the cavity radial stress and the deformation energy in the medium was analyzed. The energy conversion and conservation relation was applied to penetration process of high-speed penetrators into soft targets and regarded as the temporary cavity expansion model. This model is a nonlinear first order differential equation about the cavity radius, which can be solved numerically to obtain the variation of temporary cavity volume with time. Experimental results of high-speed penetrators (bullets and fragment simulating projectile with different shapes) penetrating into ballistic gelatin were analyzed. Temporary cavity results of rhombic fragment simulating projectiles were used to estimate the parameters in the model. Then, model predictions were compared with the temporary cavity results of bullets, spheres and cylinders to verify the reliability of the model. It was found that: (1) if the ratio of the cavity radius to the initial target boundary radius exceeds 0.62, the error caused by ignoring the boundary size effect will exceed 10%; (2) Model predictions for temporary cavity volume of penetration produced by various penetrators are shown to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results.

A novel optimization method for geological drilling vertical well

Geological drilling is an important means for exploration of the earth. Due to the nonlinearity and coupling, geological drilling is accompanied by low efficiency and safety, and difficult to accurately predict the drilling states. Moreover, the vertical well trajectory needs to follow the plumb line. A novel optimization method is proposed to solve these problems. First, working conditions are identified by fuzzy C-means clustering method and corresponding adjustment ranges of operating variables are refined for optimization. Meanwhile, support vector regression and hybrid bat algorithm are employed to construct reliable models for mud pit volume (MPV) and rate of penetration (ROP). Then, how to improve safety and efficiency is converted to a two-objective problem, that is to suppress MPV fluctuations and improve ROP with vertical well constraints. Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II is invoked to solve this problem, and the appropriate solution is selected by two references points. Moreover, a short-time scale and long-time scale optimization strategy is introduced to cope with different adjustment interval of operating variables. Finally, the simulation results based on actual drilling data, application results in a semi-physical experiment system and comparison results from a vertical well verify the effectiveness and practicability for the developed method.

Multi-objective planning for optimal exploitation of surface and groundwater resources through development of an optimized cropping pattern and artificial recharge system

A multi-objective modeling platform consisting of the simulator-optimizer model_1th and optimizer model_2th was developed in this study. HEC-HMS was used for flood routing and artificial recharge and the multi-objective genetic algorithm(NSGA-II) was applied for the integrated use of water resources. Net profit, cropping pattern, irrigation consumption, and gross irrigation demand for an aquifer were optimized using NSGA-II. The objective functions of 1th-model include minimizing the lack of supply and maximizing the volume of penetration in the artificial recharge system and the objective functions of 2th_model include maximizing net profit and minimizing agricultural water consumption. The total volume of optimal recharge increased by 70 MCM and the total volume of available water decreased by 29%. In addition, results have shown the cropland area, water consumption, and optimal water demand were reduced by 20, 50, and 20%, respectively. The results confirm the multi-objective modeling is very effective in achieving the research objectives.

Application Tip and Concentration of a Self-mixing Bleach: Hydrogen Peroxide Inside the Pulp Chamber, Color Change, and Amount of Bleaching Gel Used.

The objective of this study was to evaluate if the application method (tip with brush or tip without brush) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) concentration (6% or 35% self-mixing) of in-office bleaching gel influences the penetration of HP into the pulp chamber, color change, and the amount of bleaching gel used. Forty healthy premolars were randomly divided into the following five groups (n=8): no treatment; HP6% using a tip with a brush, HP6% using a tip without a brush, HP35% using a tip with a brush, and HP35% using a tip without a brush. After treatments, the HP concentration (μg/mL) within the pulp chamber was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The color change (ΔEab, ΔE00, and ΔWID) was evaluated using a digital spectrophotometer. The amount of gel used (g) in each group was measured using a precision analytical balance. Data from each test were submitted to parametric tests (α=0.05). The tip with a brush resulted in a lower amount of HP inside the pulp chamber and less gel used when compared with the tip without a brush, regardless of HP concentration (p<0.05). However, regarding the tip used, although no significant difference was observed when HP35% was used (p>0.05), a higher whitening effect was observed when the 6% HP was applied without a brush as opposed to with a tip brush (p<0.05). The use of a tip with a brush, regardless of the in-office bleaching gel concentration (6% or 35% self-mixing), presented a lower penetration and lower volume of spent gel when compared to a tip without brush. However, the whitening effect depended on the concentration of HP used.

Analysis of the Curative Effect of Curved Angle Vertebroplasty in the Treatment of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Percutaneous curved vertebroplasty (PCVP) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture of the thoracolumbar spine. Retrospective analysis of 113 patients with osteoporotic vertebral compressive fractures (OVCFs) in our hospital from January 2017 to January 2020, a total of 120 diseased vertebrae, were divided into PCVP group (35 cases, 37 sections) and bilateral PVP(BVP) group (78 cases, 83 sections). To compare the distribution of baseline clinical data, pain relief (Visual Analog Scale, VAS), ODI (Oswestry Dability Index, ODI), operation time, intraoperative fluoroscopy, postoperative vertebral body re-fracture, and comparison of bone, and to compare the volume of cement penetration and the leakage rate of bone cement, etc. There was no significant difference in VAS and ODI before operation between the two groups (P > 0.05), and the VAS score and ODI after operation were significantly improved (P < 0.001). Compared with the bilateral PVP group, the operation time, the number of fluoroscopy, and the leakage rate of each layer of bone cement in the PCVP group were significantly reduced (P < 0.05); however, the amount of cement used in the two groups was similar (P > 0.05). There were no serious complications in both groups. In the bilateral PVP group, a total of seven patients had adjacent vertebral fractures or re-fractures of the original vertebral body. However, no patients in the PCVP group had re-fractures in any vertebral body segment. Both PCVP and bilateral PVP are safe and effective methods for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, but PCVP has a short operation time, fewer fluoroscopy times, and a low bone cement leakage rate.

Corrosion detection of reinforced concrete structures based on microwave nondestructive technique

The corrosion of rebars will change the mechanical properties of the reinforced concrete structure, leading to the decline in the structural strength, which seriously threatens the safety and stability of buildings and power equipment foundations. Hence, it is of great significance to detect the internal corrosion of reinforced concrete structures. In this paper, a nondestructive detection method for detecting the corrosion in reinforced concrete structures based on microwave was proposed, and the corrosion state of rebar can be evaluated by the change of microwave information. Compared with other detection methods, microwave nondestructive detection has the advantages of low energy consumption, strong penetration, no contact, and small equipment volume and weight. In order to verify the effectiveness of the method, a microwave nondestructive detection simulation test platform was built and reinforced concrete test models with different corrosion lengths and depths were made. The influences of concrete parameters, the microwave frequency, and the lifting distance of the waveguide were analyzed. The frequency sweeping and moving scanning detection methods of the waveguide were carried out for the test models with different corrosion defects, and the changes of microwave S-parameters under different corrosion defects were obtained. The results show that when the waveguide is placed horizontally by the frequency sweeping detection method, the corrosion length detection effect of rebar is better. When the waveguide is placed vertically by the frequency sweeping detection method, the corrosion depth can be identified and the amplitude of transmission coefficient increases with the increase in the corrosion depth. The corrosion length of rebars can be identified quantitatively by the moving scanning detection method of the waveguide.

A facile method for fabricating super-slippery surface with long term and high-efficiency sustained release performance

Slippery liquid infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) process potential applications in surface liquid repellency, self-cleaning and anti-adhesion, while exhibiting long-term and stable release of lubricants is remaining a great challenge. Herein, an efficient liquid injection method was proposed to construct SLIPS by altering the surface energy and adjusting the inner porous structure using the facile method of direct UV irradiation. The infusion efficiency and release behavior were significantly improved and verified with various techniques such as wetting measurement, confocal fluorescence microscopy and optical microscopy. It was found that the infusion and release behavior of lubricants were varied for different specimens with different UV irradiation time. Compared to the prime substrate, PDMS treated with 90 min UV irradiation showed the highest volume of lubricant penetration which was increased almost by 833 %. Additionally, the amount of infusion consisted with the surface energy and specimens with moderate wetting exhibited the most effective lubricating performance. For the sample with 90 min UV irradiation, an ultra-low friction coefficient of 0.018 was observed under water lubrication and its releasing could be detected even after a long period of 768 h. Our results provided a facile method for the future development of long-term lubricating surfaces which may broaden their applications in fields of anti-corrosion, anti-icing and anti-fog, anti-fouling, micro-flow control and oil-water ultra-slippery occasions.