Volume Of Milk Production Research Articles

Analytical monitoring of milk production in Ukraine

Introduction. The dairy industry is socially oriented, and its products should provide Ukrainian consumers with high-quality and nutritious dairy food products. Together with the products of other processing branches of the agro-industrial complex, these are the basis of ensuring food security. Among the branches of the food industry, the dairy industry ranks fourth in terms of the volume of industrial products sold. The population's well-being depends not only on the effective development of the dairy industry but also on reducing social tensions. The article aims to analyze the state of milk production by category of farms in Ukraine. The research process applied the methods of comparison, analysis, theoretical generalization, and logical generalization. The dialectical research method became the methodological basis. The article analyzes the dynamics of milk production in all categories of farms and finds out that there was a significant decrease in it due to military operations, the deterioration of the state of cattle feeding, the increase in the cost of raw material production due to the increase in prices for electricity, fuel, and logistics services was established. The main problems of the dairy industry are substantiated by the low level of technological equipment of dairies, outdated equipment, underdevelopment of the market infrastructure, low level of supply of raw materials and capacity utilization, low quality of final products of dairy industry enterprises; limitation of the possibility of broad differentiation of the assortment due to the low quality of raw materials; decrease in demand for processing products due to the low purchasing power of the population of the region, in particular rural areas; high level of competition from powerful enterprises equipped with modern equipment and technologies. In the raw materials market, district-scale enterprises face significant competition from leading enterprises in large cities, which can offer higher purchase prices to agricultural producers. Conditions for increasing the volume of milk production in modern conditions are proposed and substantiated. Keywords: production indicators, milk, dairy industry, annual yield, cattle.

РОЗВИТОК МОЛОЧНОЇ ПРОМИСЛОВОСТІ УКРАЇНИ: РЕАЛІЇ, ВИКЛИКИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The current state, realities and development trends of the dairy industry of Ukraine are revealed. The main losses of the dairy industry during the war are identified. They are: 39 enterprises are located in the occupied territories, a decrease in livestock in the population sector, an increase in falsification, the growth of the shadow market (more than 20%), the complication and increase in the cost of export logistics, EU fears about threats from exports from of Ukraine. The analysis of the main indicators of the development of the dairy industry in Ukraine was carried out and a decrease in the number of milk processing enterprises, the volume of milk production and the volume of milk processing was revealed. A decrease in the share of milk production by households was established, which is caused by a decrease in the number of cattle in the households due to insufficient support for dairy farming from the state (as a result, a shortage of dairy raw materials restrains the development of the dairy industry). The export-import activity of the dairy industry was analyzed and a decrease in imports due to the outflow of immigrants abroad and changes in the exchange rate and growth in the volume of exports of dairy raw materials was revealed. The situation is especially threatening for those producers who produce cheese, because the specific weight of cheese in imports is 70%. It was revealed that increasing of export of dairy products without Ukrainian ports had become a difficult test for the dairy industry. Thanks to the strong cooperation of state authorities with European partners, Ukrainian companies found new sales markets and were able to increase the volume of goods on the EU market significantly. Prospects for the development of the dairy industry have been identified, effective measures at the legislative, macro- and micro levels regarding the revival of the Ukrainian dairy industry have been suggested and substantiated. It is founded that in order to rebuild and ensure the effective development of the dairy industry, it is first of all necessary to make changes at the legislative level, in particular to the Tax Code, to reduce the VAT for all dairy products, to cancel the VAT for imported innovative equipment, to promote the support of the industry at the state level, namely to focus on construction and reconstruction of livestock and processing complexes; to create opportunities under which enterprises will be able to produce milk in accordance with European sanitary standards.

Молочный подкомплекс: подходы к оценке и направления повышения эффективности

The food supply to the population is a priority and shows high importance for the economic state of Russia. An important issue in this regard is the production of milk and dairy products in accordance with established medical standards at a sufficient level. Consumers increasingly need milk and dairy products, but statistics show that over ten years in our country the annual volume of milk production has remained virtually unchanged. In these conditions, the issues of finding ways to increase milk production volumes, both at the level of individual business units and at the level of this strategically significant subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex, which is dairy, as a whole, are becoming increasingly urgent. The article discusses approaches to assessing the functioning of the dairy subcomplex and formulates scientifically based directions for increasing its efficiency.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FETAL ATTACHMENT RETENTION IN INTENSIVELY BREEDING COWS

"The evolution of the puerperium is conditioned by the course of parturition - eutopic or dystocic, but also by possible placental retention or uterine atony and not rarely by infection with bacterial germs. After parturition, energy consumption increases with uterine involution, the volume of milk production and the needs determined by local and general self-defence. The puerperal period is one of the most important stages in the reproductive cycle of cows. Early and correct diagnosis of conditions during this period can lead to appropriate and more effective treatment regimens. Research in the literature indicates that special attention should be paid to high milk-producing females, especially in the intensive breeding system, as it is known that some diseases can easily develop in the genital tract during the puerperal period. An important aspect of reproduction in cows is sterility or inability to reproduce due to incurable lesions of the genital tract following dystocic parturitions. The aim of this paper is to complete the existing research and studies in the literature with some major aspects of reproductive pathology in cows, namely to highlight some of the factors that can generate the anaesthesia syndrome. In the first year of observation (2021), the incidence of fetal adnexal retention was 12.4% of the 242 cows monitored, and in 2022 out of a total of 270 cows, 9.6% of females were diagnosed with this condition. Analyzing the incidence of fetal appendix retention by calendar month, it was found that in 2021 no cases were reported in August, one case (0.4%) was recorded in June and July, and the highest level was recorded in February, 2.5%. In 2022, similar incidence of fetal appendage retention was recorded including the highest level of 1.8% being reported also in February. The incidence of fetal attachment retention in cows correlates with the level of milk production per lactation increasing progressively with the volume of milk production. Thus, in the year 2021 in cows with milk production ranging between 5000-5500 liters of milk/lactation the lowest level was obtained, i.e. 0.8% of fetal attachment retention.in the herd of 26 monitored females. Of the 45 cows with milk production between 7001-7500 l milk/lactation 3.3% of the females showed fetal attachment retention."

State support of the dairy industry and prospects for its development in the post-war period

Purpose. The article aims – to identify current trends, determine the level of state support and prospects for the development of the dairy industry in Ukraine in the post-war period, taking into account cooperation with the EU.
 Methodology / approach. The research was conducted using the comparison method with the nearest EU country – Poland. The analysis of indicators of the development of the dairy industry was carried out on the basis of the data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Poland, Eurostat, and Statista company using methods of relative values, a series of dynamics.
 Results. Analysis of the dynamics of the main dairy industry indicators in Ukraine revealed a long-term trend towards a decrease in milk production volumes. During 1990–2021, the volume of milk production decreased by 3 times, and the number of cows decreased by 5 times. Since 2020, the dairy industry has shifted from being export-oriented to becoming dependent on imports. On the other hand, Poland, which is geographically and climatically close to Ukraine, shows the opposite dynamics of the dairy industry development. Studying the functioning of the dairy sector in Poland revealed a high level of state financial support and fiscal stimulation. The study shows that the financial support of the dairy industry of Ukraine is noticeably insufficient, and the fiscal stimulation provided is inadequate. Moreover, the efficiency of managing budget funds is low. The situation is further complicated by the ongoing military aggression from russia. Considering the constraints of state funding, it is suggested that the array of instruments for supporting animal husbandry should be tailored based on the scale of entrepreneurial entities involved; differentiation in the provision of state support should also apply to agricultural producers in the de-occupied territories. In order to fully and promptly manage the amount of financing, it is necessary to speed up the procedure for distributing funds between areas and approving financial documentation; it is expedient to consider the possibility of payments for the keeping dairy cattle for small business entities without the need for coordination with the main manager of funds.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The obtained results allow a deeper investigation of the main development issues of the Ukrainian dairy industry in the pre-war period and under martial law in the context of further European integration.
 Practical value / implications. The study’s findings can be the basis for further scientific research in the direction of developing a comprehensive set of measures to stimulate Ukraine’s dairy industry. This is of particular importance in the post-war period promoting the restoration of food security.

Analysis of the state and prospects of milk production and dairy products in Ukraine in the post-war period

The indicators of recent years demonstrate stability and high results in milk production at agricultural enterprises. The relevance is confirmed by the fact that milk production and its optimization are key aspects of the economic development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine in the post-war period, because dairy farming is a system-forming branch of agriculture that opens up new opportunities for the formation of promising business development vectors. The purpose of the article is to analyse the problems and prospects of economic aspects of the efficiency of resource use and optimization of milk production in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine in the post-war period. The research used the following methods: induction and deduction, synthesis, theoretical generalization, statistical analysis, comparative analysis, modelling. The links of inconsistency between resources, production of dairy products and the capabilities of enterprises, state policy, the level, and norms of consumption of milk and dairy products by the population in the post-war period are studied. Accordingly, the dynamics of production, export, sales, stages of production, peculiarities of cooperation and import of basic dairy products were considered. A direct connection between the production and consumption of milk, the dependence of the demand and consumption of milk and dairy products on the level of total income of households has been established. Based on this, the work presents a full description of the dairy industry in Ukraine, the volume of milk production in the pre-war period and prospects for development in the post-war period. A systematic study of the market properties of various types of dairy products of Ukraine using SWOT and PEST analysis is given in general. In order to improve the state of the market of milk and dairy products of Ukraine, appropriate proposals have been formulated. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that its results can be used as a basis for the development of technologies for the use of milk production resources in the post-war period, as well as in the work of specialists in the agro-industrial and economic sectors

РАЗВИТИЕ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РОССИИ И НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЕГО КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ НА МЕЖДУНАРОДНОМ РЫНКЕ

The agriculture of the Russian Federation is an important part of the national economy, the basis for ensuring the country’s food security. The development of agriculture is influenced by both internal factors (climate, economy, labor resources, state support for the industry, etc.) and external factors (sanctions from unfriendly countries, world market prices, etc.). The importance of increasing the competitiveness of the Russian agricultural industry in the international market has increased with the launch of a special military operation in 2022, as it has faced new challenges. As a result of large-scale political pressure from unfriendly states, the country was cut off from imports of equipment, spare parts, technologies and seeds necessary for the agro-industrial sector, supply chains were disrupted, prices for imported goods increased, and problems arose with exports. Despite these difficulties, Russian agriculture, despite the decline in crop production, due to the growth of indicators in dairy and meat animal husbandry, shows a steady increase in total production. So, in comparison with 2017, the volume of milk production by 2021 increased by 7%, and meat of all types - by 10%. The level of self-sufficiency of the Russian Federation in 2021 exceeded the threshold levels of the Food Security Doctrine for the production of grain, sugar, meat and meat products; below the threshold level was the production of potatoes, milk and dairy products, vegetables and gourds, fruits and berries. Also, a positive moment in the development of the agricultural sector is the increase in the volume of exports of the industry’s products both in kind and in monetary terms, the structure of exports has improved, where there are more and more products of processed agricultural raw materials. However, at present, the sanctions of unfriendly countries have a negative impact on the development of agriculture in the Russian Federation and on its competitiveness in the international market. To solve the problems of the industry, it is necessary to strengthen state support for agricultural producers, aimed at increasing investment and innovation activity in the industry, developing import substitution (creating new industries) and ensuring food security.

THE STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF MILK PRODUCTION IN RUSSIA

The Russian milk and dairy products producing and consumption's analysis per year: the milk production's volume in the country amounted to 32,2 million tons in 2021, consumption - 240 kg per person is given. The number of Russian cattle (including cows) in comparative assessment in 2012-2021 is presented; the cows' share in 2021 was decreased till 43,6% in compared to 43,9% in 2020. Comparing the number of cows' indicators by Russian farms' category in 2020-2021, it can be noted that they have not changed. The shares of Russian federal districts-milk producers in the milk total volume production in 2021 are given. The largest milk producer is the Volga Federal District, whose total share in 2021 was 30,7%. Milk production's indicators are presented: milk yield per 1 cow in 2021 in agricultural organizations amounted to 7162 kg, in 2020 this indicator was 6879 kg. The main raw milk domestic producers' rating has been compiled. The milk production volume of the top ten rating in 2021 amounted to 2,9 million tons. The dairy production's role in country's food security ensuring was noted. In the Russian domestic market, there is a steady growth in raw milk production. The dairy industry active support from the state contributes has to the positive dynamics in 2021 the state allocated more than 30,0 billion rubles for dairy industry developing.

Organizational and economic principles of the formation of an offer for the milk market in Ukraine

Introduction. Despite the important role of the livestock industry in ensuring the food security of the country, it is currently in a critical state. During the period of reforming the agrarian sector of Ukraine, a significant structural restructuring took place in public production, intra-industry and inter-industry relations changed, and new market economic approaches to the development of agricultural industries were formed. The most devastating blow and rapid destruction was experienced by dairy cattle breeding - one of the strategic branches of animal husbandry, which, in addition to providing the population with products of animal origin, creates conditions for the year-round functioning of production and maintenance of social stability in rural areas at the expense of population employment. Goal. Based on the generalization of research by scientists and the practical experience of business entities in the field of agrarian business, develop proposals for increasing the volume of milk production in Ukraine, in particular, by farms in the corporate sector of the agrarian economy. Method (methodology). The following methods of scientific knowledge were used in the research process: logical-analytical methods, in particular methods of analogy and comparison, induction and deduction, scientific abstraction - for theoretical generalization, clarification of the conceptual apparatus of the problem, formulation of conclusions; monographic - for a detailed study of individual elements of the studied phenomenon using the example of specific objects. The results. An analysis of milk production in farms of all forms of management was carried out, in particular in agricultural enterprises - the main supplier of milk for processing. The main factors that influenced the activities of the main milk producers in Ukraine in the conditions of martial law were established. Proposed recommendations for stimulating milk production and regulating relations between economic entities - participants in the chain of goods movement from the producer to the consumer.

Efektifitas Pijat Oketani dan Pijat Oksitosin dalam Meningkatkan Produksi Air Susu Ibu (ASI)

Breast care is done to improve blood circulation and prevent blockage of the milk ducts so as to expend milk. One of the breast treatments that can increase milk production is to do lactation massage, lactation massage types include oketani massage and oxytocin massage. Oketani massage is a breast massage that focuses on the areola and nipple area of the mother, this massage stimulates the strength of the pectoralis muscle to increase milk production so that the breasts become softer and more elastic. Oxytocin massage itself is a massage along the spine which is one solution to overcome the lack of smooth milk production. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of oketani massage and oxytocin massage in increasing the production of breast milk (ASI). This study uses quantitative research design with quasi experiment method, obtained samples using purposive sampling techniques as many as 34 respondents were divided into 2 groups of 17 respondents oketani massage and 17 respondents oxytocin massage. The measuring instrument used is an observation sheet of breast milk production volume with measurements before and after the action for 3 consecutive days. The statistical tests used are Wilcoxon test and Independent Sample T test. There is an effect of oketani massage and oxytocin massage on breast milk production with p value of 0.046 < ⑵ (0.05). The results of this study found that oketani massage and massage oxytocin effect in increasing breast milk production. This result is expected to be an alternative at the time of little milk production.

Genetic diversity analysis in dairy cows of Nariño, southwestern Colombia

In Colombia, different dairy breeds were introduced from Europe and the United States, which underwent different crossing and selection processes that generated specific qualities or differences and which likely have their own genomic structure. To characterize genetic diversity, population structure, and admixture, we used genotypes from 23,182 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 130 animals representing four dairy cattle breed groups from Nariño. In addition, we merged genotypes from 43,043 autosomal SNPs, from 137 animals from the Decker database (Decker et al., 2014) (DRYAD doi:10.5061/dryad.th092). After the quality control process of pruning the merged dataset, we were left with 7,475 autosomal SNPs shared by both databases of Nariño (127 samples) and Decker (135 samples). Genetic diversity levels were moderate in all breeds (average observed heterozygosity = 0.40). Based on the fixation index values, we conclude that Brahman individuals were more differentiated than the taurine breeds (-0.374 to 0.076 for Brown Swiss). Pairs between taurine breeds showed low genetic differentiation (0.011-0.479). Principal component analysis revealed that in both the Nariño and Decker databases, the taurine formed the most compact cluster compared with other breeds known not to share the same ancestry, and Jersey, Brown Swiss, and Normand individuals exhibited high similarity with Holstein individuals. Hierarchical cluster analysis with Admixture revealed that Brahman, Jersey, Normand, and Holstein from the Decker databases most of which were clustered together with the dairy breeds of the Nariño highland tropics are not able to create different groups, thus having greater similarity with each other. This can be explained by the crosses made by farmers to increase milk production volume, always based on the Holstein breed with semen of bulls from America and Canada. Detrimental impacts due to intensive selection might cause some specific traits from the region to be fixed in the offspring, which can influence their adaptive capacity to the highland tropics.

Evaluation and Forecasting of Increasing Competitiveness and Efficiency of Milk Production

The analysis of the state of milk production in the Russian Federation was carried out. The ways of increasing the volume of dairy production and the trends of its development in comparison with the countries that are the leading exporters of milk are determined. The contribution of productivity and livestock size to the volume of milk production has been established. The optimal milk yield was found depending on the cost of the cow's daily ration, which can be calculated for any farm.

Delayed secretory activation and low milk production in women with gestational diabetes: a case series

BackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is major pregnancy complication that is associated with short- and long-term consequences for both mother and infant, including increased risk of diabetes later in life. A longer breastfeeding duration has been associated with a reduced risk of diabetes, however, women with GDM are less likely to exclusively breastfeed and have shorter breastfeeding duration. While the timing of breastfeeding initiation and milk removal frequency affects subsequent breastfeeding outcomes, little is known about early infant feeding practices and milk production in women with GDM. This case series offers detailed prospective breastfeeding initiation data, as well as the first report of objective measures of milk production in women with GDM.Case presentationIn this case series, we present the early infant feeding practices of eight women with GDM that gave birth at term gestation. Women recorded the timing of initiation of breastfeeding and secretory activation, as well as their breastfeeding, expression and formula feeding frequencies on postpartum days 1, 7 and 21. Measurement of 24 h milk production volume was performed at 3 weeks postpartum using the test weight method. We observed a delayed first breastfeed (> 1 h) in 6 (75%) cases, formula use in hospital in 5 (63%) cases and delayed secretory activation in 3 (38%) cases. At 3 weeks postpartum, 2 cases had measured milk productions that were insufficient to sustain adequate infant weight gain.ConclusionsOur data suggest that despite early and frequent milk removal, women with GDM are at greater risk of delayed secretory activation and low milk supply. Cohort studies that consider co-morbidities such as obesity are needed to determine the lactation outcomes of women with GDM.

Relatedness of California Mastitis Test Scores and Bacteriological Plate Counts in the diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis in white Fulani cattle from selected dairy herds

Background Subclinical mastitis remains a major challenge in the dairy industries as it affects nutritional content of milk and milk products, volume of milk production and also leads to economic loss. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between California Mastitis Test (CMT) scores and bacteria counts in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. A total of 339 white Fulani cattle milk samples were aseptically collected from six geographical regions of Plateau State and screened for mastitis and bacteriological analysis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), Total Bacterial Count (TBC) and Total Coliform Count (TCC) methods respectively. Results The result of the study reveals that 31.0% of the milk samples were positive for mastitis. Based on the CMT scores, 61.9% of the samples were CMT negative, 7.1% were CMT trace while 6.5%, 11.5% and 13.0% were CMT +, CMT ++ and CMT +++ respectively. Most of the CMT negative samples (55.71%) were culture negative while almost all the CMT +++, were positive (90.91%) culture positive. A positive correlation was observed between CMT scores and plate counts (Total Bacteria count and Total Coliform Count). The Total Bacteria count ranged from 5.7x101 – 5.9x106 CFU/mL while the Total Coliform Count ranged from 0.6x101 – 3.0x105.CMT scores correlates well with bacteriological plate count of the mastitis milk samples. Conclusion There is a need for the improvement in quality and safety of dairy product because of public health risk associated with it

Relatedness of California Mastitis Test Scores and Bacteriological Plate Counts in the diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis in white Fulani cattle from selected dairy herds

Background Subclinical mastitis remains a major challenge in the dairy industries as it affects nutritional content of milk and milk products, volume of milk production and also leads to economic loss. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between California Mastitis Test (CMT) scores and bacteria counts in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. A total of 339 white Fulani cattle milk samples were aseptically collected from six geographical regions of Plateau State and screened for mastitis and bacteriological analysis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), Total Bacterial Count (TBC) and Total Coliform Count (TCC) methods respectively. Results The result of the study reveals that 31.0% of the milk samples were positive for mastitis. Based on the CMT scores, 61.9% of the samples were CMT negative, 7.1% were CMT trace while 6.5%, 11.5% and 13.0% were CMT +, CMT ++ and CMT +++ respectively. Most of the CMT negative samples (55.71%) were culture negative while almost all the CMT +++, were positive (90.91%) culture positive. A positive correlation was observed between CMT scores and plate counts (Total Bacteria count and Total Coliform Count). The Total Bacteria count ranged from 5.7x101 – 5.9x106 CFU/mL while the Total Coliform Count ranged from 0.6x101 – 3.0x105.CMT scores correlates well with bacteriological plate count of the mastitis milk samples. Conclusion There is a need for the improvement in quality and safety of dairy product because of public health risk associated with it.

GREEN BEANS JUICES FOR INCREASE THE EXPENDITURE VOLUME OF BREAST MILK IN POSTPARTUM-MOTHER

There is no special food or drink that can increase the volume of milk production. Green beans contain active compounds, namely polyphenols and flavonoids that function to increase the hormone prolactin. When the hormone prolactin increases, milk secretion will be maximized so that the quantity of breast milk will increase. Objective: Applying green bean juice to increase the volume of breast milk expenditure in postpartum mothers at PMB Aning Friyanti Methods: This research is qualitative descriptive with a case study approach. The participants were 5 post-partum mothers. The instrument used is an observation sheet. Data were obtained from interviews and observations. Results: After the application of green bean juice for 7 days. The volume of milk expenditure in postpartum mothers increased from 60% to 100% in the good category. Conclusion: The application of green bean juice is effective in increasing the volume of breastfeeding in postpartum mothers.

РОЗВИТОК МОЛОКОПЕРЕРОБНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ: ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ СТРАТЕГІЧНОГО МАРКЕТИНГОВОГО ПЛАНУВАННЯ

The article provides a detailed analysis of the daity industry of Ukraine. The prerequisites that determine the need for strategic marketing planning of dairy enterprises were indicated. The author singled out the necessity of researching the dairy industry, which is due to the following reasons: significant market capacity and development rates; marketing complications regarding the promotion of dairy products and seasonal fluctuations in demand; the unstable situation in the industry, which is associated with the unsatisfactory state of the raw material base and the uncompetitiveness of products. The significant increase in the cost of fuel and lubricants, the distance of dairies from the raw material base, the undeveloped structure of procurement points in rural areas, the increase in the cost of raw materials, the devaluation of the Ukrainian currency negatively affect the development of dairy enterprises and lead to a reduction in their production volumes. A detailed analysis of the trends in the development of the dairy industry in Ukraine made it possible to claim a reduction in the volume of milk production and various types of dairy products in Ukraine in the period 2013–2020 and to single out the main reasons: a reduction in the number of cows; increase in purchase prices for the main raw material – milk; a low level of capacity utilization as a result of an insufficient amount of raw materials; decrease in demand for dairy products due to the insufficiently high purchasing power of the population; a high level of competition from powerful enterprises equipped with modern equipment and technologies, etc. It was noted that the basis of the development of the dairy industry of Ukraine, and, in particular, milk processing enterprises, is the state support of this industry. It was proven that in order to maintain the existing market share, dairy enterprises must apply measures of publicity and sales promotion, combining their actions within the scope of the implementation of measures in the field of promotion.

Клиометрический подход к выявлению и анализу структурных сдвигов в сфере производства молока в России

The article presents the results of a study of the dynamics of milk production in Russia, conducted on the basis of a cliometric approach. The study used data on the average annual volume of milk production for the period from 1890 to 2022. The results of calculating the mass and shear rate in the field of milk production, obtained on the basis of determining the rate of dynamics of its production in Russia, are presented. The study revealed the factors and causes of structural shifts in the dairy subcomplex of the Russian economy in various chronological periods.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ РЫНКА МОЛОКА И МОЛОКОПРОДУКТОВ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The article deals with the consumption of milk and dairy products in the Russian Federation; the need for the use of tools and methods of state regulation of the milk market was emphasized in order to ensure food stability in the context of import substitution. The analysis of the balance of resources and use of milk and dairy products showed an increase in the production of imports and stocks. During the study of the current state of the milk market and its consumption, it was found that the production and consumption of milk per capita tends to increase. The level of self-sufficiency in milk both in the Russian Federation and in the context of the regions of the Central Chernozem region is also growing. An increase in consumer prices for milk and dairy products was noted. It was revealed that the development of livestock industries, especially dairy, is influenced by a number of factors associated with limited opportunities to enter export markets due to the presence of strict requirements for veterinary documentation. A disproportion has been found between the growth in the cost of production and processing of agricultural products and retail prices, which will contribute to a slowdown in the growth of the raw materials and processing sector. The effectiveness of the implementation of the State Program in 2020 is quite high, since the agro-industrial complex in general and dairy cattle breeding in particular have demonstrated resistance to the influence of external factors, the possibility of ensuring the country's food security. In dairy cattle breeding, the negative trend in overall milk production has been overcome, which is the result of targeted state support for this sub-sector within the framework of the State Program. In conclusion, effective mechanisms for increasing the volume of milk production and the formation of an investment-attractive sub-sector are proposed.

TRENDS OF FUNCTIONING AND DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY INDUSTRIES OF UKRAINE

Introduction. The dairy industry is a strategically important part of Ukraine's industry. Milk, as a staple food, is an integral part of a healthy human diet. Recently, there has been a negative situation in the food sector of the country, in particular in the milk market, which is the result of reduced quality raw materials, high costs of dairy production. However, Ukraine has significant potential to stabilize, gradually develop and increase export flows of industrial production. Methods. In the process of research a number of methods were used: abstract and logical - to formulate conclusions; comparative analysis - to compare indicators and identify trends in their change; tabular - for a visual representation of the results of the study; statistical - in determining the variation in the volume of milk production; calculation and design - to calculate the level of self-sufficiency in milk in the regions of Ukraine; monographic - detailing the current state and problems of the dairy industry of Ukraine. Results. The current state and trends in the functioning of the raw material base of the dairy industry of Ukraine are studied. Retrospective tendencies of consumption of milk and dairy products are determined, the rating of regions of Ukraine on the level of self-sufficiency in milk is established. The state and structural changes in the sphere of production, export and import of dairy products are investigated. Discussion. Further successful development of the dairy industry of Ukraine depends on the unification and consolidation of efforts of the main actors of the dairy market: milk producers, processors, suppliers of machinery and feed for the dairy industry and the state. The combination of state support measures and companies' efforts will make it possible to maintain food security of the country, to provide the population of Ukraine with high-quality dairy products, to reduce imports, to introduce advanced resource-saving technologies. Prospects for further research are the analysis of the dynamics and trends in the development of dairy enterprises and their economic efficiency. Keywords: dairy industry, milk and dairy production, major dairy producers, export and import of dairy products, trends and prospects for the development of the dairy industry.