Irrigation Volume Research Articles

Irrigation efficiency depending on water cost

The article provides an analytical review of the achieved crop yields under irrigation in experimental and production conditions. For today, the best production experience in the use of irrigated land indicates that, subject to all agrotechnical requirements, the yield of early grain crops reaches 8-10 t / ha, corn - 10-14 t / ha, oilseeds - 4-6 t / ha, vegetable crops - over 60 t / ha, which is about 90% of their productivity achieved in the experiments of scientific institutions. The comparative assessment of grain production in different climatic zones of Ukraine for the period of the most intense climatic change shows that over the past thirty years, the share of grain production in the Steppe zone has decreased from 45 to 35% of the total in Ukraine. The analysis of service cost for the transportation of water for irrigation in the southern regions of Ukraine is given. It was revealed that, despite a unified standard method for calculating the cost of water transportation, its price varies significantly by operational units of the State Agency for Water Resources of Ukraine. The main factors of fluctuations in the cost and fees for the transportation services of water for irrigation are the budgetary funding level of operating organizations, providing these services, the number of water transfers, the volume of actual irrigation on irrigated lands, the share of irrigated areas in the service area.
 The economic assessment of irrigation efficiency when having different water and other technological costs, taking into account the depreciation of capital investments, indicates that having a water price of 4,0-5,0 UAH/m3, the gross profit from growing the most profitable field crops is 35-40 % higher than the efficiency in rainfed agriculture. At the cost of water is 3,0-3,5 UAH/m3 and the use of the production capacity of the inter-farm irrigation network by 60-70%, financial prerequisites will be created for the effective operation of these networks.

Liquid volume and squeeze force effects on nasal irrigation using Volume of Fluid modelling

For various sinonasal conditions, including chronic rhinosinusitis, saline irrigation is an accepted standard-of-care treatment. This study was aimed at determining the effect of increased irrigation volumes and greater squeeze force on mucosal irrigation. A sinonasal cavity computational model was reconstructed from high-resolution CT scans of a healthy, unoperated 25-year old female. Seven combinations of irrigation volumes (70, 150, 200, and 400 mL) and squeeze forces (ramp time 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 s) at a fixed head tilt of 0 degrees to the horizontal (Frankfort position) were performed. Velocity, pressure, and wall shear stress, together with mapping of surface coverage and residual volumes at specific locations and time were demonstrated. Higher volume irrigation (400 mL) and greater squeeze force (ramp time 0.1 s) improved irrigation coverage on the ipsilateral and contralateral sinonasal surfaces and increased shear force (approximately 140 Pa). An increase in irrigation volume from 70 to 150 mL approximately doubled sinus surface coverage and from 70 to 200 mL tripled sinus surface coverage. A faster squeeze also contributed to increased sinus surface coverage but its effect was less influential. We infer that the greater irrigation volume and squeeze force improve therapeutic benefit in terms of lavage and distribution of topical medications.

Effect of different irrigation levels on quality parameters of 'Honeycrisp' apples.

Water shortage is the main factor affecting agricultural production in the vast arid and semi-arid areas of northern China. Using proper irrigation methods can optimize the efficiency of water use and improve the quality of agricultural products. This study investigated the effect of different irrigation levels on the quality of 'Honeycrisp' apples grown in the Loess Plateau of northern China. Different irrigation levels were applied to the 'Honeycrisp' apple trees via root irrigation using ceramic emitters that provide saturation levels of 75-90%θf (S1, where θf is the field capacity), 60-75%θf (S2), 45-50%θf (S3) and no irrigation treatment (CK). Compared to the apples from the CK group, the water content, transverse diameter, individual fruit weight and titratable acid content of S1 and S2 group apples increased significantly. However, their hardness, soluble solids and total sugar content decreased significantly. The phenolic acid content of apples also changed with the irrigation levels. The chlorogenic acid content of apples increased with increased irrigation volume, while the hyperoside, protocatechuic acid and caffeic acid content decreased. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of fruits were the highest in S2 group apples. They also had the strongest ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging capacities. The volume of irrigation applied through ceramic emitters significantly impacted the quality of 'Honeycrisp' apples grown in loess areas. Considering water conservation and improving fruit quality, the most suitable ceramic root irrigation level was observed to be 60-75%θf (S2). © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

A Variable Rate Drip Irrigation Prototype for Precision Irrigation

A new Variable Rate Drip Irrigation (VRDI) emitter that monitors individual water drops was designed, built, and tested. This new emitter controllers water application directly by monitoring the volume applied in contrast to uniform drip irrigation systems that control water application indirectly by pressure compensation and operational times. Prior approaches assumed irrigation volumes based on flow rates and time and typically did not verify the applied amount of water applied at each water outlet. The new VRDI emitter self-monitors the total volume of water applied and halts the flow once the desired total water application has been achieved. This study performed a test for a new VRDI emitter design with two inner diameters of 0.11 cm and 0.12 cm and two outer diameters 0.3 cm and 0.35 cm compared to a commercial drip emitter. Laboratory tests verify that the integrated volume measurements of the VRDI system are independent of pressure. Conversely, the flow rates of the commercial pressure-compensated drip lines were not independent of pressure. These results demonstrate that this form of VRDI is technically feasible and is shown to be energy efficient, requiring lower system operating pressures than pressure-compensated lines. The VRDI system can reduce water consumption and related water costs.

Tracking and modelling water percolation process in modern intensive farming loess terraces

Loess slopes along the Yellow River in China are prone to failure in response to intensive irrigation. Existing studies found that the wetting front depth subjected to intensive farming water could barely reach 6 m in loess terrace. Long-term field monitoring revealed that irrigation water takes a short time to recharge the groundwater. Yet the dynamic process and mechanism of irrigation water percolation through thick unsaturated loess remains unrevealed. To address this problem, the Heifangtai terrace was selected as the study area and a series of unique full-scale controlled field irrigation experiments were carried out combined with numerical modelling. The variations in water content, pore-water pressure, and electrical resistivity over time were monitored. From the field testing, the unsaturated stratified loess layer could be divided into two vadose zones based on the water percolation characteristics, namely, transient flow zone (0–6.5 m) and steady flow zone (>6.5 m). Variation in water content presented a hysteresis effect in the transient flow zone compared with the steady flow zone. In the whole seepage process, the vertical percolation rate of 0.5 m/day was double that of the horizontal percolation rate. Furthermore, the irrigation water percolating process was modelled using a finite element code, PANDAS, which was validated by the field testing. Numerical simulation results demonstrated that the movement of wetting front was hampered by the air outflow within transient flow zone and that irrigation water reached the deep groundwater table through the thick unsaturated stratified loess within 100 days, which was consistent with the field monitoring data. This research aids in a better understanding of the irrigation water percolation process in unsaturated stratified loess in the loess region.

The correlation between intraoperative saline irrigation volume and postoperative drainage volume and short-term efficacy in single-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion.

This study aimed to explore: (I) the effect of different intraoperative saline irrigation volumes on postoperative drainage volume, drainage tube removal time, and short-term efficacy in single-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF); and (II) the recommended intraoperative saline irrigation volume. A total of 120 patients with lumbar degenerative diseases who underwent single-level PLIF between January 2013 and December 2019 were enrolled. Based on the average total postoperative drainage volume, the patients were divided into 2 groups: group A (total postoperative drainage ≤103.86 mL) and group B (total postoperative drainage >103.86 mL). The recommended intraoperative saline irrigation volume (825 mL) was calculated from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and critical value. Using the recommended intraoperative saline irrigation volume (825 mL), patients were divided into 2 groups: group C (greater group, intraoperative irrigation volume >825 mL) and group D (lower group, intraoperative irrigation volume ≤825 mL) to evaluate the effect of different intraoperative saline irrigation volumes on postoperative drainage volume, extubation time, and short-term efficacy. A greater intraoperative saline irrigation volume was associated with lower postoperative drainage volume, shorter indwelling drainage tube time, shorter hospitalization time, lower hospital charges, and better recovery from postoperative pain (P<0.05). According to the ROC curve and critical value calculation, we found that when the intraoperative saline irrigation volume was greater than 825 mL, the total postoperative drainage volume was more likely to decrease [P<0.001, area under the curve (AUC) =0.852, sensitivity =88.1%, specificity =73.8%]. Patients with more than 825 mL intraoperative saline irrigation had lower postoperative drainage volume, shorter indwelling drainage tube time, shorter hospitalization time, lower hospital charges, and better postoperative pain recovery. There was a significant correlation between the intraoperative saline irrigation volume and patient outcomes. At least 825 mL intraoperative saline irrigation is recommended during single-level PLIF.

Legal and water management policy during climate warming in Poland

Abstract The article discusses some of the effects of global warming on rivers, lakes and underground water in Poland. It documents serious difficulties in river shipping and energy, as well as the exposing of areas previously occupied by lakes as a result water levels lowering. It is pointed out that the rapid increase in intensive irrigation of agricultural areas is causing excessive exploitation of underground water. The analysis takes into account the relevant data. The presentation of the effects of global warming is expanded upon with the legal provisions applicable in these situations. In the absence of climate change law, these are general regulations that face a number of difficulties in application. The detailing of areas of law and hydrology leads to the conclusion that Poland lacks a coherent policy on climate warming.

Center pivot irrigation capacity effects on maize yield and profitability in the Texas High Plains

In the Texas High Plains (THP), groundwater resources for irrigation are declining because of aquifer depletion and reduced well yield. Inability to meet peak water demands of maize under constrained irrigation capacities decreases yield and profitability. The MOPECO crop model, calibrated for the THP, was adapted to simulate maize water use and yield under center pivot irrigation to evaluate water allocation strategies under limited irrigation. Simulations were carried out over a range of irrigation capacities (3 – 12 mm d-1 for a 50.9 ha area), initial soil water contents, and application depths with irrigation allocated to a fraction (0.5 – 1.0) of the pivot area. Fractional water allocations were achieved by withholding irrigation from circular sectors or from outer spans with unirrigated fractions in fallow or planted to dryland cotton. These strategies were evaluated for growing seasons characterized by typical meteorological years with average (TMY1), average to above average (TMY2), and below average (TMY3) precipitation. Preseason irrigation had little to no influence on grain yield at irrigation capacities ≥ 5 mm d-1. At irrigation capacities ≤6 mm d-1 under TMY1, marginally greater yields 50.9 ha-1 were simulated when a fraction was irrigated. For irrigation capacities ≤8 mm d-1 under TMY1, reducing the irrigated area was the most prudent option to optimize net returns. As irrigation capacities increased from 4 to 8 mm d-1, the irrigated fraction that maximized net returns increased from 0.5 to 0.9. Concentrating water generated greater net returns because of greater irrigation water productivities and lower seed and fertilizer costs. Compared with fallow, planting cotton in the unirrigated portion increased net returns except in years with a seasonal drought (TMY3). Because greater irrigation volume did not always increase net returns, there is an opportunity to both increase profitability and conserve water by irrigating a fraction of the area.

Influence of cover crop on water and nitrogen balances and cash crop yield in a temperate climate: A modelling approach using the STICS soil-crop model

Cover crops are crucial to diversify cropping systems into more agroecological systems by providing ecosystem services, such as reduction of nitrate leaching, provision of a green manure effect, and soil carbon storage. However, they can influence water drainage and nitrogen (N) or water availability for the succeeding crop, depending on their management and the climate. In this simulation study, we used the STICS model to predict the influence of cover crop species, date of sowing and termination, and cover crop residue management on N and water balances, and the yield and stress of the succeeding cash crop. We performed 25-year simulations for five contrasting sites in south-western France, which is a temperate region of Europe with dry summers. As expected, cover crops decreased nitrate leaching effectively but also decreased drainage by a mean of 5–40 mm. This decrease depended mainly on the sowing and termination dates, while the decrease in nitrate leaching varied greatly among sites and depended most on sowing date, followed by cover crop species and then termination date. Cover crops had little influence on soil water content in the upper 0.1 m of soil at sowing of the succeeding cash crop, but decreased soil water content of the total soil profile by 0–30 mm. Soil water content depended most on termination date, followed by species and then site. Total soil mineral N content (SNC) also decreased, by 5–40 kg N.ha−1, at the three driest sites and up to 10 kg N.ha−1 at the rainiest site. Termination date, the second-most influential factor on SNC, indicated that later termination resulted in lower SNC than that after bare soil. N uptake by the succeeding cash crop depended on species and termination date, and a legume cover crop and earlier termination date resulted in higher N uptake. The decrease in maize and sunflower yield was due mainly to changes in the N stress index during the vegetative phase for maize, and both vegetative and reproductive phases for sunflower. No water stress or increase in irrigation volumes was predicted or was correlated with yield changes, except at dry sites for the few years that experienced a severe drought in spring. While cover crops decreased nitrate leaching effectively, they decreased drainage and could induce N stress for the succeeding crop, particularly in dry regions. Including legumes in mixtures and adapting the termination date to local climate conditions could decrease or avoid these negative effects.

Impact of several NiTi-thermally treated instrumentation systems on biomechanical preparation of curved root canals in extracted mandibular molars.

To evaluate the shaping ability of several heat-treated nickel-titanium systems used to prepare root canals with moderate and severe curvature, in extracted mandibular molars, by micro-computed tomography, considering their variation in kinematics and design. Curved-mesial roots of mandibular molars were randomly selected and assigned into 4 balanced experimental groups (n=10), established by determining homogeneous 3D parameters of volume and surface area: R-Motion (RM) size 30, 0.04 taper (RM; FKG Dentaire), Reciproc Blue (RCB) size 25, 0.08 taper (RCB; VDW GmbH), HyFlex CM (HFX) size 30, 0.04 taper (HFX; Coltène Whaledent) and XP-endo Shaper size (XPS) 30, 0.01 taper (XPS; FKG Dentaire). The volume of irrigation was established at 10ml of 2.5% NaOCl. Throughout the entire root canal preparation procedures, the samples were fixed in a vice submerged in a container with water monitored at 37°C. Dimensional cross-sectional measures of area, perimeter, roundness, major/minor diameters and 3-dimensional (volume, surface area, structure model index - SMI) parameters as well as the smallest dentine thickness along the cervical and middle root thirds were evaluated by micro-CT. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests (α=5%). Reciproc Blue and XPS had significantly greater mean increases in cross-sectional area measurements, only in the middle third, when compared with RM and HFX (p<.05). RM, RCB and XPS had a similar increase in measurements of length and width of perimeter (p>.05), and HFX had significantly lower mean increases in perimeter values only when compared with XPS (p<.05). RCB and XPS had significantly greater mean increases in volume when compared with RM and HFX (p<.05). RM had a significantly lower difference in SMI after preparation, compared with RCB, HFX and XPS (p<.05). The smallest dentine thickness was observed after the use of RCB (p<.05), in the danger and safety zones. XP-endo Shaper and RM had a shaping ability similar to that of instruments with larger tapers, achieved with less dentine removal in danger and safe zones in curved-mesial canals of extracted molar teeth treated on a laboratory benchtop.

Development of deficit irrigation program for improving the water use efficiency, growth, and yield of groundnut in the semiarid tropical region of India

In this study, we assessed the efficiency of a deficit irrigation program (DIP) on groundnut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i> L.) yield and economic profits. The DIP was designed to combine frequency and volume of irrigation to develop an appropriate irrigation water management (IWM) strategy for groundnut. Two field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, with a bunch variety of groundnut, VRI 2, under a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The treatments included DIP in combination with a foliar application of pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria (PPFM). The irrigation frequencies adopted for the first set of treatments were high frequency (5/5), medium frequency (7/5), and lower frequency (7/7) starting from 14 days after sowing (DAS). The effects of early water stress on groundnut pod yield and water use efficiency were investigated in a second experiment by starting irrigation at 21 DAS. The number of irrigation frequencies and irrigation volume was fixed to develop an easily readable irrigation chart for end-users. The number of irrigation frequencies was fixed as three, and the volume of irrigation was fixed as a depth of 3 cm. In the first experiment, a mini mobile pumping unit was used for scheduling irrigation frequencies; in the second experiment, the surface drip method was used. In both experiments, we also assessed the effects of foliar application of PPFM, widely used as a growth stimulant for several crops, especially under drought conditions. Overall, we observed that DIP led to up to 25.6% water saving compared to surface irrigation. Use of the DIP at the medium frequency with PPFM spray had a significantly positive influence on water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) compared to conventional drip irrigation (CDI). Compared to surface irrigation (SI), DIP had a positive impact on growth parameters, yield attributes, and economic profitability with a higher benefit-cost ratio. Additionally, there were only minor differences between deficit irrigation (DI) results starting from 21 DAS and 14 DAS. Irrespective of the irrigation techniques, PPFM application had a positive effect on the yield attributes and WUE. Our results indicated that DI at a medium frequency (7/5) with PPFM spray, starting from 21 DAS under drip fertigation, is the best irrigation management innovation (IMI) strategy for optimum utilization of irrigation water without significant reduction in pod yield. This management had a positive influence on WUE and IWUE of summer groundnut in sandy clay loam soil. However, the exact scheduling of the irrigation may differ in different environments as well as soil types. Nevertheless, we propose that the application and further optimization of the DIP devised in this study would help the farmers attain a similar yield using a lower amount of irrigation water and lead to significant economic profits for the farmers.

Effect of different dental implant drilling template designs on heat generation during osteotomy - an in vitro study.

This in vitro study examined the effect of different implant drilling template designs on heat generation during osteotomy and on cooling fluid distribution. Five different template designs were investigated in a standardized setup against a control group and a negative control group: Occlusal-splint-design (OSD), OSD-covering, OSD-lateral opening, Bar design, and Orientation template. Pilot and one consecutive drill were run at 800rpm with external irrigation and 2-kg load. Thermocouples recorded temperature changes at depths of 3, 6, and 9mm in a bovine rib model. In the second experimental setup, the drill channel of one rib sample was perforated, and the irrigation volume passing through the drill channel was collected separately over time. Following mean temperature rises occurred [in °C]: control, 4.9; negative control, 12; OSD, 5.6; OSD-covering, 4.7; OSD-lateral opening, 3.8; Bar design, 5.1; and Orientation template, 4.9. The highest temperature increases were found at a drilling depth of 6mm (p<.006). The 2.2-mm drill resulted in a significantly higher temperature rise than the 2.8-mm drill (p<.001). The mean volume (ml/min) of irrigation through the drill channel was Control group-flow, 28.5; OSD, 4.1; OSD-covering, 2; OSD-lateral opening; 5.8; bar design, 4; and Orientation template, 24.1. Within the limitations, it was shown that fully guided drilling templates reduce the amount of cooling liquid at the point of osteotomy. The template designhad an influence on the effective volume of the cooling liquid. However, this did not seem to increase the intraosseous temperature significantly.

Evaluating the Farmland Use Intensity and Its Patterns in a Farming—Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China

The growing population and northward shifts in the center of grain production collectively contribute to the arising farmland use intensity of the farming–pastoral ecotone of Northern China (FPENC). Consequently, it poses a great threat to the vulnerable ecosystem of FPENC. Thus, farmland use intensity monitoring is a top priority to practice sustainable farming. In this study, we establish an indicator system designed to evaluate farmland use intensity in Ulanqab, located in the central part of FPENC. This system includes three single-year indicators (the degree of coupling between effective rainfall and crop water requirement (Dcrr), irrigation intensity (Iri) and crop duration (Cd)) and two multi-year indicators (the frequency of adopting the green-depressing cropping system (Gf) and rotation frequency (Rf)). We mapped five farmland use intensity indicators in Ulanqab from 2010 to 2019 using satellite imagery and other ancillary data. Then, the farmland use patterns were recognized by applying the self-organizing map algorithm. Our results suggest that the mapping results of crop types, center pivot irrigation (CPI), and irrigated areas are reasonably accurate. Iri, Cd, and Rf experienced an increase of 31 m3/hm2, 1 day, and 0.06 in Ulanqab from 2010 to 2019, respectively, while Dcrr and Gf witnessed a decrease of 0.002 and 0.004, respectively. That is, farmers are progressively inclined to higher farmland use intensity. Moreover, spatial heterogeneity analysis shows that Northern Ulanqab owned higher Dcrr, Iri, Cd, and Rf, and lower Gf than the southern part. We conclude the paper by discussing the implications of the results for areas with different farmland use intensity patterns.

Apically Extruded Debris in Curved Root Canals Using a New Reciprocating Single-File Shaping System

IntroductionThe present study addresses the influence of 5 different shaping file systems on apical debris extrusion (AED) using 2 different irrigation protocols. MethodsOne hundred fifty mandibular first permanent molars were divided into 2 groups and 10 subgroups. The mesial root canals were shaped using One Reci (MicroMega), WaveOne Gold Primary (Dentsply Sirona, York, PA), and ProTaper Next (Dentsply Sirona) using reciprocating motion and One Curve (MicroMega) and ProTaper Next using continuous rotation. The first group and the second one were respectively irrigated with 10 and 5 mL distilled water. ResultsWhen the same instrumentation technique was used, the G10 mL subgroups showed statistically lower AED than the G5 mL subgroups (P < .05). The One Reci and One Curve subgroups, in both groups, produced statistically lower AED than the remaining subgroups. ConclusionsThe cross section of the instrument could be the main parameter in determining the amount of AED. The irrigation volume used during the shaping procedure might affect the amount of AED.

Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review.

Population growth and water scarcity necessitate alternative agriculture practices, such as reusing wastewater for irrigation. Domestic wastewater has been used for irrigation for centuries in many historically low-income and arid countries and is becoming more widely used by high-income countries to augment water resources in an increasingly dry climate. Wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in removing all contaminants, such as antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Literature reviews on the impact of wastewater irrigation on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment have been inconclusive and mostly focused on treated wastewater. We conducted the first systematic review to assess the impact of irrigation with both treated or untreated domestic wastewater on ARB and ARGs in soil and adjacent water bodies. We screened titles/abstracts of 3002 articles, out of which 41 were screened in full text and 26 were included in this review. Of these, thirteen investigated irrigation with untreated wastewater, and nine found a positive association with ARB/ARGs in soil. Out of thirteen studies focused on treated wastewater, six found a positive association with ARB/ARGs while six found mixed/negative associations. Our findings demonstrate that irrigation with untreated wastewater increases AMR in soil and call for precautionary action by field workers, their families, and consumers when untreated wastewater is used to irrigate crops. The effect of irrigation with treated wastewater was more variable among the studies included in our review, highlighting the need to better understand to what extent AMR is disseminated through this practice. Future research should assess factors that modify the effect of wastewater irrigation on AMR in soil, such as the degree and type of wastewater treatment, and the duration and intensity of irrigation, to inform guidelines on the reuse of wastewater for irrigation.

Agricultural practices linked to shifts in groundwater microbial structure and denitrifying bacteria

Irrigation enhances the connectivity between the surface and groundwater by facilitating the transport of energy sources and oxygen. When combined with fertilisers, the impact on groundwater microbial communities and their interactions with nitrogen cycling in aquifers is poorly understood. This study examines the impact of different landuses (irrigated and non-irrigated) on groundwater microbial communities. A total of 38 wells accessing shallow aquifers in three sub-catchments of the Murray Darling Basin, Australia, were sampled for water chemistry and microbial community structure using environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques. All sub-catchments showed evidence of intense irrigation and groundwater contamination with total nitrogen, nitrates and phosphorus concentrations often well above background, with total nitrogen concentrations up to 70 mg/L and nitrate concentration up to 18 mg/L. Across sub-catchments there was high microbial diversity, with differences in community structure and function between catchments and landuses. Of the 1100 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) recorded, 47 OTUs were common across catchments with species from Woesearchaeota, Nitrospirales, Nitrosopumilales and Acidobacter taxonomic groups contributing greatly to groundwater microbial communities. Within non-irrigated sites, groundwaters contained similar proportions of nitrifying and denitrifying capable taxa, whereas irrigated sites had significantly higher abundances of microbes with nitrifying rather than denitrifying capabilities. Microbial diversity was lower in irrigated sites in the Macquarie catchment. These results indicate that irrigated landuses impact microbial community structure and diversity within groundwaters and suggest that the ratios of denitrifying to nitrifying capable microbes as well as specific orders (e.g., Nitrososphaerales) may be useful to indicate long-term nitrogen contamination of groundwaters. Such research is important for understanding the biogeochemical processes that are key predictors of redox state and contamination of groundwater by N species and other compounds. This will help to predict human impacts on groundwater microbial structure, diversity, and ecosystem functions, aiding the long-term management groundwater resources.

Induced soil degradation risks and plant responses by salinity and sodicity in intensive irrigated agro-ecosystems of seasonally-frozen arid regions

Salinity and sodicity posing large risks to soil hydroecological functioning and agricultural production. However, a comprehensive investigating of the long-term salinity and sodicity dynamics and how these contribute to soil degradation risk and plant response in intensive irrigated agro-ecosystems is still scarce, especially in cold/arid agricultural regions. To quantify long-term soil degradation risk and plant response as driven by rainfall, irrigation and groundwater in seasonally-frozen arid regions, taking into account the influence of capillary flux from shallow brackish groundwater and annual soil freezing-thawing cycles and snowmelt infiltration to soil moisture (s), salinity (Cs) and sodicity (Ex), we coupled the Salt of the Earth (SOTE) model and the Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) model (i.e. SOTE-WNN model) as well as improved the Crop Response to the Soil Environment (ANSWER) model. The long-term dynamics of root zone s, Cs and Ex and therefore soil degradation risks and plant responses in irrigated agro-ecosystems in three different hydrological regions (i.e. ADFO: alluvial-diluvial-fan oasis; APOU: alluvial-plain oasis in the upper part; and APOL: alluvial-plain oasis in the lower part) in the Sangong River watershed (SRW) of northwestern China were investigated. The SOTE-WNN model was calibrated and validated using field comprehensive observations during April 2018–April 2021. The simulated results of root zone s, Cs and Ex resulted in a good agreement with the observed values in the SRW. Results showed that the s in the three hydrological regions has a similar periodic steady state with sawtooth pattern; the Cs is the largest in the APOL and corresponding the crop relative yield is the lowest; in the APOU the Ex is the largest and corresponding the soil degradation risk is the highest. Carried out sensitivity analysis revealed that the increase in rainfall and snowfall can clearly alleviate soil degradation by reducing soil alkalization in the root zone. The irrigation water quality is one of the primary controls on long-term dynamics of root zone s, Cs and Ex, and imposing adverse impact on soil hydraulic conductivity and agricultural crop productivity. The shallow groundwater table and quality have non-monotonic effects on the root zone s, Cs and Ex dynamics, the 2–3 m is the critical water table interval that limits soil salinization and alkalization hazards in the SRW. The results highlight that the trade-offs between irrigation water quality and water table need to be emphasized at appropriate spatial and temporal scales when promoting intensive irrigation practices in arid/cold climate regions.

Effect of irrigation mode, volume, medium and drill on heat generation during implant surgery: A review

To avoid thermal necrosis has always remained a challenge during trauma and orthopaedic (T&O) surgeries. Use of different coolants of liquid form like water, saline and gaseous form like Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are frequently used for the same. Though the factors responsible for temperature control related to drilling process like drilling parameters and drill specifications are important, the contribution of coolant in temperature control cannot be underrated. In this review work, the different aspects related to coolant supply like 1) effects of saline and water on different bone defects, 2) comparative effectiveness of internal coolant flow through step drill and conventional drill, 3) effects of irrigation volume and 4) significance of without cooling, external liquid cooling and internal gas cooling on temperature rise is made. The results show that, whereas, carbon dioxide is having specific heat capacity of 0.846 kJ/ kg-K and of nitrogen gas it is1.04 kJ/kg-K and of water it is 4.18 kJ/kg- K. So water solution has an improved cooling capacity than both of the gases CO2 and N2. But gases can be directly injected at the location of chip formation and so they also proved as a worthy alternative.

Short-term surgical outcomes after Monopolar- versus Bipolar Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

Abstract Background Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) is currently the gold standard for surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), as this procedure results in the best improvement in symptoms and urine flow rate (1). Aim of the Work to compare between the two techniques used for transurethral resection of the prostate; Monopolar versus Bipolar resection as regards short term surgical outcomes, perioperative complications and early changes in quality of life.. Patients and Methods Randomized controlled study with simple randomization (1:1) of 80 patients with BPH candidate for transurethral resection of the prostate, 40 patients underwent M-TURP, and other 40 patients underwent B-TURP, their age mean age of paients included in our study 57-61 years old, mean prostate size 68-71 gm. Results Comparing intra-operative data in monopolar and bipolar TURP groups, our study reported that there was statistically significant decrease in volume of irrigation and operative time in B-TURP group in comparison to M-TURP group. although intra-operative complications; bleeding, electrolytes disturbance, fever and LUTS were lower in BTURP group; however, did not reach statistically significant. In M-TURP group ,there was statistically significance increase in change Hb, and time of post-oprative irrigation, IPSS in compared to B-TURP group. While in respect to PVR, time of catheterization and hospital stay, there was no statistically significant difference data among the two studied groups. Conclusion Bipolar TURP represents a promising endoscopic treatment for patients with BPH with decrease in volume of irrigation and reduced operative time, and less incidence of TUR syndrome, intraoperative bleeding, and postoperative complications .However, further investigations are needed with larger, preferably randomized multicentric controlled trials to confirm the results of this study in the future.

Long-term Performance of Warm-season Turfgrass Species under Municipal Irrigation Frequency Restrictions

Landscape irrigation frequency restrictions are commonly imposed by water purveyors and municipalities to curtail domestic water use and to ensure adequate water supplies for growing populations during times of drought. Currently, published data are lacking concerning irrigation frequency requirements necessary for sustaining acceptable levels of turfgrass quality of commonly used warm-season turfgrass species. The objective of this 3-year field study was to determine comparative turfgrass quality of drought-resistant cultivars of four warm-season lawn species in the south–central United States under irrigation frequency regimes of 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8× monthly. Turfgrasses used in the study were based on previously reported drought resistance and included ‘Riley’s Super Sport’ (Celebration®) bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], ‘Palisades’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), ‘Floratam’ st. augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and ‘SeaStar’ seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz). During each growing season, slightly reduced irrigation volumes and bypassed events resulted from the 8× monthly treatment (34.95 cm, 38.13 cm, and 27.33 cm) compared with the 4× monthly treatment (35.36 cm, 40.84 cm, and 28.70 cm) in years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For the once weekly treatment, the average fraction of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) supplied by effective rainfall and irrigation during the summer months was 1.22, 0.67, and 0.83 in years 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and was generally adequate to support acceptable turfgrass quality of all warm-season turfgrasses evaluated. Under the less than weekly irrigation frequency, st. augustinegrass and seashore paspalum generally fell to below acceptable quality levels because the average fraction of ETo supplied by effective rainfall and irrigation during the summer months of years 2 and 3 was 0.51, 0.39, and 0.26 for the 2× monthly, 1× monthly, and unirrigated treatments, respectively. Bermudagrass generally outperformed all other species under the most restrictive irrigation frequencies and also did not differ statistically from zoysiagrass. These results show that as irrigation frequency is restricted to less than once per week, species selection becomes an important consideration.