Irrigation Volume Research Articles

Climate change impacts on crop water productivity and net groundwater use under a double-cropping system with intensive irrigation in the Haihe River Basin, China

Facing the high possibility of future severe water resources scarcity, the Haihe River Basin in the North China Plain is an important region for climate change studies. This study employed an improved SWAT model with a Management Allowed Depletion (MAD) auto-irrigation method to assess the impacts of future climate change on water cycle and crop growth of irrigated winter wheat and summer maize in the Haihe River Basin, China. A total of 27 Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) and two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5) were used to drive the SWAT-MAD model to simulate crop growth and water balance components for two future periods of 2041–2070 (2050s) and 2071–2100 (2080s). Data from almost all GCMs showed an increase in annual mean maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, total precipitation, and solar radiation across the Haihe River Basin. Winter wheat yields increased by 15.6% (SSP245) and 16.3% (SSP585) by 2050s, and by 17.1% (SSP245) and 10.0% (SSP585) by 2080s, respectively. Summer maize yields increased by 8.9% (SSP245) and 9.6% (SSP585) by 2050s, and by 12.6% (SSP245) and 6.1% (SSP585) by 2080s, respectively. The change of leaf area index (LAI) indicated an advance in phenology of crops, which might be related to the increase in temperature. In the four future climate scenarios, precipitation, percolation, and surface runoff increased by 19.16–57.25 mm, 7.26–22.18 mm, and 1.45–4.87 mm during winter wheat growing season, 125.41–205.24 mm, 51.03–96.37 mm, and 33.97–68.69 mm during summer maize growing season. However, the irrigation amounts decreased by 18.82–83.74 mm and 35.71–50.92 mm during wheat and maize growing seasons, respectively. The annual Net Groundwater Use (NGU) decreased with time and the crop water productivity (CWP) increased in the future, which have positive effects on the sustainable development in this double-cropping system with intensive irrigation management.

Исследование поведения стеновых сэндвич-панелей, орошаемых дренчерной завесой, при одностороннем тепловом воздействии

In the last ten years, drencher curtains are widely used at the large production facilities to increase fire resistance of the building structures. The length of the drencher curtains used as a compensating measure instead of fire walls can reaches 250 m. A three-dimensional modeling of the operation of a drencher curtain together with a type 1 fire barrier in the form of a sandwich panel was performed. FireCat software package was used for modeling. One of its components is the PyroSim software package designed for fire modeling. A field model was chosen as a mathematical model of fire development. A number of simulations was carried out at a given sprinkler flow rate of 1 l/s, but at different distances between the sprinklers (different number of sprinklers operating in one stream was used) — from 0.5 to 5 m. As a result, it is established that when sprinklers are placed at a distance of no more than 2.5 meters from each other, the model meets the fire resistance requirements for type 1 fire walls. The experiments were carried out in the irrigation intensity range of 0.1–0.5 l/s·m. It is established that in order to achieve fire resistance limit REI 150, the irrigation intensity must be at least 0.37 l/s·m. The studies carried out made it possible to obtain qualitative data on the efficiency of drencher curtains plaсed in one line as a measure to increase the time limits of fire resistance of fire barriers from 45 to 150 minutes.

Evaluation of water use efficiency and optimal irrigation quantity of spring maize in Hetao Irrigation District using the Noah-MP Land Surface Model

Hetao Irrigation District (HID), one of the main grain-producing areas in China, is facing the severe challenge of agricultural water shortages. Improving water use efficiency (WUE) is the most appropriate way to achieve sustainable agricultural development and obtain high returns. However, farmers knew little about efficient irrigation strategies for flood-irrigated fields in the HID. In this study, the Noah-MP Land Surface Model (LSM) with dynamic crop and irrigation schemes is used to jointly simulate the maize yield and irrigation amount in the HID from 2003 to 2012. A sensitivity test for ten sets of irrigation setup with different soil moisture (SM) triggering thresholds (CRI=0–1) is conducted, and the corresponding WUE and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) are evaluated and analyzed. In addition, irrigation at different crop growth stages affects total irrigation amounts and crop yield. The results show that under rain-fed conditions, the severe SM deficit during the growing season significantly decreases the maize yield in the HID, with almost no harvest in dry years. With traditional flood irrigation, the irrigation amount per unit area exceeds 1000 mm, leading to low WUE and IWUE, while more than 18–25% of irrigation water is wasted as runoff. With the increase of irrigation intensity, both WUE and IWUE show a significant diminishing marginal effect, usually occurring when SM is greater than 0.24–0.27 m3/m3. The optimal WUE is obtained near CRI= 0.6, while the worst WUE is obtained at CRI= 1. In a normal year, efficient irrigation amount is about 390–480 mm, 53–63% less than that in flood irrigation. In this scenario, most irrigation water becomes SM and transpiration, and less than 5% becomes runoff. With effective irrigation in the reproductive stage, only a small amount of irrigation is needed to promote yield formation. Fully considering the maize yield, WUE, ecosystems, and the available water resources in the HID, the recommended irrigation amount is about 600–650 mm to achieve the optimal maize yield and WUE.

Nasal irrigation practice habits in infants: A Belgian survey: Nasal irrigation practice habits in infants

Background: Nasal irrigation is widely used in infants to relieve nasal obstruction. However, the nasal irrigation technique has not been standardized, and nasal irrigation practice habits (NIPH) in infants have not been investigated. Our objective was to provide an overview of NIPH in infants among parents, childcare workers, and healthcare professionals living in Belgium. Methods: Parents, childcare workers, physiotherapists, nurses, pharmacists, and physicians were invited to fill in an electronic survey questioning their NIPH in infants. The survey was disseminated through social networks, practitioners’ associations, and creches. Results: The questionnaire was fully completed by 359 participants. A ready-made solution was used by 93% of participants, of whom 92% used physiological saline. The prophylactic use of nasal irrigation was considered appropriate or very appropriate by 65% of all participants. The irrigation frequency was particularly heterogeneous among participants. The optimal solution propulsion speed and solution volume to be used depended on the group of participants being interviewed. At least 37% of parents and 20% of physicians did not take a stand on the optimal irrigation volume to use in each age category. On average, 83% of participants described performing nasal irrigation by lying the infant on one side and delivering the solution through the top nostril. Finally, 74% of respondents declared that no risk was associated with this technique. Conclusion: Although some common NIPH viewpoints among the surveyed participants were identified, several disagreements were reported, reflecting the absence of a standardized method of nasal irrigation.

Medium-term Clinical Efficacy and Complications of Plasmakinetic Enucleation of the Prostate Versus Transurethral Resection of the Prostate for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

To compare surgical characteristics, clinical efficacy, and complications of plasmakinetic enucleation of the prostate (PKEP) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). From January 2015 to May 2018, 370 patients underwent TURP were included into the TURP group. Meanwhile, another 370 patients underwent PKEP (matched by age, prostate volume, and duration of BPH) were included into the PKEP group. Then, the differences of surgical characteristics, clinical efficacy, and complications were compared between the two groups. The operative time, intraoperative irrigation volume, postoperative irrigation time and irrigation volume, drop in hemoglobin, blood transfusion, postoperative catheterization time, and hospital stay of the PKEP group were significantly less than those of the TURP group (P <.05). No significant differences were observed in the resected tissue weight, visual analogue scale score, and total cost of hospitalization (P >.05); The quality of life score of the PKEP group was significantly lower than that of the TURP group (P <.05). No significant differences of maximum flow rate, postvoid residual urine, Serum prostate-specific antigen, international prostate symptom score and International Index of Erectile Function score were observed (P >.05); The incidences of urinary tract irritation, massive hemorrhage, secondary hemorrhage, bladder spasm, clot retention, and retrograde ejaculation of the PKEP group were significantly lower than those of the TURP group (P <.05). PKEP and TURP are comparable regarding cost burden and clinical efficacy in medium-term follow-up. However, PKEP should be given a priority for BPH treatment because of less complication rate and better safety profile.

Application of Portable Peritoneal Lavage Device to Explore the Effect of Different Lavage Fluid Volumes on Dogs with Seawater-Immersed Open Abdominal Injury.

To investigate the effects of different amounts of lavage fluids on vital signs, inflammatory response, main organ function, and electrolytes on dogs with seawater-immersed open abdominal injury by portable peritoneal lavage device. Twenty dogs were randomly divided into four groups according to different irrigation volume and irrigation time, they were divided into group A (50 mL/min, 1 hour, 3 L), group B (50 mL/min, 1.5 hours, 4.5 L), group C (50 mL/min, 2 hours, 6 L) and group D (50 mL/min, 3 hours, 9 L). Seawater-immersed open abdominal injury dog model was developed and portable peritoneal lavage device was used for lavaging and rewarming. The change of blood pressure, body temperature, heart beat rate, serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, superoxide dismutase, and other indicators of each group were observed before and after immersion, and immediately, 1, 3, and 5 days after lavage. Immediately after lavage, the body temperature, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate of each group gradually recovered to normal, and the recovery rate of group C was faster than that of group A and group B. The indicator of central venous pressure (CVP) continued to decrease immediately after lavaging. CVP in group C was lower than that of groups A and B (p < 0.05, respectively). The inflammatory response was enhanced in all groups after immersion and after lavage, and reached the highest level at 1 day after lavage. The level of interleukin-1β in group C was significantly lower than that in group A (p < 0.05) and no significant difference when compared with other groups on 1 day after lavage. Three days after lavage, all indexes gradually decreased to the level of preinjury. Alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactic dehydrogenase reached the highest level on 1 day after lavage, and the level of ALT in group C was lower than that in group A (p < 0.05). On 1 and 3 days after lavage, the level of Na+ in group C was lower than those in group A (p < 0.05) and no significant difference compared with those in group B and group D. Application of the portable abdominal lavage device with 6 L of lavage fluid (group C) has the best effect of treatment for seawater-immersed open abdominal injury, which can maintain better vital signs and reduce inflammation.

Remote sensing and soil moisture data for water productivity determination

This work was initiated in 2019 within the FAO WEPS project framework (2018–2022), aiming to determine the Water Productivity (WP) of the Tunisian olive orchards combining two scales of measurements for soil moisture determination: one for the global analysis (remote sensing) and the other for the field scale application. The experiment was made in 2019 and 2020 in the Centre of Tunisia (Kairouan city, locality of Elhouereb), which is one of the largest irrigation area of Tunisia. WP was computed regarding the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) which was determined following the water balance method as: ETa=R+I–ΔS, where ΔS is the amount of water stored in the soil (0–60 cm) and (R) and (I) are the amounts of the seasonal rainfall and the irrigation volume, respectively. The annual ETa reached 293 mm for the rainfed orchard, 823 mm for the semi-intensive irrigated plantation and 819 mm for the intensive fertigated orchard. The WP defined as being the ratio of Yield (kg olives/tree)/ETa ranged between 0.29 kg/m3 (rainfed) and 0.77 kg/m3 (fertigated) depending on the cultivation system. Soil moisture was found to be correlated to the average backscatter coefficient (r = −0.34 for the rainfed and 0.91 for the irrigated orchards) which was determined from the radar images which were treated by using different applications (SNAP, ODK, QGIS.), This result shows the performance of the remote sensing tools for such application. To conclude: WP is at least two times higher in the irrigated orchards than in the rainfed grove; this indicates a great potential of WP improvement if the horticultural practices are well applied in the orchad (pruning, irrigation); so that, the WP can be used as a decision-making-tool for farmers and makers in the future.

Irrigation in India: Status and challenges

The quality and quantity of irrigation water is most important issue for agriculture dominated country like India. Agriculture is the largest consumer sector of water and India is second highest irrigated country of the world, but over exploitation of groundwater and intensive irrigation in canal commands areas has created many serious problems like salinization, depletion of water tables, groundwater contamination, drying of aquifers, water logging and etc. It has been observed that in many parts of the country the water table is reducing with the rate of 1-2 m/year. The fresh water availability for domestic purpose, irrigation and industrial uses are decreasing with an alarming rate and if this problem not taken seriously, India mayface major water crisis in the near future. This paper highlights present scenario of irrigation in India with its major challenges.

Can tranexamic acid in irrigation fluid reduce blood loss during monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate? A randomised controlled trial

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the efficacity and safety of using tranexamic acid (TXA) in the irrigation solution during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Patients and Methods A total of 50 patients undergoing TURP for benign prostatic hyperplasia were prospectively randomised in a controlled clinical trial and distributed into two groups. Group A received 0.1% TXA 1000 mg (10 mL) in 1 L of irrigation solution of sterile wash (glycine) during surgery, while Group B received 10 mL distilled water (placebo) in 1 L of irrigation solution of sterile wash (glycine) during surgery. At the end of surgery, a three-way catheter was inserted in the bladder. Group A received local 500 mg of TXA (5 mL), which was dissolved in 100 mL of normal saline solution, while Group B received distilled water (5 mL) dissolved in 100 mL of normal saline solution after which the catheter was clamped. The serum haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, haematocrit (HCT), blood loss volume, Hb concentration in the irrigation fluid, and bladder irrigation volumes were compared between the two groups at three time-points: preoperatively and at 4- and 24-h postoperatively. Coagulation function, complications, thromboembolic events, quality of endoscopic view, surgery duration, and hospital stay were also noted. Results Group A had significantly lower blood loss intraoperatively, and at 4- and 24-h postoperatively compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The serum Hb concentration, HCT, Hb concentration in the irrigation fluid, and bladder irrigation volumes were significantly lower in the TXA group vs the control group (P < 0.001). The shortening of the surgery duration and improvement in the quality of the endoscopic view were significantly noted in the TXA group (P = 0.001). However, no thromboembolic events occurred in either group. Conclusion The use of TXA in the irrigation fluid during TURP and injection into the bladder postoperatively can reduce blood loss and the need for blood transfusion without increasing the risk of thrombosis.

Effects of water saving and nitrogen reduction on the yield, quality, water and nitrogen use efficiency of Isatis indigotica in Hexi Oasis

Isatis indigotica planting is the backbone of the medicinal industry in Hexi Oasis, Gansu. In order to solve the problems insufficient water resources and excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in this area, this paper explored the irrigation and nitrogen levels that can meet the multiple goals of Isatis indigotica. The two-factor split-plot field experiment (2018‒2019) was conducted in Minle County, Gansu Province, China, which contains 9 treatments. There were three levels of irrigation water: W1(low), W2(medium), and W3(high). The soil moisture contents were 60–70%, 70–80%, and 80–90% of the field water-holding capacity, respectively. The nitrogen application rate was classified into three levels, N1(low), N2(medium) and N3(high), which were 150, 200 and 250 kg N/ha, respectively. The standard local irrigation water amount and nitrogen application rate corresponded to W3N3. The results showed that the yield of Isatis indigotica increased first and then decreased with the increase of irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate, the yield of W2N2 is 12.2–17.1% higher than that of W1N1, the yield of W3N3 was 12.1–17.5% lower than that of W2N2. Saving water and reducing nitrogen can improve the quality of Isatis indigotica, compared with W3N3, the indigo, indirubin, (R,S)-epigoitrin and polysaccharides of W2N2 increased by 4.5–5.9%, 2.7–3.1%, 5.2–6.0%, and 1.8–2.1%, respectively. With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the water use efficiency (WUE) first increased and then decreased, as the irrigation volume increases, WUE decreases. Compared with W3N3, the WUE of W2N2 increased by 24.3–27.2%. With the increase of water input, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency (NUE) first increased and then decreased, as the nitrogen application rate increases, NUE decreases. Compared with W3N3, the NUE of W2W2 increased by 31.8–34.5%. Therefore, W2N2 can improve quality and increase water and nitrogen utilization efficiency on the basis of ensuring yield.

Partial root zone drying increases peppermint essential oil yield and water productivity

The effects of varying irrigation volume and placement (regulated deficit irrigation that irrigated the entire root zone versus partial root zone drying that irrigated only half of the root zone at a time), on drip-irrigated peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) were studied. Treatments included full irrigation (FI) and regulated deficit irrigation receiving 85%, 70%, 55% and 40% of the irrigation volume of the full irrigation treatment (RDI85, RDI70, RDI55 and RDI40 respectively), and partial root zone drying receiving 70%, 55% and 40% of the irrigation volume of the full irrigation treatment(PRD70, PRD55 and PRD40 respectively). Plants were harvested at mid-flowering stage over two consecutive seasons. The steam distillation method used to extract essential oil. At the first harvest, biological yield (dried leaf and stem weight) generally did not significantly differ between the full irrigation, partial root zone drying, and regulated deficit irrigation treatments, but yield of RDI40 decreased by 33% compared to FI plants. However, deficit irrigation strategies significantly increased essential oil yield and ratio (Percentage of essential oil in 80 g of leaves), with the highest biological yield in FI and highest essential oil yield in PRD70, at rates of 1942 kg/ha and 23.7 kg/ha, respectively. Irrigation water productivity based on oil yield was significantly higher in partial root zone drying treatments than full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation treatments, with the highest value achieved in PRD55 at a rate of 0.0191 kg/m3. At the second harvest, plant biological yield components were not affected by the irrigation treatments, but again the partial root zone drying treatments produced higher essential oil ratio and yield. Since the major goal of peppermint production is to extract its oil, it is recommended to apply a moderate water deficit with the PRD70 and PRD55 techniques, to allow significant (30–45%) water-saving and also reasonable yield.

Dryland irrigation increases accumulation rates of pedogenic carbonate and releases soil abiotic CO2

Agricultural fields in drylands are challenged globally by limited freshwater resources for irrigation and also by elevated soil salinity and sodicity. It is well known that pedogenic carbonate is less soluble than evaporate salts and commonly forms in natural drylands. However, few studies have evaluated how irrigation loads dissolved calcium and bicarbonate to agricultural fields, accelerating formation rates of secondary calcite and simultaneously releasing abiotic CO2 to the atmosphere. This study reports one of the first geochemical and isotopic studies of such “anthropogenic” pedogenic carbonates and CO2 from irrigated drylands of southwestern United States. A pecan orchard and an alfalfa field, where flood-irrigation using the Rio Grande river is a common practice, were compared to a nearby natural dryland site. Strontium and carbon isotope ratios show that bulk pedogenic carbonates in irrigated soils at the pecan orchard primarily formed due to flood-irrigation, and that approximately 20–50% of soil CO2 in these irrigated soils is calcite-derived abiotic CO2 instead of soil-respired or atmospheric origins. Multiple variables that control the salt buildup in this region are identified and impact the crop production and soil sustainability regionally and globally. Irrigation intensity and water chemistry (irrigation water quantity and quality) dictate salt loading, and soil texture governs water infiltration and salt leaching. In the study area, agricultural soils have accumulated up to 10 wt% of calcite after just about 100 years of cultivation. These rates will likely increase in the future due to the combined effects of climate variability (reduced rainfall and more intense evaporation), use of more brackish groundwater for irrigation, and reduced porosity in soils. The enhanced accumulation rates of pedogenic carbonate are accompanied by release of large amounts of abiotic CO2 from irrigated drylands to atmosphere. Extensive field studies and modelling approaches are needed to further quantify these effluxes at local, regional and global scales.

Understanding vulnerability of agricultural production system to climatic stressors in North Indian Plains: a meso-analysis.

The present study has mapped the hot spots vulnerable to changing climate and identified the underlying driving indicators in subtropical Trans and Upper Gangetic plains (TUGP) of India. The long-term trends indicate that the area between latitude 25 and 28° N has been more exposed to adverse climatic changes especially rise in maximum summer/monsoon and minimum winter temperatures. The more predominant correlates of vulnerability in the region come not from the exposure to adverse meteorological conditions but from prevailing socio-economic conditions (adaptive capacity) and the increased environmental pressure (sensitivity). Among the top 40 most vulnerable districts in the TUGP, in about two-third, the exposure was at moderate to low level, but sensitivity was high and adaptive capacity very weak. Among the sensitivity indicators, the factor loadings, obtained through modified principal component technique, were high for average size of landholdings, Temperature Humidity Index load and productivity of paddy and wheat crops. Irrigation intensity, farm mechanization, cropping intensity, livestock density, proportion of milch animals stock, rural literacy rate and veterinary institutions were the critical factors in determining the adaptive capacity of a district. The study outlines range of research and policy imperatives for enhancing resilience of crop–livestock production system.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-021-01997-7.

ANALISIS RISIKO PRODUKSI CABAI BESAR DI KECAMATAN SIKUR KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

This study aims to: (1) determine the production of large chili farming in Sikur Subdistrict, East Lombok Regency; (2) analyzing production risk in large chili farming in Sikur District, East Lombok Regency; (3) analyzing the factors that affect production risk in large chilli farming in Sikur District, East Lombok Regency; (4) determine recommendations for handling production risks in large chili farming in Sikur District, East Lombok Regency. This research uses a descriptive method. Determination of the sample area is done by puposive sampling method. The number of respondents was determined by a quota sampling of 40 chilli farmers. The results showed that: (1) The average large chili production was 12,245 kg / ha; (2) The risk of large chili production is relatively high with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.51; (3) Factors that increase the risk of positive production or opportunity are manure, growth regulators, and irrigation intensity. Whereas seeds, chemical fertilizers, and the intensity of HPT attacks are factors that reduce the risk of positive production or opportunity. Factors that increase the risk of negative production are chemical fertilizers, irrigation intensity, and pest plant disease attack intensity. Whereas seeds, manure, and growth regulators are factors that reduce the risk of negative production. Recommendations for handling production risks to increase the risk of positive production (opportunity), namely by reducing the amount of use of seeds, chemical fertilizers, increasing the amount of use of manure, growth regulators, irrigation intensity, and controlling pest plant disease properly. Whereas recommendations to reduce the risk of negative production are to increase the amount of use of seeds, manure, growth regulators, reduce the amount of use of chemical fertilizers, irrigation intensity, and control pest plant disease properly.

Effect of the method and volume of irrigation on yield and fruit quality of yellow fleshed kiwifruit in northern Italy

Effect of the method and volume of irrigation on yield and fruit quality of yellow fleshed kiwifruit in northern Italy

Using NDVI for Variable Rate Cotton Irrigation Prescriptions

HighlightsCrop coefficients (Kcb) were calculated using Normalized Difference Vegetative Indices (NDVI) and compared to the FAO-56 method.Cotton yields using NDVI-Kcb based irrigation scheduling to a uniform checkbook irrigation were compared.Irrigated cotton yields were not significantly different between irrigation methods but were significantly higher in years requiring higher volumes of irrigation water.Cotton fiber quality was not significantly different for the two irrigation methods or plant populations.Abstract. Irrigation timing is crucial for achieving high cotton yields and lint quality. This irrigation timing is more challenging in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain region due to its spatial variable sandy soils with low water and nutrient holding capacities and rainfall variability during the growing season. To address these challenges, we conducted a 2-year (2017 and 2018) study evaluating two irrigation scheduling methods under a variable rate irrigation system. The two irrigation methods were: (1) a uniform irrigation management based on weekly crop water usage, and (2) spatial crop coefficients derived from normalized difference vegetative indices (NDVI). We compared cotton yields and water use efficiency using the two irrigation scheduling methods at two different planting densities. The two plant populations were 5 and 11.5 plants m2 to provide different NDVI readings and water requirements. In 2017, there were no significant differences in cotton yields due to the adequate rainfall during the growing season that required only three irrigations events. The mean irrigation depth for the NDVI method was significantly lower than the uniform method (56 and 64 mm, respectively, LSD = 4.2). In 2018, there was lower rainfall during the growing season requiring eight irrigation events and the cotton yields in the two irrigation treatments were significantly higher than the rainfed treatment. Irrigation depths in 2018 were not significantly different for the two irrigation methods. Water use efficiencies were not significantly different for the two irrigation methods. The planting density had little impact on the cotton yields, irrigation depth, water use efficiency, or cotton fiber quality. These results indicate that the NDVI-derived crop coefficient values were as effective in prescribing irrigation applications as the uniform irrigation method for irrigation management. The NDVI-derived crop coefficient irrigation method appears to be a useful tool for managing irrigation and developing irrigation prescriptions. Keywords: Cotton, Irrigation scheduling, Normalized difference vegetation indices, Variable rate irrigation

Monitoring renal oxygenation status by near-infrared spectroscopy during ureterorenoscopy in children.

: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring demonstrates renal blood flow, perfusion, and oxygenation changes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pediatric endourological interventions (PEI) on regional oxygen saturation value (rSO2) usingrenal NIRS monitoring. Patients having bilateral inguinal surgery (group I), cystoscopy (group II), and ureterorenoscopy (group III), 20 patients in each group, were included in the study. NIRS values before induction (T0) and at 5 min (T5), 10 min (T10), 15 min (T15), 20 min (T20), 25 min (T25), 30 min (T30) of the surgical procedure, and at the postextubation (Tend) were determined. The amount of irrigation fluid was recorded in groups II and III. The ureterorenoscopy group was also evaluated as two subgroups, as group III-R with patients having a "20%↓rSO2" and as group III-NoR, not having a "20%↓rSO2". The mean total volume of irrigation was higher in group III, but the difference was not significant between the subgroups III-R and III-NoR. Renal rSO2 decreased significantly in T25, T30, and T-end values in group III. "20%↓rSO2" was seen in 1 patient in group II and 7 patients in group III. In the subgroups III-R, all patients had an obstructive pathology and significant preoperative hydronephrosis with a mean renal pelvis AP diameter of 21.1 ± 16.4 mm. Although rSO2 significantly improves postoperatively, our data may suggest that congenital and acquired obstructive pathologies with hydronephrosis, prolonged operative time with continuous irrigation, and instrument movement in a narrow lumen may increase intrarenal pressure and the risk of renal hypoxia in endourological interventions. Preoperative evaluation of kidney functions and a meticulously well-planned intervention can prevent possible complications.

Current and Future Irrigation Water Requirement and Potential in the Abbay River Basin, Ethiopia

In this study, we evaluated the present and future irrigation potential and irrigation water requirement (IWR) in Ethiopia’s Abbay River Basin using the MIKE HYDRO River modeling software. Relative changes in IWR were determined and analyzed at six irrigation nodes for 19 crops and 23 traits. Four irrigation scenarios were compared: low, medium, full (FULL), and high growth (HIGH). Significant IWR changes were observed in FULL and HIGH irrigation scenarios, with highly intensive irrigation conditions resulting in high IWR. The MIKE HYDRO model was used to simulate the IWR historically for two scenarios: (1) scenario representing the current total irrigable cropland (79,800 ha) and (2) scenario projecting the basin’s potential cropland (658,384 ha). As a result, the area under IWR analysis was 738,184 ha. The annual IWR was 9 billion cubic meters (BCM) and 18 BCM in FULL and HIGH irrigation scenarios, respectively. We found that uncertainties in crop migration, cropping patterns, and adaptation rates to climate change significantly affected irrigation and crop production. It is necessary to investigate the effects of HIGH irrigation on yield and economic benefits of FULL irrigation before adopting different irrigation development methods. Further research is required to adapt to changing climate for development of targeted IWR strategies.

LOS BENEFICIOS POTENCIALES DE LA REASIGNACÍON DEL AGUA ENTRE USUARIOS AGRÍCOLAS

Irrigated fields produce a large share of the world’s crops, but in many river basins agriculture faces growing competition from other water users. This paper focuses on the intensity of irrigation water use, i.e., the volume of water applied per unit of irrigated land, in the ten irrigation districts located on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande-Bravo Basin. Based on the analysis of historical production data for the districts’ main crops, results show that irrigation intensity varies widely among the districts and through time. Local environmental conditions (aridity and seasonal availability of water) explain most of this variability; however, districtlevel organizational characteristics (plot sizes and the land tenure regime) also play a role. These features of agricultural water use within the water-stressed river basin point to substantial opportunities for using water transfers to meet nonagricultural water needs (including environmental uses) without affecting overall crop production.

Impact of anthropogenic activity on the chemical regime of underground waters

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The article is dedicated to definition of the tendency to change and pattern of formation of the chemical regime of underground waters in the Turyanchay-Girdimanchay interfluve in the Shirvan steppe, Azerbaijan as a result of anthropogenic activity. The subsoil waters studied are spread in the zone between the Turyanchay and Girdimanchay rivers. From 1930 to 2019 based on analysis of the observation of the chemical regime of subsoil waters, the natural regime of the groundwaters in the studied area strongly changed as a result of irrigation and construction works. In 1930 the average mineralization degree of subsoil waters was 26.8 gram/liter in the zone. The level of subsoil waters approaches the surface and is exposed to strong evaporation as a result of irrigation and filtration of waters from irrigation channels. Consequently, the mineralization rate of subsoil waters increased and mass secondary salinization process occurred in the irrigated lands. The average mineralization degree of subsoil waters was 33.6–34.5 gram/liter in the research zone in the 1960s-1970s. Collector-drainage networks were built and basic washing of soils is carried out in order the prevent secondary salinization and regulate the level of subsoil waters. After the 1970s the mineralization rate of subsoil waters began to decrease due to basic washing, intensive irrigation and the activity of the collector-drainage network.The average mineralization degree decreased to 15.1 gram/liter. The mineralization degree of the water in the Main Shirvan Collector which takes subsoil waters formed in the zone with 253,000 hectares and which discaharges them into the Caspian Sea decreased more than 3 times in comparison with 1995. At present the mineralization degree of collector water is 1.8–2.5 gram/liter while its mineralization degree was 8.81 gram/liter in 1995. Formation of the process in a favourable direction enchances the potential of using collector water for irrigation, technical and other purposes and creates a basis for elimination of water deficiency in drought years. The research shows that anthropogenic activity mainly plays an important role in formation of the chemical regime of subsoil waters.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;